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Updated: March 23, 2020ACTIVE FUNDING OPPORTUNITIES (BY EXPIRATION/DUE DATES)YALE FUNDING/FELLOWSHIP OPPORTUNITIES1. Yale Global Health Education Innovation Proposal due date: April 17, 2020 by email to Anne.Kellett@yale.eduApplicants will be notified of their award status by June 1, 2020.Eligibility: full-time Yale School of Medicine faculty members2. Yale Scholars in Implementation ly/Application due date: April 24, 2020. Applicants will be notified of the review committee’s decision by May 5,2020.For questions, contact june.weiss@yale.edu.3. Yale Program on Refugees, Forced Displacement, and Humanitarian Responses Faculty anresponses-faculty-grantApplication due date: May 1, 2020. Applicants will be notified of final selections via email by May 15, 2020.Eligibility: current Yale faculty members.INDIVIDUAL CAREER/MENTORSHIP/TRAINING AWARDS4. Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) Research Fellowships in sps-extramural.aspxShort-term postdoctoral fellowship deadline: March 31, 2020; October 1, 2020Long-term postdoctoral fellowship: March 31, 20205. Howard Hughes Medical Institute Opens New Program for Medically Trained /mts2021-program-announcement.pdfApplication Due Date: August 11, 2020 at 3:00 pm ET6. NIMH Mentored Career Transition Award for Intramural Fellows (K22)Clinical Trial Required: -613.htmlClinical Trial Not Allowed: -614.htmlApplication Due Date(s): standard dates apply (expiration date: January 8, 2021)7. Postdoctoral Research Associate Training (PRAT) Program PAR-19-286.htmlApplication Due Date(s): October 2, 2020; October 4, 20218. NIAID Career Transition Award (K22 Independent Clinical Trial Not es/PAR-19-371.htmlAIDS Application Due Date(s): standard dates apply (expiration date: January 8, 2022)9. Ruth L. Kirschstein National Research Service Award (NRSA) Individual Predoctoral Fellowship files/PA-19-195.htmlAIDS Application Due Date(s): standard dates apply (expiration date: January 8, 2022)
10. Ruth L. Kirschstein National Research Service Award (NRSA) Individual Fellowship for Students atInstitutions with NIH-Funded Institutional Predoctoral Dual-Degree Training Programs (Parent A-19-191.htmlAIDS Application Due Date(s): standard dates apply (expiration date: January 8, 2022)11. Ruth L. Kirschstein National Research Service Award (NRSA) Individual Fellowship for Students atInstitutions Without NIH-Funded Institutional Predoctoral Dual-Degree Training Programs (Parent A-19-192.htmlAIDS Application Due Date(s): standard dates apply (expiration date: January 8, 2022)12. Ruth L. Kirschstein National Research Service Award (NRSA) Individual Predoctoral Fellowship to PromoteDiversity in Health-Related Research (Parent A-19-196.htmlAIDS Application Due Date(s): standard dates apply (expiration date: January 8, 2022)13. Ruth L. Kirschstein National Research Service Award (NRSA) Individual Postdoctoral Fellowship files/PA-19-188.htmlAIDS Application Due Date(s): standard dates apply (expiration date: January 8, 2022)14. Ruth L. Kirschstein National Research Service Award (NRSA) Individual Senior Fellowship (Parent A-19-187.htmlAIDS Application Due Date(s): standard dates apply (expiration date: January 8, 2022)15. Independent Scientist Award (Parent K02 Independent Basic Experimental Studies with Humans les/PA-19-085.htmlAIDS Application Due Date(s): standard dates apply (expiration date: January 8, 2022)16. Independent Scientist Award (K02)Clinical Trial Required: -131.htmlClinical Trial Not Allowed: -132.htmlAIDS Application Due Date(s): standard dates apply (expiration date: January 8, 2022)17. Mentored Clinical Scientist Research Career Development Award (Parent K08)Clinical Trial Required: -116.htmlClinical Trial Not Allowed: -117.htmlAIDS Application Due Date(s): standard dates apply (expiration date: January 8, 2022)18. Mentored