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BACKGROUND4-5 criteria, a moderate disorder; and 6 criteria or more, a severe substance usedisorder.Information about the intervention referral is also noted. This includes the educationand/or level(s) of treatment to which the person is referred, as well as the person’scompliance with that referral.SampleThis report presents DUI assessment records for assessments conducted between January1, 2016 and December 31, 2016 as well as trends detailing changes in assessment resultsover the past several years. In 2016, a total of 17,859 assessment records were entered bylicensed and certified DUI assessors. It should be noted that the number of submittedassessment records in 2016 is not the same as the number of completed assessmentrecords or the number of DUI convictions in 2016 because persons can be convicted, beassessed, and complete their intervention in separate years. Of the 17,859 assessmentsconducted in 2016, only 13,413 assessment records were also “completed” beforeDecember 31, 2016. Additionally, the number of assessment records is not equal to thenumber of unique individuals. A single person can have multiple DUI assessment recordsin a single calendar year either because of multiple DUI convictions or because they hadto be reassessed due to non-compliance.LimitationsThere are several limitations to these data. First, there is the issue of incomplete,erroneous, and/or missing data. Table 1 presents the level of missing data.Table 1: Missing DataAgeRaceHousehold IncomeBlood Alcohol ContentAUDITDASTDSM-5Recommended Level of Care2016MissingPercentageAssessmentsof %00.0%00.0%Although KDAI has successfully reduced the amount of missing data when compared tothe previous DUI assessment record system, certain fields remain problematic. BloodAlcohol Content has the highest percentage of missing cases, which is largely due toindividuals who were not tested, refused the test, or did not remember the level. Othervariables, such as race and household income, have a significant amount of missing casesbecause they are optional fields.10

BACKGROUNDThe second limitation is that these data represent a subset of a larger, unknown number ofDUIs in Kentucky. For example, in 2015 there were 23,024 DUI arrests and 14,286completed assessments5. This difference emphasizes the dangers in comparingfrequencies of arrests, convictions, and assessments as there are different requirementsand timelines for compiling each of these types of records. Figure 1 presents the numberof DUI arrests and convictions submitted to the Kentucky State Police, and completedDUI assessment records for 2006 through 2015. 2016 data were not available at the timethis report was written.Figure 1: DUI Arrests, DUI Convictions, and Completed Records, 2006 through 1320142015Completed Assessment Records* Arrest and conviction data from Kentucky State Police were only available through 2015 at the timethis report was developed.This report presents DUI assessment records submitted in 2016, which are independent ofviolation date and conviction date. Caution should be used in comparing these data toother data. For example, a portion of the unaccounted records includes out-of-statelicensees who are arrested in Kentucky but are not required to receive a Kentuckyassessment. Assessments would also not be completed or submitted for persons who areincarcerated for an extensive period of time following their DUI. In addition, personswho are arrested for DUI may plea bargain to a lesser charge.A third limitation is that most of the data are self-reported, which can be limited by recall.11

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DEMOGRAPHICSSECTION ONEDEMOGRAPHICS13

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DEMOGRAPHICS1.1 Number of DUI Assessments Submitted in 2016The number of DUI assessments submitted by licensed and certified DUI programs incalendar year 2016 was 17,859. Figure 1.1 presents the number of assessmentssubmitted to CDAR on behalf of the Division of Behavioral Health from 2007through 2016. The average number of assessments received has been 19,632 per year.Figure 1.1: Number of Assessments 2007 to 92010201120122013201420152016In 2015, there were 23,024 arrests for DUI, which represented 6.1% of all arrests inKentucky in that year. Figure 1.2 presents the number of DUI arrests from 2006 to2015 and the percentage of total arrests in Kentucky those DUIs represent.Figure 1.2: Number of DUI Arrests and Percentage of Total Arrests 2006 to 201513%40,00012%33,08929,91730,00025,839 26,05025,00020,00015,00011%24,16022,555 0007%6.7%6.3% 6.1%Percentage of Total ArrestsNumber of DUI Arrests35,00034,997 35,252 34,3066%5%2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015Number of DUI ArrestsPercentage of Total Arrests* Arrest and conviction data from Kentucky State Police were only available through 2015 at the timethis report was developed.15

DEMOGRAPHICS1.2 DUI Assessments by GenderOf the 17,859 assessments submitted in 2016, 13,241 (74.1%) were for males and4,618 (25.9%) were for females.Males74.1%Females25.9%Figure 1.3:Assessments by Gender** Missing Data 0 AssessmentsFigure 1.4 presents the percentage of assessments that were for males from 2007through 2016. The percentage of males has slowly decreased over the past ten years.Figure 1.4: Percentage of Assessments that were for Males 2007 to 2016Percentage for %75.0%70%2007200820092010162011-122013201420152016

