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REPORTThe Law Reform Commission is an independent statutorybody established by the Law Reform Commission Act 1975.The Commission’s principal role is to keep the law underreview and to make proposals for reform, in particular byrecommending the enactment of legislation to clarify andmodernise the law.REPORTCONSUMER INSURANCE CONTRACTSThe Commission’s law reform role is carried out primarilyunder a Programme of Law Reform. Its Fourth Programmeof Law Reform was prepared by the Commission followingbroad consultation and discussion. In accordance with the1975 Act it was approved by the Government in October2013 and placed before both Houses of the Oireachtas. TheCommission also works on specific matters referred to it bythe Attorney General under the 1975 Act.The Commission’s Access to Legislation project makeslegislation more accessible online to the public. This includesthe Legislation Directory (an electronically searchable indexof amendments to Acts and statutory instruments), aselection of Revised Acts (Acts in their amended form ratherthan as enacted) and the Classified List of Legislation inIreland (a list of Acts in force organised under 36 subjectmatter headings).ADDRESS35-39 Shelbourne Road Dublin 4 IrelandTELEPHONE 353 1 6377600FAX 353 1 e Law Reform Commission is a statutory body established by the Law Reform Commission Act 1975LRC 113 – 2015E20CONSUMERINSURANCECONTRACTS(LRC 113 - 2015)
lawreform.ie
REPORTCONSUMER INSURANCE CONTRACTS(LRC 113 – 2015) COPYRIGHTLaw Reform CommissionFIRST PUBLISHEDJULY 2015ISSN 1393-3132
LAW REFORM COMMISSION’S ROLEThe Law Reform Commission is an independent statutory body established by the Law ReformCommission Act 1975. The Commission’s principal role is to keep the law under review and to makeproposals for reform, in particular by recommending the enactment of legislation to clarify and modernisethe law. Since it was established, the Commission has published over 190 documents (Working Papers,Consultation Papers, Issues Papers and Reports) containing proposals for law reform and these are allavailable at www.lawreform.ie. Most of these proposals have contributed in a significant way to thedevelopment and enactment of reforming legislation.The Commission’s role is carried out primarily under a Programme of Law Reform. Its Fourth Programmeof Law Reform was prepared by the Commission following broad consultation and discussion. Inaccordance with the 1975 Act, it was approved by the Government in October 2013 and placed beforeboth Houses of the Oireachtas. The Commission also works on specific matters referred to it by theAttorney General under the 1975 Act.The Commission’s Access to Legislation project makes legislation in its current state (as amended ratherthan as enacted) more easily accessible to the public in three main outputs: the Legislation Directory, theClassified List and the Revised Acts. The Legislation Directory comprises electronically searchableindexes of amendments to primary and secondary legislation and important related information. TheClassified List is a separate list of all Acts of the Oireachtas that remain in force organised under 36 majorsubject-matter headings. Revised Acts bring together all amendments and changes to an Act in a singletext. The Commission provides online access to selected Revised Acts that were enacted before 2006and Revised Acts are available for all Acts enacted from 2006 onwards (other than Finance and SocialWelfare Acts) that have been textually amended.ii
MEMBERSHIPThe Law Reform Commission consists of a President, one full-time Commissioner and three part-timeCommissioners.The Commissioners are:President:Mr Justice John Quirke, former judge of the High CourtFull-time Commissioner:Finola Flanagan, Barrister-at-LawPart-time Commissioner:Donncha O’Connell, Professor of LawPart-time Commissioner:Ms Justice Marie Baker, judge of the High CourtPart-time Commissioner:Tom O’Malley, Barrister-at-Lawiii