Patient-Oriented Research Career Development Award (Parent K23)Clinical Trial Required: -118.htmlClinical Trial Not Allowed: -119.htmlAIDS Application Due Date(s): standard dates apply (expiration date: January 8, 2022)19. Mentored Research Scientist Development Award (Parent K01)Clinical Trial Required: -127.htmlClinical Trial Not Allowed: -126.htmlAIDS Application Due Date(s): standard dates apply (expiration date: January 8, 2022)20. Mentored Clinical Scientist Research Career Development Award (Parent K08 Independent BasicExperimental Studies with Humans les/PA-19-086.htmlAIDS Application Due Date(s): standard dates apply (expiration date: January 8, 2022)2
21. Mentored Patient-Oriented Research Career Development Award (Parent K23 Independent BasicExperimental Studies with Humans les/PA-19-087.htmlAIDS Application Due Date(s): standard dates apply (expiration date: January 8, 2022)22. Mentored Research Scientist Development Award (Parent K01 Independent Basic Experimental Studieswith Humans les/PA-19-084.htmlAIDS Application Due Date(s): standard dates apply (expiration date: January 8, 2022)23. Mentored Quantitative Research Development Award (K25)Clinical Trial Not Allowed: -124.htmlClinical Trial Required: -125.htmlAIDS Application Due Date(s): standard dates apply (expiration date: January 8, 2022)24. Mentored Quantitative Research Development Award (Parent K25 Independent Basic ExperimentalStudies with Humans les/PA-19-089.htmlAIDS Application Due Date(s): standard dates apply (expiration date: January 8, 2022)25. Midcareer Investigator Award in Patient-Oriented Research (Parent K24 Independent Basic ExperimentalStudies with Humans les/PA-19-088.htmlAIDS Application Due Date(s): standard dates apply (expiration date: January 8, 2022)26. Midcareer Investigator Award in Patient-Oriented Research (Parent K24)Clinical Trial Required: -121.htmlClinical Trial Not Allowed: -122.htmlAIDS Application Due Date(s): standard dates apply (expiration date: January 8, 2022)27. NIH Pathway to Independence Award (Parent K99/R00)Clinical Trial Required: -129.htmlClinical Trial Not Allowed: -130.htmlAIDS Application Due Date(s): standard dates apply (expiration date: January 8, 2021)28. NIH Pathway to Independence Award (Parent K99/R00 Independent Basic Experimental Studies withHumans les/PA-19-090.htmlAIDS Application Due Date(s): standard dates apply (expiration date: January 8, 2022)29. Limited Competition: Small Grant Program for NIDDK K01/K08/K23/K25 Recipients (R03 Clinical pa-files/PAR-19-365.htmlAIDS Application Due Date(s): standard dates apply (expiration date: September 8, 2022)30. Limited Competition: Stimulating Access to Research in Residency Transition Scholar (StARRTS) (K38Independent Clinical Trial Not les/RFA-HL-20-006.htmlAIDS Application Due Date(s): January 14, 2020; January 14, 2021; January 14, 202231. Career Development Programs: Tobacco Regulatory ResearchK01 - Independent Clinical Trial Not Allowed: OD-20-008.htmlK01 - Independent Clinical Trial Required: OD-20-011.htmlK99/R00 - Independent Clinical Trial Not Allowed: OD-20009.html3
K99/R00 - Independent Clinical Trial Required: OD-20010.htmlApplication Due Date(s): July 8, 2020, February 08, 2021, October 08, 2021, July 8, 202232. NINDS Ruth L. Kirschstein National Research Service Award (NRSA) for Training of Postdoctoral Fellows(F32 Clinical Trial Not es/PAR-20-021.htmlAIDS Application Due Date(s): May 7, 2020, September 7, 2020, January 7, 2021, May 7, 2021, September 7,2021, January 7, 2022, May 7, 2022, September 7, 2022, January 7, 202333. Funding and Fellowships Sponsored by the American Society of Tropical Medicine & Hygiene als/astmh-sponsored-fellowshipsApplication due date: multiple fellowships – see website for details34. Postdoctoral Training in the NIH Intramural Research Program (IRP)Postdoctoral positions are currently available for the Postdoctoral