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New SafetyTechnology: Does itWork?Kay WakemanResearch AnalystSchaumburg, ILJuly 19, 2016iihs.org
IIHS is an independent, nonprofit scientific andeducational organization dedicated to reducing the losses— deaths, injuries and property damage — from crasheson the nation’s roads.HLDI shares this mission by analyzing insurancedata representing human and economic losses fromcrashes and other events related to vehicle ownership.Both organizations are wholly supported by auto insurers.
Member groupsAcceptance InsuranceACE Private Risk ServicesAffirmative InsuranceAlfa Alliance Insurance CorporationAlfa InsuranceAllstate Insurance GroupAmerican Family Mutual InsuranceAmerican NationalAmeriprise Auto & HomeAmica Mutual Insurance CompanyAuto Club EnterprisesAuto Club GroupAuto-Owners InsuranceAviva InsuranceBankers Insurance GroupBituminous Insurance CompaniesCalifornia Casualty GroupCapital Insurance GroupChubb & SonColorado Farm Bureau Mutual Insurance CompanyConcord Group Insurance CompaniesCOUNTRY FinancialCSAA Insurance GroupCSE Insurance GroupDirect General CorporationErie Insurance GroupEsuranceFarm Bureau Financial ServicesFarm Bureau Insurance of MichiganFarm Bureau Mutual Insurance Company of IdahoFarmers Insurance Group of CompaniesFarmers Mutual Hail Insurance Company of IowaFarmers Mutual of NebraskaFlorida Farm Bureau Insurance CompaniesFrankenmuth InsuranceGainsco InsuranceGEICO GroupThe General InsuranceGeorgia Farm Bureau Mutual Insurance CompanyGoodville Mutual Casualty CompanyGrange InsuranceHallmark Insurance CompanyHanover Insurance GroupThe HartfordHaulers Insurance Company, Inc.Horace Mann Insurance CompaniesICW GroupImperial Fire & Casualty Insurance CompanyIndiana Farmers Mutual Insurance CompanyInfinity Property & CasualtyKemper PreferredKentucky Farm Bureau InsuranceLiberty Mutual Insurance CompanyLouisiana Farm Bureau Mutual Insurance CompanyThe Main Street America GroupMercury Insurance GroupMetLife Auto & HomeMichigan Millers Mutual Insurance CompanyMiddleOakMississippi Farm Bureau Casualty Insurance CompanyMMG InsuranceMunich Re AmericaMutual of Enumclaw Insurance CompanyNationwideNew Jersey Manufacturers Insurance GroupNodak Mutual Insurance CompanyNorfolk & Dedham GroupNorth Carolina Farm Bureau Mutual Insurance CompanyNorthern Neck Insurance CompanyOhio Mutual Insurance GroupOld American County Mutual Fire InsuranceOld American Indemnity CompanyOregon Mutual InsurancePekin InsurancePEMCO InsurancePlymouth Rock AssuranceProgressive CorporationThe Responsive Auto Insurance CompanyRockingham GroupSafe Auto InsuranceSafeco InsuranceSamsung Fire & Marine Insurance CompanySECURA InsuranceSentry InsuranceShelter InsuranceSompo Japan Insurance Company of AmericaSouth Carolina Farm Bureau Mutual Insurance CompanySouthern Farm Bureau Casualty Insurance CompanyState Auto Insurance CompaniesState FarmTennessee Farmers Mutual Insurance CompanyTexas Farm Bureau Insurance CompaniesTower Group CompaniesThe Travelers CompaniesUnited EducatorsUSAAUtica National Insurance GroupVirginia Farm Bureau Mutual InsuranceWest Bend Mutual Insurance CompanyWestern National InsuranceWestfield InsuranceXL Group plcFunding associationsAmerican Insurance AssociationNational Association of Mutual Insurance CompaniesProperty Casualty Insurers Association of America
Crash Testing 101
IIHS crashworthiness tests Front moderate overlap, beginning 1995 Side impact, beginning 2003 Rear crash (whiplash mitigation), beginning 2004 Roof strength, beginning 2009www.iihs.org
Crash protection ratings by model yearImprovements: Beginning in cceptableFrontal20%Side0%1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 20151995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 0%acceptablegoodgood0%Roof0%1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015www.hldi.org1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015
th50Anniversary
40 mph frontal offset crash test1959 Chevrolet Bel Air and 2009 Chevrolet Malibu
1959 Chevrolet Bel Air and 2009 Chevrolet Malibuwww.hldi.org
Small overlap frontal - 2012
Definition of small overlapMajority of loading outside longitudinal structuresframe raillargelyundamaged
Overhead video small overlap test
www.iihs.org
Highway Loss DataInstitute
HLDI data providers have 84% share of PPA 21st Century Insurance Liberty Mutual Insurance Company Alfa Alliance Insurance Corporation MetLife Auto and Home Allstate Insurance Group National General American Family Mutual Insurance Nationwide American National Family of Companies New Jersey Manufacturers Insurance Group Amica Mutual Insurance Company PEMCO Insurance Auto Club Group Plymouth Rock Assurance Automobile Insurers Bureau of Massachusetts Progressive Corporation Chubb & Son Rockingham Group COUNTRY Financial Safeco Insurance Companies CSAA Insurance Group SECURA Insurance Erie Insurance Group Sentry Insurance Esurance State Farm Insurance Companies Farm Bureau Financial Services Tennessee Farmers Mutual Insurance Company Farmers Insurance Group of Companies The Travelers Companies Florida Farm Bureau Insurance Companies USAA Foremost GEICO Corporation The Hartford Kemper Preferred Kentucky Farm Bureau Insurance
