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INSTA PT 2021EXCLUSIVESOCIETYJUNE 2020 – JUNE 2021
INSTA PT 2021 EXCLUSIVE (SOCIETY)Table of ContentsWomen . 41.2.3.4.5.6.7.NOTESCORRECTIVE VOICE FROM TOP COURT AGAINST STEREOTYPING WOMEN . 4PROTECTION OF WOMEN FROM DOMESTIC VIOLENCE ACT 2005 . 4NARI SHAKTI PURASKAR . 4PERMANENT COMMISSION FOR WOMEN IN INDIAN NAVY . 5ISTANBUL CONVENTION . 5OPERATION “MERI SAHELI”: . 6POWER- PROMOTING OPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMEN IN EXPLORATORY RESEARCH . 6Health . ELD VS COVAXIN:. 7INTERNATIONAL DAY AGAINST DRUG ABUSE AND ILLICIT TRAFFICKING 2021 . 7‘ONE HEALTH’ APPROACH . 8MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY THERAPIES . 9VITAMIN D . 9VACCINE PASSPORTS. 10DISTRICT MEDICAL BOARDS . 10TRANS FATS . 10SURGERY AS PART OF AYURVEDA . 11EMERGENCY USE AUTHORISATION . 12PLASMA THERAPY. 13BMI (BODY MASS IDEX). 13GLOBAL HIV PREVENTION COALITION: . 13NATUROPATHY . 14EAT RIGHT MOVEMENT . 14TUBARIAL SALIVARY GLANDS . 14SERIAL INTERVAL . 14Children . 161.2.3.4.5.ILLEGAL ADOPTION . 16JUVENILE JUSTICE (CARE AND PROTECTION OF CHILDREN) AMENDMENT BILL, 2021 16NATIONAL GIRL CHILD DAY . 17VILLAGE CELEBRATES ITS NEWBORN DAUGHTERS . 17NATIONAL COMMISSION FOR PROTECTION OF CHILD RIGHTS (NCPCR) . 18Diseases . 201.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.TUBERCULOSIS. 20NIPAH VIRUS . 20PETER PAN SYNDROME (PPS) . 21AFRICAN SWINE FEVER . 21MALARIA. 22RARE DISEASES . 24EBOLA . 26MUTATION . 26DELTA PLUS, A VARIANT OF CORONAVIRUS . 27GUILLAIN BARRE SYNDROME . 27www.insightsonindia.com1InsightsIAS
INSTA PT 2021 EXCLUSIVE .25.26.27.28.29.30.31.32.33.34.35.36.ACUTE ENCEPHALITIS SYNDROME (AES) . 28BIRD FLU . 29INFLUENZA A(H5N8) VIRUS. 31H10N3 BIRD FLU STRAIN . 31ANAEMIA . 31NEGLECTED TROPICAL DISEASES (NTDS) . 32HAVANA SYNDROME . 33ELURU MYSTERY DISEASE . 33ANTHRAX . 35SHIGELLA INFECTION . 36HYPOTHERMIA . 36PNEUMONIA . 36BLACK FUNGUS . 37WHITE FUNGUS: . 39CHAPARE VIRUS. 40POLIO . 40WHAT IS A VACCINE-DERIVED POLIOVIRUS? . 41HEPATITIS C . 42XOO INFECTION: . 43CAT QUE VIRUS . 43SANDALWOOD SPIKE DISEASE (SSD) . 43FLUOROSIS . 43INFECTING MOSQUITOES WITH BACTERIUM WOLBACHIA CUTS DENGUE SPREAD . 44KYASANUR FOREST DISEASE . 44AMOEBIASIS OR AMOEBIC DYSENTERY . 46WHO DECLARES SRI LANKA, MALDIVES MEASLES-FREE . 46NOTESEducation . 481.2.3.4.5.E9 INITIATIVE . 48TEACHERS ELIGIBILITY TEST . 48VISVA-BHARATI . 48NATIONAL EDUCATION DAY . 48NATIONAL MEDICAL COMMISSION . 49Gender Issues . 501.SAME-SEX MARRIAGE . 50Reports / Index . 511.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.SDG INDIA INDEX . 51GLOBAL GENDER GAP REPORT . 51STATE OF WORLD POPULATION REPORT 2021 . 51EASE OF LIVING INDEX (EOLI) . 52MUNICIPAL PERFORMANCE INDEX 2020 . 52QS WORLD UNIVERSITY RANKINGS BY SUBJECT 2021 . 53HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX 2020. 53HUMAN FREEDOM INDEX 2020. 54GLOBAL HUNGER INDEX (GHI) . 54ANNUAL STATE OF EDUCATION REPORT (ASER) SURVEY 2020 . 55www.insightsonindia.com2InsightsIAS
INSTA PT 2021 EXCLUSIVE (SOCIETY)11.GLOBAL MULTIDIMENSIONAL POVERTY INDEX . 55NOTESGovernment / Private Initiatives / International Efforts . 571. NISHTHA: TEACHERS' TRAINING PROGRAMME . 572. INDIA SMART CITIES AWARDS 2020 . 583. PRADHAN MANTRI AWAS YOJANA (URBAN): . 584. KABASURA KUDINEER . 595. E-SANJEEVANI OPD: . 596. YUVA (YOUNG, UPCOMING AND VERSATILE AUTHORS) SCHEME . 597. AAHAAR KRANTI. 598. SWACHH ICONIC PLACES (SIP) . 609. ORUNUDOI SCHEME . 6010. SAAMAR CAMPAIGN. 6111. CITY INNOVATION EXCHANGE (CIX) . 6112. NATIONAL POLIO IMMUNISATION PROGRAMME. 6113. VIGYAN JYOTI PROGRAMME . 6214. ISL DICTIONARY . 6215. NURTURING NEIGHBOURHOODS CHALLENGE . 6216. THALASSEMIA BAL SEWA YOJNA . 6217. JIGYASA: . 6318. MAINTENANCE AND WELFARE OF PARENTS AND SENIOR CITIZENS ACT, 2007: . 6319. UN COMMITTEE FOR WORLD FOOD SECURITY ENDORSES VOLUNTARY GUIDELINESTO END HUNGER. 63Miscellaneous . 20.INDEX MONITORING CELL . 65CENSUS. 65CORRUPTION PERCEPTIONS INDEX (CPI) 2020 . 66INTERNATIONAL MOTHER LANGUAGE DAY: . 