Research Training Awards (IRTAs) (U.S.citizens and permanent residents) and Visiting Fellows (citizens for other doc irpApplications due date and further information are available on the websiteHIV/AIDS-RELATED GRANT OPPORTUNITIES35. Health Information System Development, Project Management and Coordinated Deployment for NationalHIV and Health Sector Systems in the Republic of Tanzania under the President's Emergency Plan forAIDS Relief ortunity.html?oppId 319444Application Due Date: March 25, 202036. Quality Improvement Solutions for Sustained Epidemic Control Project Interface/FundingCycle/ExternalView.aspx?fCycleID 02b58075d952-484c-9bf7-89eff7d236fbApplication Due Date: March 27, 202037. Novel Therapeutics Directed to Intracellular HIV Targets (R21 Clinical Trial Not les/RFA-AI-19-072.htmlAIDS Application Due Date: April 1, 202038. Evaluation of New HIV Testing Technologies in Clinical Settings with High HIV portunity.html?oppId 320416Application Due Date: April 14, 202039. HIV/AIDS and the Tumor Niche (U54 Clinical Trial Not les/RFA-CA-20-016.htmlAIDS Application Due Date: April 15, 202040. Improving Quality of Care and Health Impact through Innovative Systems and Technologies in Malawiunder the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief ortunity.html?oppId 320091Application Due Date: April 24, 202041. Implementing the HIV Service Cascade for Justice-Involved Populations (U01 Clinical Trial iles/RFA-DA-20-028.htmlAIDS Application Due Date(s): April 30, 20204
42. Research on Comparative Effectiveness and Implementation of HIV/AIDS and Alcohol Interventions (R01Clinical Trial les/PAS-18-557.htmlAIDS Application Due Date(s): standard dates apply (expiration date: May 8, 2020)43. HIV-1 infection of the Central Nervous System PA-17-100.htmlAIDS Application Due Date(s): standard dates apply (expiration date: May 8, 2020)44. Eradication of HIV-1 from Central Nervous System Reservoirs PA-17-084.htmlAIDS Application Due Date(s): standard dates apply (expiration date: May 8, 2020)45. Strengthening the Impact of Community Health Workers on the HIV Care Continuum in the US (R01Clinical Trial iles/RFA-NR-20-002.htmlAIDS Application Due Date(s): May 13, 202046. Exploring the Roles of Biomolecular Condensates (BMCs) in HIV replication, latency, or pathogenesis inthe context of substance use disorders (R21/R33 Clinical Trial Not les/RFA-DA-21-004.htmlAIDS Application Due Date(s): July 20, 202047. Advancing Vaccine Science to Improve Tuberculosis Treatment Outcomes for People Living With orWithout HIV (R01 Clinical Trial Not les/RFA-AI-20-010.htmlAIDS Application Due Date(s): July 28, 202048. Engineering Immunity to HIV-1 Through Next Generation Vaccines (R61/R33 Clinical Trial Not les/RFA-AI-20-015.htmlAIDS Application Due Date(s): July 28, 202049. Harnessing Natural Killer (NK) Cells to Prevent, Control, or Eradicate HIV (R01 Clinical Trial Not les/RFA-AI-20-016.htmlAIDS Application Due Date(s): July 28, 202050. Provocative Questions (PQs) in Cancer with an Underlying HIV Infection (R01 Clinical Trial iles/RFA-CA-19-032.htmlAIDS Application Due Date(s): August 1, 202051. NIDA Avant-Garde Award Program for HIV/AIDS and Drug Use Research (DP1 Clinical Trial iles/RFA-DA-18-019.htmlAIDS Application Due Date(s): August 14, 202052. Advancing Exceptional Research on HIV/AIDS and Substance Abuse (R01 Clinical Trial iles/RFA-DA-18-022.htmlApplication Due Date: August 21, 202053. Multidisciplinary Studies of HIV/AIDS and AgingR01: 8-189.htmlR21: 8-190.htmlAIDS Application Due Date(s): standard dates apply (expiration date: September 8, 2020)5