Other data suppliers
Size of HLDI passenger vehicle databaseNumber of unique VINs in files, July 2016model yearnumber of l116,603,327
Coverages reported to HLDIPrivate Passenger Auto Collision Comprehensive Personal injury protection(PIP) Medical payments (MedPay) Physical damage liability(PDL) Bodily injury liability (BI)
Collision coverageCovers damage to your vehicle if you are at faultCollision coverageorat faultnot at fault/other propertyCollision coveragedamage covered
Property damage liability coverageCovers damage you cause to other people’s vehicles and propertyProperty Damage LiabilityorProperty Damage Liabilityat faultnot at fault/other propertydamage covered
Comprehensive coverageCovers theft and damage from reasons other than crashes
Medical payment coverageCovers injuries to you and your passengers if you are at fault in stateswith traditional tort systemsMedical PaymentBodily Injury Liabilityat-fault driver/passengersnot at-fault driver/passengersinjuries covered
Bodily injury liability coverageCovers injuries you cause to people in other vehicles in stateswith traditional tort systemsMedical PaymentBodily Injury Liabilityat-fault driver/passengersnot at-fault driver/passengersinjuries covered
Personal injury protection coverageCovers injuries up to a specified amount, regardless of who isat fault, in states with no-fault systemsPersonal Injury Protectionat-fault driver/passengersnot at-fault driver/passengersPersonal Injury Protectioninjuries covered
Crash avoidance systems
Electronic Stability Control:The first crash avoidance success
What is Electronic Stability Control (ESC)?ESC is an extension of ABS, which has speed sensorsand independent braking for each wheel. Additionalsensors monitor how well a vehicle is responding to a driver’s input.
Effects on crash riskPercent change in crash rates for vehicles with standard ESC vs.optional or no ESC, updated May 201020all crashes0-20-40all crashes-60multiple-vehiclesingle-vehicle-80fatal injury
Relative overall collision lossesBefore and after standard ESC, April 2006140before120after100806040200luxury carssports carsSUVs
New vehicle series with electronic stability controlBy model 2005optional20072009not available20112013
Registered vehicles with electronic stability controlBy calendar 2005optional20072009not available20112013
Registered vehicles with available electronicstability control, actual and predictedBy calendar 020203020402050
Forward collision warning
Changes in physical damage claim frequencywith front crash prevention systems20%low speedwarning onlywarning with autobrake10%0%-10%-20%PDLcollision-30%Volvo CitySafetyHondaAccordcamera(with LDW)HondaAccordradar(with LDW ACC)MercedesVolvoAcuraMercedesSubaru(with LDW)Volvo(with LDW)
Changes in injury claim frequency withfront crash prevention systems80%low speedwarning onlywarning with autobrake40%0%-40%bodily injury liability-80%30%Volvo CitySafetyHonda Accord Honda Accord(includes LDW)Touringlow speedMercedesVolvowarning es LDW)SubaruVolvo(includesLDW)warning with autobrake0%-10%-20%-30%Volvo CitySafetyHondaAccordcamera(with LDW)HondaAccordradar(with LDW ACC)MercedesVolvoAcuraMercedes
Front crash prevention systemsChange in collision claim severity 1,500low speedwarning onlywarning with autobrake 1,000 500 0- 500- 1,000Volvo CitySafetyHondaHondaMercedesAccordAccordcamera (with radar (withLDW)LDW & ACC)VolvoAcuraMercedesSubaru(with LDW)Volvo(with LDW)
Honda Accord forward collision warningCamera vs. radaravailable on trims other than Touringstandard on Touring trimchange in collisionclaim severity- 145change in collisionclaim severity 522
Front crash prevention systemsChange in collision overall losses 150low speedwarning onlywarning with autobrake 100 50 0- 50- 100Volvo CitySafetyHondaHondaMercedesAccordAccordcamera (with radar (withLDW)LDW & ACC)VolvoAcuraMercedesSubaru(with LDW)Volvo(with LDW)
Adaptive headlights
Adaptive headlightsChange in claim uraMazdaMercedesVolvo
Adaptive headlightsChange in claim frequency10%Bodily injury 0%MedPay-30%MedPay and PIP(1st party injuries)PIP-40%AcuraMazdaMercedesVolvo
Adaptive headlightsChange in collision claim severity 1,000 500 0- 500- 1,000AcuraMazdaMercedesVolvo
Adaptive headlightsChange in collision overall losses 100 50 0- 50- 100AcuraMazdaMercedesVolvo
Lane departure warning
Lane departure warning systemsChange in claim cedesBuick(& Blindspot)Honda Accordcamera(& FCW)Honda Accordradar(& FCW/ACC)Subaru(& FCW/AEB)Volvo(& FCW/AEB)
Lane departure warning systemsChange in claim frequency0%-20%bodily injury liability-40%MercedesBuickMercedesBuick(& meraradarFCW/AEB)(w/FCW) (w/FCW &ACC) MedPayPIPVolvo40%0%-40%HondaAccordcamera(& FCW)HondaAccord radar(& FCWACC)Subaru(& FCWAEB)Volvo(& FCWAEB)
What’s nextfor vehicle safety?