66PLEA AGAINST COMPULSORY CONFESSIONS TO PRIESTS . 66TASK FORCE ON MARRIAGE AGE SUBMITS REPORT TO PMO . 67PERSONAL LAW IN INDIA. 67ANY EXPLOITATION OF SENTINEL ISLAND WILL WIPE OUT TRIBALS. 68MIYAS OF ASSAM . 68BRU-REANG REFUGEE AGREEMENT . 69YANOMAMI PEOPLE AND BLOOD GOLD . 69HOW MUCH OF INDIA’S POPULATION LIVES WITH DISABILITIES? . 69UN POPULATION AWARD FOR 2020 . 70NARCO TEST . 70INFODEMIC . 71INDIRA GANDHI PRIZE FOR PEACE: . 71BACTERIA BEHIND DEATHS OF 330 BOTSWANA ELEPHANTS: . 71CASTE-WISE SPLIT IN MGNREGA WAGE PAYMENTS . 71CHINA’S POPULATION GROWTH SLOWS TO LOWEST RATE IN DECADES. 72NOT USING MASKS FLOUTS FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS: SC: . 72www.insightsonindia.com3InsightsIAS
INSTA PT 2021 EXCLUSIVE (SOCIETY)NOTESWomen1. Corrective voice from top court against stereotyping womenin its latest judgement, the Supreme Court has: Forbid judges from making gender stereotypical comments. Stopped courts from trying to mandate marriage or compromise between a sex offender andhis victim.Notable judgments which have lashed out at sex stereotyping include: The framing of the Vishaka Guidelines on sexual harassment of women in working places. Justice D.Y. Chandrachud’s historic judgment giving women Armed Forces officers equalaccess to Permanent Commission while debunking the establishment’s claim that womenwere physiologically weaker than men. In the Anuj Garg case, the Supreme Court had rebuked “the notion of romantic paternalism”,which, “in practical effect, put women, not on a pedestal, but in a cage”.2. Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act 2005The Supreme Court termed the 2005 law on protection of women from domestic violence as a"milestone".What is Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act 2005?It is an act to provide for more effective protection of the rights of Women guaranteed under theConstitution who are victims of violence of any kind occurring within the family and for mattersconnected therewith or incidental thereto. It is the first significant attempt in India to recognise domestic abuse as a punishableoffence, to extend its provisions to those in live-in relationships, and to provide foremergency relief for the victims, in addition to legal recourse. The Act provides a definition of "domestic violence" for the first time in Indian law, with thisdefinition being broad and including not only physical violence, but also other forms ofviolence such as emotional/verbal, sexual, and economic abuse. It is a civil law meant primarily for protection orders, rather than criminal enforcement.3. Nari Shakti PuraskarGovernment of India confers Nari Shakti Puraskars on eminent women and institutions inrecognition of their service towards the cause of women empowerment.Key facts: Initiated in the year 1999. The awards are given by the President of India every year on 8 March, InternationalWomen's Day. The Ministry of Women and Child Development announces these national level awards foreminent women, organisations and institutions. The Nari Shakti Puraskar carries a cash award of Rs.1 Lakh and a certificate for individualsand institutions.Eligibility Criteria:1. Open to individuals, groups and institutions for outstanding work towards empowerment ofwomen.2. Individual applicant must be at least 25 years of age.3. Institutions must have at least 5 years of relevant experience.Institutional categories:www.insightsonindia.com4InsightsIAS