54. Reducing Stigma to Improve HIV/AIDS Prevention, Treatment and Care in Low- and Middle-IncomeCountries (R21 Clinical Trial les/PAR-19-326.htmlAIDS Application Due Date(s): November 12, 202055. HIV-associated Non-Communicable Diseases Research at Low- and Middle-Income Country Institutions(R21 Clinical Trial les/PAR-20-030.htmlAIDS Application Due Date(s): December 3, 202056. Basic and Translational Oral Health Research Related to HIV/AIDS (Clinical Trial Not Allowed)R01: -699.htmlR21: -695.htmlAIDS Application Due Date(s): standard dates apply (expiration date: January 8, 2021)57. Developmentally Tailored HIV Prevention and Care Research for Adolescents and Young Adults (ClinicalTrial Optional)R01: -651.htmlR21: -652.htmlR34: -653.htmlAIDS Application Due Date(s): standard dates apply (expiration date: January 8, 2021)58. High Priority HIV/AIDS Research within the Mission of the NIDDK (R01 Clinical Trial les/PAS-18-698.htmlAIDS Application Due Date(s): standard dates apply (expiration date: January 8, 2021)59. Characterization of Mycobacterial Induced Immunity in HIV-infected and Uninfected Individuals (R21Clinical Trial Not es/PAR-18-923.htmlAIDS Application Due Date(s): January 14, 202160. Next Generation Multipurpose Prevention Technologies (NGM) (R01 Clinical Trial les/PAR-19-209.htmlAIDS Application Due Date(s): May 6, 2020; May 6, 202161. Development and Testing of Novel Interventions to Improve HIV Prevention, Care, and ProgramImplementation (R34-Clinical Trial les/PA-18-780.htmlAIDS Application Due Date(s): standard dates apply (expiration date: May 8, 2021)62. Harnessing Big Data to Halt HIV (R01 Clinical Trial les/PAR-18-764.htmlAIDS Application Due Date(s): standard dates apply (expiration date: May 8, 2021)63. Novel Biomarkers for the Development of HIV Incidence Assays with Improved SpecificityR01 (Clinical Trial Optional): -753.htmlR21 (Clinical Trial Not Allowed): -754.htmlAIDS Application Due Date(s): standard dates apply (expiration date: May 8, 2021)64. Transgender People: Immunity, Prevention, and Treatment (R21 Clinical Trial Not es/PAR-20-054.htmlAIDS Application Due Date(s): May 11, 2020; May 11, 20216
65. Innovative Technologies for HIV Behavioral and Social Science ResearchR41/R42 (Clinical Trial Optional): -927.htmlR43/R44 (Clinical Trial Optional): -928.htmlAIDS Application Due Date(s): standard dates apply (expiration date: September 6, 2021)66. Accelerating the Pace of Drug Abuse Research Using Existing Data (R01 Clinical Trial les/PAR-19-368.htmlAIDS Application Due Date(s): first AIDS application is on January 7, 2020 followed by standard AIDS dates(expiration date: September 8, 2021)67. AIDS-Science Track Award for Research Transition (R03 Clinical Trial les/PA-18-916.htmlAIDS Application Due Date(s): standard dates apply (expiration date: September 8, 2021)68. Engaging Men in HIV Testing, Prevention, and Care (Clinical Trial Optional)R01: -042.htmlR21: -050.htmlAIDS Application Due Date(s): standard dates apply (expiration date: September 8, 2021)69. HIV/AIDS High Priority Drug Abuse Research (R01 Clinical Trial les/PAS-18-915.htmlAIDS Application Due Date(s): standard dates apply (expiration date: September 8, 2021)70. Implementing the Most Successful Interventions to Improve HIV/AIDS Outcomes in U.S. CommunitiesR01: 7-491.htmlR21: 7-490.htmlAIDS Application Due Date(s): standard dates apply (expiration date: September 8, 2021)71. Role of Gut Microbiome in Regulating Reproduction and Its Impact on Fertility Status in Women Living withand Without HIVR01 (Clinical Trial Optional): -838.htmlR21 (Clinical Trial Optional): -839.htmlAIDS Application Due Date(s): standard dates apply (expiration date: September 8, 2021)72. Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells (MDSCs) as Potential Therapeutic Targets in TB/HIVR01: 9-357.htmlR21: 9-364.htmlAIDS Application Due Date(s): January 8, 2020; January 8, 2021; January 10, 202273. Sustained Release of Antivirals for Treatment or Prevention of HIV (SRATP) (R01 Clinical Trial files/PAR-20-029.htmlAIDS Application Due Date(s): January 7, 2020; January 7, 2021; January 7, 202274. Research Towards Developing a Cure for HBV in HIV/HBV Co-Infection (R21 Clinical Trial Not es/PAS-20-121.htmlAIDS Application Due Date(s): standard AIDS dates apply (expiration date: January 8, 2022)75. Mechanisms of Mycobacterial-Induced Immunity in HIV-Infected and/or Uninfected Individuals to InformInnovative Tuberculosis Vaccine Design (R01 Clinical Trial Not es/PAR-19-307.htmlAIDS Application Due Date(s): January 14, 2020, January 14, 2021, January 14, 20227