Insurance claim frequency changes for variouscrash avoidance systemsPooled estimates across vehicle modelspercentage changeCollisionPDLBILforward collision warning-2-9-15FCW with autobrake-1-14-19adaptive headlights-1-5-8lane departure warning 2-5 6rear camera 1-30side view assist (blind spot)-2-10-15
Calendar year features reach 95% of registeredvehicles with and without hypothetical mandate2050without mandatehypothetical 2016 mandate204020302020front crashpreventionlane departurewarningadaptiveheadlightsblind spotwarningrearcamera*rear parkingsensors* rear camera mandate May 1, 2018
Twenty automakers have committed to makeAEB a standard feature by September 2022Represent 99 percent of U.S. market
Predicted counts of registered vehiclesequipped with front crash preventionWith 2022 voluntary commitment100%80%80% in 203460%50% in 202740%20%0%200020102020203020402050
Front crash preventiontesting and rating
IIHS front crash prevention system ratingsPoints awarded based on autobraking speed reduction12 mph test25 mph testspeed reduction(mph)pointsspeed reduction(mph)pointsless than 50less than 505 to 915 to 9110 or more210 to 22223 or more3
Front crash prevention ratingsvehicles without forward collision warning or autobrake; orvehicles equipped with a system that doesn’t meet NHTSA orIIHS criteriavehicles earning 1 point for forward collision warningor 1 point in either 12 or 25 mph testvehicles with autobrake that achieve 2-4 points for forwardcollision warning and/or performance in autobraking testsvehicles with autobrake that achieve 5-6 points for forwardcollision warning and/or performance in autobraking tests
Front crash prevention ratings2013 – 2016 models (as of March 656515140403834282019110Not qualified/not availableBasic10AdvancedSuperior
Effect of weatheron AEB performance
February 17, 2015
Vehiclesspeedreduction2014 Infiniti Q502015 Subaru Legacy2014 Volvo S80sensorsradarstereo cameraradar, monocamera, LIDAR12 mph12 mph12 mph12 mph25 mph24 mph25 mph13 mphrating
All vehicles tested at 12 mph
2014 Infiniti Q50 tested at 25 mph
2015 Subaru Legacy tested at 25 mph
2014 Volvo S80 tested at 25 mph
Speed reductions (mph)25no snow20snow151050Infiniti Q50Subaru Legacy12 mphVolvo S80Infiniti Q50Subaru Legacy25 mphVolvo S80
Warning times when traveling at 12 mph2014 Infiniti Q50Warning33 ft. or 1.8 secs.2015 Subaru LegacyWarning35 ft. or 1.9 secs.2014 Volvo S80Warning34 ft. or 1.9 secs.
Braking times when traveling at 12 mph2014 Infiniti Q50Brake24 ft. or 1.3 secs.2015 Subaru LegacyBrake18 ft. or 0.9 secs.2014 Volvo S80Brake13 ft. or 0.7 secs.
Warning times when traveling at 25 mph2014 Infiniti Q50Warning78 ft. or 2.2 secs.2015 Subaru LegacyWarning98 ft. or 2.7 secs.2014 Volvo S80Warning91 ft. or 2.5 secs.
Braking times when traveling at 25 mph2014 Infiniti Q50Brake59 ft. or 1.7 secs.2015 Subaru LegacyBrake45 ft. or 1.3 secs.2014 Volvo S80Brake26 ft. or 0.7 secs.