INSTA PT 2021 EXCLUSIVE (SOCIETY)Each of the six institutional categories is named after an eminent woman in Indian history.1. Devi Ahilya Bai Holkar Award for Best Private Sector organization/ Public sectorundertaking in promoting the well-being and welfare of women, named after AhilyabaiHolkar, 18th-century ruler of the Malwa kingdom.2. Kannagi Devi Award for Best State which has appreciably improved Child Sex Ratio (CSR),named after Kannagi, the central character of the Tamil epic Silapathikaram.3. Mata Jijabai Award for Best Urban Local body for providing services and facilities to women,named after Mata Jijabai, mother of Shivaji, who founded the Maratha Empire in the 17thcentury.4. Rani Gaidinliu Zeliang Award for Best Civil Society organization (CSO) doing outstandingwork for the welfare and well-being of women, named after Rani Gaidinliu, a 20th-centuryNaga spiritual and political leader5. Rani Lakshmi Bai Award for Best Institution for Research & Development in the field ofwomen empowerment, named after Lakshmibai, one of the leading figures of the IndianRebellion of 1857 and erstwhile queen of Jhansi.6. Rani Rudramma Devi Awards for two District Panchayats and two Gram Panchayats, namedafter Rudrama Devi, a 13th-century ruler of Deccan Plateau.NOTES4. Permanent Commission for Women in Indian NavyThe Supreme Court has upheld the right of serving Short Service Commission (SSC) womenofficers of the Navy to be granted permanent commission (PC) on a par with their malecounterparts.Implications of the judgment:1. Women naval officers will now be eligible to apply for permanent commission.2. All serving women short service commission (SSC) officers in at least seven wings, includingthe executive, engineering, electrical, education, law and logistics, will be eligible to apply.3. The grant of PCs will be subject to: (i) availability of vacancies in the stabilised cadre; (ii)Suitability of the candidate; and (iii) recommendation by the chief of Naval Staff.What is a permanent commission?A permanent commission entitles an officer to serve in the Navy till he/she retires unlike shortservice commission (SSC), which is currently for 10 years and can be extended by four moreyears, or a total of 14 years.5. Istanbul Convention It is also called as the Council of Europe Convention on preventing and combating violenceagainst women and domestic violence.The treaty is the world’s first binding instrument to prevent and tackle violence againstwomen.It is the most comprehensive legal framework that exists to tackle violence against womenand girls, covering domestic violence, rape, sexual assault, female genital mutilation (FGM),so-called honour-based violence, and forced marriage.The Convention sets minimum standards for governments to meet when tackling violenceagainst women.When a government ratifies the Convention, they are legally bound to follow it.As of March 2019, it has been signed by 45 countries and the European Union.The convention was adopted by the Council of Europe Committee of Ministers on 7 April 2011.www.insightsonindia.com5InsightsIAS
INSTA PT 2021 EXCLUSIVE (SOCIETY)NOTES6. Operation “Meri Saheli”: Indian Railways has launched “Meri Saheli” initiative for focused action on security of womenacross all zones with an objective to provide safety and security to lady passengers travellingby trains for their entire journey from starting station to destination station.An initiative of RPF, the Strategy of the entails interaction with lady passengers especiallythose travelling alone by a team of young lady RPF personnel at the originating station.7. POWER- Promoting Opportunities for Women in Exploratory ResearchPOWER- Promoting Opportunities for Women in Exploratory Research. It is a scheme to mitigate gender disparity in science and engineering research funding invarious S&T programs in Indian academic institutions and R&D laboratories. Launched by the Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB), a Statutory body of theDepartment of Science and Technology (DST).It will have twocomponentsnamely: (1) SERBPOWERFellowship; (2)SERB- POWERResearch Grants.www.insightsonindia.com6InsightsIAS