DEMOGRAPHICS1.3 Assessments by Race/EthnicityOf those assessments for which race was reported in 2016, the majority were forWhite DUI clients (84.8%), while only 1,535 assessments (10.2%) were submitted forAfrican Americans and 754 (5.0%) were submitted for Hispanics or those of anotherracial/ethnic background. Figure 1.5 presents the number of assessments byrace/ethnicity.1.4%3.6%10.2%Figure 1.5:Assessments by Race/Ethnicity*84.8%* Missing Data 2,758 AssessmentsRace/Ethnicity is an optional field in KDAI.WhiteAfrican AmericanHispanicOther1.4 Assessments by AgeThe majority of assessments were for DUI clients between 21 and 39 years old at thetime of conviction (57.1%). There were 1,050 assessments (5.9%) submitted for DUIclients who were between 16 and 20 years old. Figure 1.6 presents the number ofassessments by age at conviction.Figure 1.6: Assessments by Age at Conviction*16 to 201,0505.9%21 to 2930.4%5,43030 to 394,76840 to 493,45150 to 592,37460 to 6967270 to ,0006,000Number of Assessments* Missing Data 3 Assessments177,0008,0009,000

DEMOGRAPHICSFigure 1.7 presents the number of assessments for underage DUI clients ( 21 yearsold), which has declined overall since 2007.Assessments for DUI Clients 21 years oldFigure 1.7: Percentage of Assessments that were for Underage DUI Clients 2007 0%20072008200920102011-1220132014201520161.5 Assessments by IncomeTable 1.1 presents the number of DUI assessments by yearly household incomerange. The majority of assessments were conducted for individuals who had ahousehold income level less than 20,000 (61.9%).Table 1.1: Assessments by Yearly Household Income*Household IncomeNumber of AssessmentsAffidavit of Indigence 0 to 9,999 10,000 to 19,999 20,000 to 29,999 30,000 to 39,999 40,000 to 49,999134,8603,8332,4811,305628 50,000 to 59,999 60,000 to 69,999 70,000 to 79,999 80,000 to 89,999 90,000 to 99,999 100,000 or higher3611901176651160* Missing Data 3,794 Assessments18

DEMOGRAPHICS1.6 Assessments by DUI ConvictionsFigure 1.8 presents frequencies of lifetime DUI convictions. This number includes theDUI conviction that resulted in the current assessment.Number of Lifetime DUI ConvictionsFigure 1.8: DUI Assessments by Lifetime DUI Convictions*2,4973 63.1%12,000Number of Assessments* Missing Data 0 AssessmentsFigure 1.9 presents the frequencies of each DUI offense type (e.g., convicted of a firstoffense) for assessments conducted in 2016.Figure 1.9: DUI Assessments by Offense Type*DUI Offense Type3rd orhigher738 mber of Assessments* Missing Data 0 Assessments1977.2%15,00018,00021,000

DEMOGRAPHICSFigure 1.10 presents the percentage of assessments for individuals convicted of atleast a second DUI offense. The percentage of DUI clients convicted of a second orhigher DUI offense has remained relatively stable since 2007.Figure 1.10: Percentage of Assessments for Persons Convicted of at least a 2ndOffense DUI between 2007 and 2016Percentage with Multiple ographics SummaryThree out of four DUI assessments were for males and more than 80.0% were forWhite persons. The majority were also for persons between 21 and 39 years old, with5.9% of assessments being for persons younger than 21. More than one-third were forpersons who had two or more lifetime DUI offenses, while 22.8% were convicted ofsecond or higher DUI offense.20

SUBSTANCESSECTION TWOSUBSTANCES INVOLVED IN DUI ARREST21

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SUBSTANCES2.1 Assessments by Substance(s) Involved in DUI ArrestThe majority of assessments submitted in 2016 were for DUI arrests that involvedonly alcohol (72.0%). Around one-fourth (28.0%) of assessments were DUI arreststhat were drug-involved, either drug-only DUIs or DUIs that involved both drugs andalcohol. The type of drugs involved in DUIs in 2016 included marijuana (11.1%),opiates (9.0%), and sedatives (5.2%). Figures 2.1 and 2.2 present the number of DUIassessments by the substance(s) involved.5.6%72.0%22.4%Figure 2.1:Assessments by Type ofSubstance(s) Involved in DUI Arrest ** Missing Data 36 AssessmentsAlcohol-OnlyDrug-OnlyAlcohol DrugFigure 2.2: Assessments by Specific Substance Involved in DUI tes5.2%7.6%SedativesOther0%Alcohol* Other includes cocaine, amphetamines, inhalants, hallucinogens, PCP, and an “other drug” category.23