Conclusions Systems offered by manufacturers use different technology– Radar, camera, LIDAR, etc. Some systems have similarities– These 3 vehicles had similar warning times Systems also have differences– Brake activation times and brake levels vary– Differences can lead to different performance in adverse weather
TOP SAFETY PICK
Requirements for 2016 TOP SAFETY PICK awardsGood rating in moderate overlap front, small overlap front,side, roof strength and head restraint tests&Basic rating for front crash preventionmeet TOP SAFETY PICK criteria&Advanced or Superior rating for front crash prevention
Advanced lighting testingand rating
Motivation for headlight evaluation program 16,768 annual crash deaths in dark/dawn/dusk lightconditions (2013 FARS) HLDI analyses point to benefits for curve-adaptive headlights(2012 HLDI analyses of Mazda, Acura, Mercedes, Volvo claims) Human factors experiments have established link betweendetection performance and improved lighting FMVSS 108 produces wide range of on-road visibility– Large variation in allowable intensity– Performance is not measured when installed, so factors like lamp heightand spread are not captured– Aim is not regulated
Dynamic headlight test setup Vehicle approaches:– 500 ft. radius left and right curves at 40 mph– 800 ft. radius left and right curves at 50 mphLight sensor array– Straightaway at 40 mph Record illuminance readings for:– Visibility – edges of road at 10 in. above ground– Glare – center of oncoming lane (3 ft. 7 in.)500 ft. radiusstraightawaydirection of travel800 ft. radius
Sample data: straightaway3 different approaches for same vehicle109Lux on R edge of road8765Visibility metric: distance atwhich 5 lux illumination isreached432105060708090100110Distance (m)120130140150
LEDHIDLED2016 Acura TLX2015 Cadillac ATS2016 Lincoln MKZLEDHalogenHalogen2016 Honda Accord2016 Subaru Legacy2016 Subaru alogenHalogenHalogen2016 Nissan Maxima2015 Cadillac ATS2016 Ford Fusion2015 Chevrolet Malibu2015 Chevrolet Malibu2016 Volvo S602015 Nissan Altima2015 Chrysler 2002016 Buick VeranoHalogenHID2015 Chevrolet Malibu2016 Mercedes CLA250LED2016 Mercedes C300HalogenLED2015 Infiniti Q502016 Mercedes C300LEDCurve-adaptive2016 Mercedes C300HalogenHalogen2016 Subaru Legacy2016 Mazda 6HalogenHID2016 Mercedes CLA2502016 Subaru OutbackHID2015 Chrysler 200HalogenLED2016 Nissan Maxima2016 Honda AccordHID2016 Subaru LegacyHID2016 Subaru Legacy0HID502015 Nissan Altima100LED1502015 Infiniti Q50LED2002016 Mazda 6HID2502016 Volvo S605 lux distance (ft)Initial midsize car results: low beam 4 curveaverageNon-adaptive
2016 Mercedes CLA2502016 Mercedes C3002016 Buick Verano2015 Chrysler 2002015 Nissan Altima2016 Volvo S602015 Chevrolet Malibu2015 Chevrolet Malibu2016 Ford Fusion2015 Cadillac ATS2016 Nissan Maxima2015 Chevrolet Malibu2016 Mercedes C3002015 Infiniti Q502016 Mercedes C3002016 Mazda 6Left side of road2016 Subaru Outback2016 Subaru Legacy2016 Honda Accord2016 Subaru Legacy2016 Subaru Outback2016 Mercedes CLA2503502015 Chrysler 2002016 Honda Accord2016 Lincoln MKZ2015 Cadillac ATS2016 Acura TLX2016 Nissan Maxima2016 Subaru Legacy2016 Subaru Legacy2015 Nissan Altima2015 Infiniti Q502016 Mazda 62016 Volvo S605 lux distance (ft)Initial midsize car results: low beam straightawayRight side of road300250200150100500
Differences in headlight illuminationDeer is 270 feet from front of car; approximate reach of Accord’s 5 luxHonda AccordMercedes C300
Translating test results to ratings Rating based on:– Straightaway and curve visibility (weighting roughly 60/40)– Low and high beams (weighting roughly 75/25)– Acceptable glare Bonus given for automatic high beams (“high beam assist”) Results of all tests are combined into an overall demerit score withrating boundaries applied
Midsize car results
More information and linksto our YouTube channeland Twitter feed at iihs.orgKay WakemanResearch Analystkwakeman@hldi.orgiihs.org
Alfa Alliance Insurance Corporation Grange Insurance The Responsive Auto Insurance Company . Auto Club Enterprises Imperial Fire & Casualty Insurance Company Shelter Insurance Auto Club Group Indiana Farmers Mutual Insurance Company Sompo Japan Insurance Company of America