INSTA PT 2021 EXCLUSIVE (SOCIETY)NOTESHealth1. Covishield vs Covaxin:1. Covishield (the vaccine by Oxford University-AstraZeneca) is based on the viral-vectoredplatform.2. Covaxin (jointly developed by Bharat Biotech and the Indian Council of Medical Research), isan inactivated vaccine.What are Viral-vectored vaccines?A vector, in infectious disease biology, is what works as a vehicle to transport a disease-causingagent. For example, mosquitoes are the vector of malaria, a disease caused by a parasite calledplasmodium.In viral-vectored vaccines, a virus is used to carry the target antigen gene into human cells. There are many such viral vectors, which have different advantages. The most widelyknown are the adenovirus vectors, which cause very mild colds or asymptomaticinfections in humans. Covishield uses a chimpanzee adenovirus (AZD1222 or ChAdOx1), which carries theSARS-CoV-2 spike protein. The chimpanzee adenovirus has been used because humans will not have pre-existingantibodies to this adenovirus.What are Inactivated or killed vaccines?Pathogens (viruses or bacteria) that cannot multiply cannot cause disease. So inactivating a virusor bacteria, using chemicals like formalin, can convert them into a safe immunogen. Because inactivated viruses or bacteria do not multiply, we may need to use multipledoses of the vaccine and also give another substance to improve the immune response —this is called an adjuvant. The most common adjuvant is the alum but shark oilsuspensions and a few others are also used.A number of vaccines developed in China, and Covaxin in India are on the inactivated platform.2. International Day against Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking 2021The day June 26 was chosen by the UN General Assembly, on December 7, 1987, as InternationalDay against Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking.Objective: To create awareness about issues related to drugs and seek international cooperationto combat its effects on health, society, and governance.Theme and its significance:This year, the theme is ‘Share Facts On Drugs, Save Lives’. According to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), the motive is tocombat misinformation by sharing real facts on drugs — from health risks and solutions forthe world drug problem to evidence-based prevention, treatment, and care.Indian Government has taken several policy and other initiatives to deal with drug traffickingproblem:1. The 'Nasha Mukt Bharat Abhiyaan' or a 'Drugs-Free India Campaign' was flagged off on 15thAugust 2020 across 272 districts of the country found to be most vulnerable based on thedata available from various sources.2. Ministry of Social Justice & Empowerment has begun implementation of a National ActionPlan for Drug Demand Reduction (NAPDDR) for 2018-2025.3. The government has constituted Narco-Coordination Centre (NCORD) in November, 2016.www.insightsonindia.com7InsightsIAS
INSTA PT 2021 EXCLUSIVE (SOCIETY)4. The government has constituted a fund called “National Fund for Control of Drug Abuse” tomeet the expenditure incurred in connection with combating illicit traffic in Narcotic Drugs;rehabilitating addicts, and educating public against drug abuse, etc.NOTES3. ‘One Health’ approachVarious studies indicate that more than two-thirds of existing and emerging infectious diseasesare zoonotic. The transboundary impact of viral outbreaks in recent years such as the Nipah virus, Ebola,Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) andAvian Influenza.What is OneHealth concept? One Health is the collaborative efforts of multiple disciplines working locally, nationally, andglobally, to attain optimal health for people, animals and our environment, as defined by theOne Health Initiative Task Force. One Health model facilitates interdisciplinary approach in disease control so as to controlemerging and existing zoonotic threats.India’s framework,plans:India’s ‘One Health’vision derives itsblueprint from theagreement betweenthe tripartite-plusalliance comprisingthe Food andAgricultureOrganization of theUnited Nations (FAO),the WorldOrganisation forAnimal Health (OIE), the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations EnvironmentProgramme (UNEP) — a global initiative supported by the United Nations Children’s Fund(UNICEF) and the World Bank under the overarching goal of contributing to ‘One World, OneHealth’. In keeping with the long-term