LAW REFORM RESEARCH STAFFDirector of Research:Raymond Byrne BCL, LLM (NUI), Barrister-at-LawLegal Researchers:Owen Garvey BA, LLB (NUI), Barrister-at-LawKerri McGuigan LLB (Dub), LLM (UCL), Attorney-at-Law (New York)Michael O’Sullivan BCL (NUI), Dip IT (DCU), SolicitorFiona O’Regan BCL, LLM, PhD (NUI)Tara Smith BCL, LLM, PhD (NUI), Attorney-at-Law (New York)ACCESS TO LEGISLATIONProject Manager:Alma Clissmann, BA (Mod), LLB, Dip Eur Law (Bruges), SolicitorDeputy Project Manager:Jane Murphy LLB (UL), LLM (NUI), Barrister-at-Lawiv
ADMINISTRATION STAFFHead of Administration:Deirdre FlemingExecutive Officer:[Currently vacant]Staff Officer:Annmarie CowleyClerical Officers:Liam DarganBrian PurcellLibrary and Information Manager:Órla Gillen, BA, MLISPRINCIPAL LEGAL RESEARCHER FOR THIS REPORTDenise Roche BCL (Int.), Solicitorv
CONTACT DETAILSFurther information can be obtained from:Head of AdministrationLaw Reform Commission35-39 Shelbourne RoadBallsbridgeDublin 4Telephone: 353 1 637 7600Fax: 353 1 637 evi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe Commission would like to thank the following who provided valuable assistance:Dr Oluyemisi AwoyeRoderick Bourke, Solicitor, McCann FitzGerald SolicitorsAustin J Buckley, Chartered Insurance PractitionerRobert Buttle, Swiss Re Europe SAJohn Casey, CEO, Motor Insurers’ Bureau of IrelandProf Robert Clark, Emeritus Professor of Law, University College DublinMichael Corrigan, Corrigan & Corrigan, SolicitorsBill Cox, Department of Jobs, Enterprise and InnovationDeirdre Fagan, Solicitor, AXA Legal Services SolicitorsKevin Fingleton, Marsh IrelandRobert Fitzpatrick, Barrister-at-LawApril Gilroy, Solicitor, Matheson, SolicitorsEmer Gilvarry, Solicitor, Mason Hayes & CurranBrian Hunt, Solicitor, Head of Government & Industry Affairs, Zurich Insurance Ireland plcJulie K Hutchison, Head of International Technical Insight, Standard LifeMr Justice Ronan KeaneMike Kemp, Insurance IrelandJohn Larkin, Solicitor, William Fry SolicitorsMary-Michelle O’Connor, Aviva insurance Europe SEPaulyn Marrinan Quinn, Senior Counsel, former Insurance Ombudsman of IrelandBernie Mooney, Consumer Protection, Banking & Policy, Central Bank of IrelandLiam Reidy, Senior CounselEmma Roche-Cagney, Barrister-at-LawBernard Sheridan, Director of Consumer Protection, Central Bank of IrelandFull responsibility for this publication lies, however, with the Commission.vii
TABLE OF CONTENTSTable of Key of AcronymsxvTable of LegislationxviiTable of CasesxxiSUMMARY1CHAPTER 1ABCHAPTER 2ABSCOPE OF THE REPORT:CONSUMER INSURANCE CONTRACTS11Scope of the Report11(1) A single regime that applies toconsumers and businesses11(2) Separate regimes for individual consumersand businesses12(3) The status of statutory and non-statutorycodes in litigation16(4) General application to life and non-lifeinsurance; and exclusion of certaininsurance-related matters18Note on Use of “Consumer” rather than“Proposer”, “Policyholder” or “Insured” in the Report 19PRE-CONTRACTUAL DUTIES:UTMOST GOOD FAITH ANDTHE DUTY OF DISCLOSURE21Current Law on Utmost Good Faith andPre-Contractual Disclosure21(1) Utmost good faith and the duty of disclosure:from Carter v Boehm to theMarine Insurance Act 190621(2) The duty of disclosure, the prudent insurerand the objective test of materiality:the Chariot Inns case24(3) The duty of disclosure, the prudent insurerand a test of reasonableness in determiningmateriality: the Aro Road case and applyingthe good faith principle to both parties26(4) Judicial activity since Aro Road: good faithapplies to both parties and the insurer mustmake reasonable enquiries in aprofessional manner29(5) Impact of the Financial Services Ombudsman31(6) Impact of the Consumer Protection Code 201231(7) Impact of Insurance Ireland’s voluntary codes32Comparative Developments32(1) United Kingdom32ix