76. Integrated Preclinical / Clinical AIDS Vaccine Development Program es/PAR-20-120.htmlAIDS Application Due Date(s): July 28, 2020; March 9, 2021; March 9, 202277. Novel RNAs in Virology (including HIV) and Immune Regulation: Basic Science and Therapeutic Discovery(R21 Clinical Trial Not es/PA-19-237.htmlAIDS Application Due Date(s): standard dates apply (expiration date: May 8, 2022)78. Centers for AIDS Research (P30 Clinical Trial Not es/PAR-20-106.htmlAIDS Application Due Date(s): July 28, 2020; July 28, 2021; July 28, 202279. Developmental Centers for AIDS Research (P30 Clinical Trial Not es/PAR-20-107.htmlAIDS Application Due Date(s): July 28, 2020; July 28, 2021; July 28, 202280. International Research in Infectious Diseases (R01 Clinical Trial Not es/PAR-20-108.htmlAIDS Application Due Date(s): August 19, 2020; August 19, 2021; August 19, 202281. Getting To Zero: Understanding HIV Viral Suppression and Transmission in the United States (R01 ClinicalTrial les/PAR-20-036.htmlAIDS Application Due Date(s): standard dates apply (expiration date: September 8, 2022)82. Advancing HIV/AIDS Research within the Mission of the National Institute on Deafness and OtherCommunication Disorders (NIDCD)R21 – Clinical Trial Optional: 0-123.htmlR01 – Clinical Trial optional: 0-127.htmlAIDS Application Due Date(s): standard AIDS dates apply (expiration date: January 8, 2023)83. Formative and Pilot Intervention Research for Prevention and Treatment of HIV/AIDS (R34 Clinical pa-files/PA-20-141.htmlAIDS Application Due Date(s): first AIDS application is on May 7, 2020 followed by standard AIDS dates(expiration date: January 8, 2023)84. Robert Mapplethorpe Foundation Request for Proposals (RFP) on HIV Research and Treatmenthttp://prod-images.exhibit-e.com/www mapplethorpe org/RFP 9 6 2012.pdfProposals are accepted on a rolling basis and reviewed four times a year. Proposals and pre-submissioninquiries must be submitted electronically to Ms. Joree Adilman, Foundation Manager, atjoree@mapplethorpe.org.OTHER GRANT OPPORTUNITIES85. HEAL Initiative: Pharmacotherapies to Reverse Opioid Overdose Induced Respiratory Depression withoutCentral Opioid Withdrawal (Target Validation and Candidate Therapeutic Development (R61/R33 - ClinicalTrial Not les/RFA-HL-20-031.htmlApplication Due Date: March 24, 20208
86. HEAL Initiative: Pain Management Effectiveness Research Network: Clinical Trial Planning andImplementation Cooperative Agreement (UG3/UH3 Clinical Trial iles/RFA-NS-20-028.htmlAIDS and non-AIDS Application Due Date: March 24, 202087. Medications Development for the Treatment of Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) or Alcohol-Related OrganDamage (AROD), or the Combination of AUD and AROD (U01 Clinical Trial iles/RFA-AA-20-007.htmlApplication Due Date: March 26, 202088. HEAL Initiative: Pragmatic and Implementation Studies for the Management of Pain to Reduce OpioidPrescribing (PRISM) (UG3/UH3, Clinical Trials iles/RFA-AT-20-004.htmlApplication Due Date: March 30, 2020Pre-Application Technical Assistance NIH Videocast: Monday, March 2 at 2:30 – 3:30 pm (registration)89. SAMHSA Services Grant Program for Residential Treatment for Pregnant and Postpartum ents/ti-20-007Application Due Date: March 30, 202090. PHS 2019-02 Omnibus Solicitation of the NIH for Small Business Technology Transfer Grant ApplicationsParent STTR [R41/R42] Clinical Trial Not Allowed: -270.htmlParent STTR [R41/R42] Clinical Trial Required: -271.htmlApplication Due Date(s): standard dates apply (expiration date: April 7, 2020)91. PHS 2019-02 Omnibus Solicitation of the NIH, CDC, and FDA for Small Business Innovation ResearchGrant ApplicationsParent SBIR [R43/R44] Clinical Trial Not Allowed: -272.htmlParent SBIR [R43/R44] Clinical Trial Required: -273.htmlApplication Due Date(s): standard dates apply (expiration date: April 7, 2020)92. HRSA Opioid-Impacted Family Support sa-20-014Application Due Date: April 13, 202093. Identifying the Next Phase of Leadership and Management for the RWJF Culture of Health .htmlApplication Due Date: April 15, 2020 at 3:00 pm ET94. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Grant Opportunity - Innovations for Improving the Impact of gns-round-25Application Due Date: April 22, 2020 at 11:30 am PDT95. RWJF Policies for Action: Research on Housing Policies That Promote sing-policies-thatpromote-equity.htmlApplication Due Date: April 29, 202096. NIDA Small Research Grant Program (R03 Clinical Trial les/PA-18-634.htmlAIDS Application Due Date(s): standard dates apply (expiration date: May 8, 2020)9
97. Community-Based Approaches to Reducing Sexually Transmitted Diseases tunity.html?oppId 320994Application Due Date: May 11, 202098. Intervention Research to Improve Native American Health (R01 Clinical Trial les/PAR-17-496.htmlApplication Due Date(s): May 14, 202099. Research to Improve Native American Health (R21 Clinical Trials les/PAR-17-464.htmlApplication Due Date(s): May 14, 2020100. Stimulating Access to Research in Residency (StARR) /rfa-hl-18-023.htmlAIDS Application Due Date(s): May 12, 2020101. Research to Support the Reduction and Elimination of Mental Health Disparities (Admin Supp ClinicalTrial les/PA-18-621.htmlApplication Due Date(s): June 1, 2020102. Rational Design of Vaccines Against Hepatitis C Virus (U19 Clinical Trial Not les/RFA-AI-20-019.htmlApplication Due Date(s): June 15, 2020103. Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS): Population, Clinical and Applied Prevention ResearchR01 (Clinical Trial Optional): 8-847.htmlR21 (Clinical Trial Optional): 8-848.htmlApplication Due Date(s): June 27, 2020104. Health Information Technology (IT) to Improve Health Care Quality and Outcomes pa-17-246.htmlApplication Due Date(s): standard dates apply (expiration date: July 17, 2020)105. Device-Based Treatments for Substance Use Disorders (UG3/UH3 Clinical Trial les/PAR-18-494.htmlAIDS Application Due Date(s): March 27, 2020; July 24, 2020106. Effectiveness of Implementing Sustainable Evidence-Based Mental Health Practices in Low-ResourceSettings to Achieve Mental Health Equity for Traditionally Underserved Populations (R01 Clinical rfa-files/RFA-MH-20-400.htmlApplication Due Date(s): August 25, 2020107. Implementing and Sustaining Evidence-Based Mental Health Practices in Low-Resource Settings toAchieve Equity in Outcomes (R34 Clinical Trial iles/rfa-mh-20-401.htmlApplication Due Date(s): August 25, 2020108. Mechanistic investigations of psychosocial stress effects on opioid use patterns (Clinical Trial Optional)R01: 8-624.htmlR21: 8-625.htmlAIDS Application Due Date(s): standard dates apply (expiration date: September 8, 2020)10
109. NIDA Translational Avant-Garde Award for Development of Medication to Treat Substance UseDisorders (UG3/UH3 Clinical Trial iles/RFA-DA-18-020.htmlAIDS Application Due Date(s): September 7, 2020110. Innovative Mental Health Services Research Not Involving Clinical Trials par-17-264.htmlApplication Due Date(s): standard dates apply (expiration date: September 8, 2020)111. Limited Competition: Exploratory and Developmental
34. Postdoctoral Training in the NIH Intramural Research Program (IRP) Postdoctoral positions are currently available for the Postdoctoral Research Training Awards (IRTAs) (U.S. citizens and permanent residents) and Visiting Fellows (citizens for other nations)