objectives, India established a National Standing Committeeon Zoonoses as far back as the 1980s. This year, funds were sanctioned for setting up a ‘Centre for One Health’ at Nagpur. The Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying (DAHD) has launched several schemes tomitigate the prevalence of animal diseases since 2015, with a funding pattern along the linesof 60:40 (Centre: State); 90:10 for the Northeastern States, and 100% funding for UnionTerritories.What are zoonotic diseases?The word 'Zoonosis' (Pleural: Zoonoses) was introducedby Rudolf Virchow in 1880 to include collectively thediseases shared in nature by man and animals. Later WHO in 1959 defined that Zoonoses are thosediseases and infections which are naturallytransmitted between vertebrate animals and man. Zoonoses may be bacterial, viral, or parasitic, or mayinvolve unconventional agents.www.insightsonindia.com 8Brucellosis is a zoonoticinfection caused by thebacteria of the genus Brucella.The bacterial infection canspread from animals to humans,most commonly through theconsumption of raw orunpasteurised dairy products.InsightsIAS
INSTA PT 2021 EXCLUSIVE (SOCIETY)NOTES4. Monoclonal antibody therapiesThey are artificially created antibodies that aim to aid the body’s natural immune system.They target a specific antigen — a protein from the pathogen that induces immune response.How are they created?Monoclonal antibodies can be created in the lab by exposing white blood cells to a particularantigen.To increase the quantity of antibodies produced, a single white blood cell is cloned, which in turnis used to create identical copies of the antibodies. In the case of Covid-19, scientists usually work with the spike protein of the SARS-CoV-2virus, which facilitates the entry of the virus into the host cell.Need for monoclonal antibodies:In a healthy body, the immune system is able to create antibodies — tiny Y-shaped proteins inour blood that recognise microbial enemies and bind to them, signalling the immune system tothen launch an attack on the pathogen.However, for people whose immune systems are unable to make sufficient amounts of theseantibodies, monoclonal antibodies are used.History: Muromonab-CD3, the world’s first monoclonal antibody to be approved for clinical use inhumans. Muromonab-CD3 is an immunosuppressant drug given to reduce acute rejection in patientswith organ transplants.Monoclonal antibodies are now relatively common. They are used in treating Ebola, HIV,psoriasis etc.5. Vitamin DA study done by the doctors of NizamsInstitute of Medical Sciences (NIMS) hasrevealed that high Vitamin D levelsreduce the risk of coronavirus infection,and administration of the vitamin in theinfected patients considerably reducemortality. Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin,meaning that it dissolves in fats andoils and can be stored in your body fora long time.It is produced when sunlight (orartificial light, particularly in theultraviolet region of 190-400 nmwavelength) falls on the skin andtriggers a chemical reaction to acholesterol-based molecule, andconverts it into calcidiol in the liverand into calcitriol in the kidney.Its role: It is known to help in havingthe right amount of calcium in the bones, catalyse the process of protecting cell membraneswww.insightsonindia.com9InsightsIAS
INSTA PT 2021 EXCLUSIVE (SOCIETY) from damage, preventing the inflammation of tissues and helping stop tissues from formingfibres and weakening bones from becoming brittle, leading to osteoporosis.Vitamin D deficiency can cause rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults.NOTES6. Vaccine PassportsSeveral types of coronavirus vaccination records, sometimes called “vaccine passports,” alreadyexist, in paper and digital form.What is a “vaccine passport?”It is an electronic record of vaccination, possibly in the form of a QR code, that is easily accessiblethrough a smartphone or possibly stored on the device, though
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