CCHAPTER 3A(2) Australia35Good Faith and the Duty of Disclosure:General Conclusions and Recommendations37(1) The principle of utmost good faith(uberrima fides)37(2) The duty of disclosure39PRE-CONTRACTUAL DISCLOSURE:SPECIFIC RECOMMENDATIONS ANDPROPORTIONATE REMEDIES43Reformulated duty of disclosure:the consumer’s duties43(1) No general requirement to volunteer information 43BCDCHAPTER 4A(2) Duty to answer questions honestly and withreasonable care44(3) Exceptions to the duty of disclosure48Reformulated duty of disclosure: the insurer49(1) Types of Questions49(2) Materiality52(3) Whether the answers “induce” the insurer toenter into the contract58(4) Duty to explain the consequences ofnon-disclosure60Proportionate Remedies: Avoidance, Rescissionand Damages60(1) The penalty for misrepresentations60(2) From the “all-or-nothing” approach ofrepudiation towards proportionality61(3) Categories of misrepresentations:innocent, negligent and fraudulent63Renewal of Insurance Contracts74WARRANTIES AND TERMS THATDESCRIBE THE RISK79Defining Warranties79(1) Types of insurance warranties80(2) No specific form of words required forwarranty (general rules for interpretationof contracts apply)81(3) Non-compliance with warranty may beexcused (a) where circumstances change,(b) where compliance would be unlawful or(c) through waiver82(4) Codification of general rules on warrantiesin Marine Insurance Act 190683(5) Insurance Ireland Codes on warranties84x
(6) Consumer Protection Code 2012 and warranties 85BCCHAPTER 5A(7) The Unfair Terms Regulations 1995and warranties85(8) Conclusions and recommendation on generalreform of insurance warranties85Specific Reforms to Replace Warranties of Factand Warranties of Opinion (Including“Basis Of Contract” Clauses)86Specific Reforms to Replace Warranties as tothe Future (Continuing or Promissory Warranties)90(1) Distinction between “warranties as to thefuture” and other contract terms90(2) Substance over form91(3) Causal connection between the contractterm and the breach92(4) Causal connection test coupled with theproportionality rule93(5) Fault based approach94(6) Suspensive conditions94(7) Terms descriptive of the risk96(8) Conclusions and recommendations97INSURABLE INTEREST101Overview of the Law on Insurable Interest101(1) Insurable interest is a mandatory requirementfor life insurance and non-life indemnityinsurance101(2) The nature and extent of the required insurableinterest is not clear102BInsurable interest: Reform or Abolish107(1) United Kingdom108(2) Australia110(3) Insurable interest is not a necessary part of thegeneral definition of an insurance contract111(4) Insurable interest is not a requirement of thestatutory insurance licensing regime, and is notrequired to distinguish insurance contracts fromother types of financial services112(5) Insurable interest and indemnity insurance115(6) How public policy on gambling has changedbetween the 18th and 21st century, and whyinsurable interest is not required to distinguishinsurance contracts from gamblingand wagering116xi
(7) Insurable interest is not necessary to determoral hazard risks117(8) Conclusions and recommendations120PRIVITY OF CONTRACT ANDTHIRD PARTY RIGHTS123The Privity Rule and Third Party Rights: General123(1) Section 76 of the Road Traffic Act 1961124(2) Section 62 of the Civil Liability Act 1961125(3) Reform of Third Party Rights in InsuranceContracts in Other Jurisdictions127(4) Conclusions129Specific Recommendations on Third Party Rights130(1) Definition of third party130(2) Definition of insured person130(3) Transfer of rights to third parties130(4) Third party’s rights should apply inspecific circumstances131(5) A right to proceed directly against the insurerbefore establishing liability134(6) A right to the disclosure of certain information135(7) Conditions affecting transferred