SUBSTANCES2.2 Substance(s) Involved in DUI Arrest by GenderFigure 2.3 presents the type of substance(s) involved by gender of individualsconvicted of DUI. Both male and female DUI clients were most often involved in analcohol-only DUI. Female clients, however, were more likely (38.2%) to have a druginvolved DUI than male clients (24.4%).Percentage of AssessmentsFigure 2.3: Substance(s) Involved in DUI Arrest by .4%0%MaleFemaleAlcohol-OnlyDrug-OnlyAlcohol Drug* Missing Data 36 Assessments2.3 Substance(s) Involved in DUI Arrest by Race/EthnicityFigure 2.4 presents the type of substance(s) involved by race/ethnicity. In 2016,White DUI clients were the most likely to have driven under the influence of drugswhile a higher percentage of Hispanic DUI clients (93.4%) were involved in alcoholonly DUIs compared to other racial/ethnic categories.Figure 2.4: Substance(s) Involved in DUI Arrest by 12.5%5.8%0%WhiteAfrican ol Drug* Missing Data 2,788 Assessments. Race/Ethnicity is an optional field in KDAI.2413.4%6.2%Other

SUBSTANCES2.4 Substance(s) Involved in DUI Arrest by AgeIn 2016, there was a relationship between the DUI client’s age at conviction and thetype of substance(s) involved in the current DUI. Compared to other age groups,older persons were more likely to be involved in an alcohol-only DUI, whereasclients between the ages of 16 and 39 were more likely to be involved in a drug-onlyDUI. Figure 2.5 presents the type of DUI for each age group.Figure 2.5: Substance(s) Involved in DUI Arrest by Age at Conviction*100%88.3%80%Percentage of 5.4%0%16 to 2021 to 2930 to 3940 to 4950 to 5960 to 69Age GroupsAlcohol-OnlyDrug-Only* Missing Data 39 Assessments256.3%4.9%Alcohol Drug70 to 89

SUBSTANCES2.5 Substance(s) Involved in DUI Arrest by DUI Offense TypeFigure 2.6 presents the relationship between the substance involved in the DUI andthe DUI offense type. DUI clients convicted of a first offense DUI were most likely tohave a drug-only DUI (23.4%), while those who were convicted of at least a secondDUI offense were most likely to have an alcohol-involved DUI.Figure 2.6: Substance(s) Involved in DUI Arrest by DUI Offense %6.3%5.5%5.0%0%1st2nd3rd or higherDUI Offense TypeAlcohol-OnlyDrug-OnlyAlcohol Drug* Missing Data 36 Assessments2.6 Biological Tests for the Presence of Alcohol and DrugsA majority of DUI clients reported that they were tested for alcohol during theircurrent DUI arrest (59.1%). Of the 10,563 clients who were tested, a majority hadtheir breath tested (88.1%). Figure 2.7 presents the number of assessments by methodof alcohol test.0.1%11.8%Figure 2.7:Assessments by BACMeasurement Method*88.1%* Missing Data 0 AssessmentsNot Tested 7,296 IndividualsBlood26UrineBreath

SUBSTANCESA smaller percentage of DUI clients were drug tested with their current DUI (18.6%).Of the 3,326 tested, most had their blood tested (96.6%). Figure 2.8 presents thenumber of DUI assessments by method of drug testing.3.4%Figure 2.8:Assessments by Drug Test Method*96.6%* Missing Data 0 AssessmentsNot Tested 14,533 IndividualsBloodUrine2.7 Substance(s) Involved in DUI Arrest by Blood Alcohol ContentFigure 2.9 presents trends for BAC and the type of substance(s) involved in thecurrent DUI. There was a relationship between BAC and type of DUI, with higherBACs reported for individuals involved in alcohol-only DUIs.Figure 2.9: Substance(s) Involved in DUI Arrest by Blood Alcohol Content*100%97.5%97.8%98.5%2.5%2.2%1.5%0.0%.16 to .23.24 to .31Percentage of Assessments95.2%80%60%67.1%40%30.8%20%2.1%0%.00 to .074.5%0.3%.08 to .15.32 Blood Alcohol ContentAlcohol-OnlyDrug-OnlyAlcohol Drug* Missing Data 9,117 Assessments. This includes both alcohol- and drug-involved offenders.27

SUBSTANCESSubstances SummaryMore than 3 out of 4 DUI assessments were for DUIs that inv

prevalent among DUI offenders in the Eastern region of Kentucky. Offenders in the Eastern region also had the highest rate of drug-involved DUIs (47.9%). During 2016, DUI offenders were more likely to be referred to outpatient (53.0%) than education (43.6%) or any other form of treatment (3. The 4%).percentage of