rights138(8) Voluntarily-incurred liabilities139(9) Two or more claimants140SUBROGATION141AOverview of subrogation141BSpecific reforms of subrogation141(1) Family relationship settings141(2) Employer-employee setting:Lister v Romford Ice143(3) Distribution of recovered funds147(4) Contractual provisions149(5) Third parties150POST-CONTRACTUAL DUTIES151AThe Post-Contractual Duty of Good Faith151BThe Duties Prior to the Manifestation of the Claim151(1) Payment of the premium152(2) Aggravation or reduction of the risk152Duties During Claims Handling157(1) The policyholder’s obligations157CHAPTER 6ABCHAPTER 7CHAPTER 8Cxii
DCHAPTER 9A(2) Insurer’s Obligations: Processing a claimand offer of settlement160Disputed Claims164(1) Investigating a disputed claim164(2) Reports prepared and information discoveredafter a claim is made166(3) Late Payment of Claims168(4) Fraudulent Claims173(5) Innocent co-insureds178UNFAIR AND OTHERWISE ONEROUS TERMS185Case law and legislation on unfair and otherwiseonerous terms185(1) Case law in Ireland and the United Kingdomon unfair terms185(2) Sale of Goods and Supply of Services Act 1980 188CHAPTER 10(3) European Communities (Unfair Terms inConsumer Contracts) Regulations 1995190(4) Consumer Protection Act 2007195(5) Conclusions and recommendations199(6) Clarifying the scope of the “main subjectmatter” of insurance contracts201FORM OF THE CONTRACT207ACurrent Law on the Form of a Contract of Insurance 207BSpecific Matters Concerning Form of the Contract214(1) Provision of Pre-Contractual andPost-Contractual Information214(2) Contractual material in writing or otherdurable form222(3) How information is to be provided223(4) How information is to be interpreted225(5) Prescribed notices, notification and forms226(6) The right to cancel or the “cooling-off” period228(7) Cancelling outside the “cooling-off” period231(8) Renewal of the insurance contract232(9) Issuing reasons for adverse underwritingdecisions234(10)Consequences of non-compliance with duties237APPENDIX ALIST OF RECOMMENDATIONS IN THE REPORT239APPENDIX BDRAFT CONSUMER INSURANCECONTRACTS BILL 2015251DEVELOPMENT OF INSURANCE REGULATION INIRELAND AND IN COMPARABLE JURISDICTIONS283APPENDIX Cxiii
ABScale and Nature of Insurance Business in Ireland 283(1) Insurance constitutes an important financialservices sector in Ireland283(2) Financial value of life and non-lifeinsurance in Ireland283(3) Increasing movement towards onlineinsurance activity285The Limited Regulation of Insurance ContractLaw and the Need for Further Reform286(1) Insurance contracts, asymmetric informationand the need for statutory regulation286(2) General principles and rules of contract lawapply to insurance contracts287(3) Specific principles and rules of contract lawapply to insurance contracts287(4) The current limited statutory regulation ofinsurance contract law288(5) Non-statutory industry Codes of Practice290(6) Previous recommendations for further reform ofinsurance contract law in Ireland292C(7) The EU influence on reform of insurancecontract law, including the Principles ofEuropean Insurance Contract Law (PEICL)294(8) Reform of insurance contract law in othercommon law jurisdictions, including Australiaand the United Kingdom298Regulatory Oversight298(1) Central Bank of Ireland and the ConsumerProtection Code299(2) Role of the Financial Services Ombudsman300(3) Data Protection Acts and Code of Practicefor Insurance303(4) The status of statutory and non-statutory codes 305xiv
TABLE OF KEY ACRONYMSADRAlternative Dispute ResolutionALIAmerican Law InstituteALRCAustralian Law Reform CommissionASICAustralian Securities and Investments CommissionDCFRDraft Common Frame of ReferenceEEAEuropean Economic AreaEESCEuropean Economic and Social CommitteeEIOPAEuropean Insurance and Occupational Pensions AuthorityEUEuropean UnionFOSFinancial Ombudsman ServiceFCAFinancial Conduct AuthorityFSAFinancial Services AuthorityFSOFinancial Services OmbudsmanICOBSInsurance Conduct of Business SourcebookIFSRAIrish Financial Services Regulatory AuthorityMATMarine, Aviation and TransportMABSMoney Advice and Budgeting ServicePRIPsPackaged Retail Investment ProductsPECLPrinciples of European Contract LawPEICLPrinciples of European Insurance Contract LawPRAPrudential Regulation AuthoritySSMSingle Supervisory MechanismULCUniform Law CommissionCJEUCourt of Justice of the European UnionOFTOffice of Fair Tradingxv
TABLE OF LEGISLATIONAdoption Act 2010No 21/2010IrlAir Navigation (International Conventions) Act 2004No 11/2004IrlAssurance Companies Act 19099 Edw 7, c.49IrlCentral Bank Act 1942No 22/1942IrlCentral Bank Act 1942 (Financial Services Ombudsman Council)Regulations 2005SI 190/2005IrlCentral Bank Act 1942 (Financial Services Ombudsman Council)(Amendment) Regulations 2014SI 164/2014IrlCentral Bank Act 1989No 16/1989IrlCentral Bank and Financial Services Authority of Ireland Act 2003No 12/2013IrlCentral Bank and Financial Service Authority of Ireland Act 2004No 21/2004IrlCentral Bank Reform Act 2010No 23/2010IrlCentral Bank (Supervision and Enforcement) Act 2013No 26/2013IrlChildren and Family Relationships Act 2015No 9/2015IrlCivil Liability Act 1961No 41/1961IrlCivil Partnership and Certain Rights and Obligations of Cohabitants Act2010No 24/2010IrlCollecting Societies and Industrial Assurance Companies Act 189659 & 60 Vict, c.26IrlCompanies Act 20062006, c.46UKCompanies Act 2014No 34/2014IrlCompanies (Amendment) Act 1990No 27/1990IrlCompetition Act 1991No 24/1991IrlCompetition Act 2002No 14/2002IrlCompetition and Consumer Protection Act 2014No 29/2014IrlConsumer Credit Act 1995No 24/1995IrlConsumer Information Act 1978No 1/1978IrlConsumer Insurance (Disclosure and Representations) Act 20122012, c. 6UKxvii
Consumer Protection Act 2007No 19/2007IrlContracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 19991999, c. 31UKCorporations Act 2001No 50/2001AusCourts Act 1981No 11/1981IrlCriminal Justice (Theft and Fraud Offences) Act 2001No 50/2001IrlData Protection Act 1988No 25/1988IrlData Protection (Amendment) Act 2003No 6/2003IrlDebtors (Ireland) Act 18403 & 4 Vict, c.105IrlEuropean Communities (Certain Aspects of the Sale of Consumer Salesand Associated Guarantees) Regulations 2003SI 11/2003IrlEuropean Communities (Directive 2000/31/EC) Regulations 2003SI 68/2003IrlEuropean Communities (Distance Marketing of Consumer FinancialServices) Regulations 2004SI 853/2004IrlEuropean Communities (Distance Marketing of Consumer FinancialServices) (Amendment) Regulations 2005SI 63/2005IrlEuropean Communities (Fourth Motor Insurance Directive) Regulations2003SI 651/2003IrlEuropean Communities (Late Payment in Commercial Transactions)Regulations 2002SI 388/2002IrlEuropean Communities (Late Payment in Commercial Transactions)Regulations 2012SI 580/2012IrlEuropean Communities (Life Assurance) Framework Regulations 1994SI 360/1994IrlEuropean Communities (Misleading Advertising) Regulations 1988SI 134/1988IrlEuropean Communities (Misleading and Comparative MarketingCommunications) Regulations 2007SI 774/2007IrlEuropean Communities (Non-Life Insurance) Framework Regulations1994SI 359/1994IrlEuropean Communities (Undertakings for Collective Investment inTransferable Securities) Regulations 2011SI 352/2011IrlEuropean Communities (Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts)Regulations 1995SI 27/1995IrlEuropean Union (Consumer Information, Cancellation and Other Rights)Regulations 2013SI 484/2013Irlxviii
Friendly Societies Act 189659 & 60 Vict, c.25IrlGaming Act 18458 & 9 Vict, c.109IrlGaming and Lotteries Act 1956No 2/1956IrlHealth Insurance (Amendment) Act 2012No 45/2012IrlHealth Insurance (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 2009No 25/2009IrlHealth Insurance Act 1994No 16/1994IrlInsurance Act 1936No 45/1936IrlInsurance Act 1953No 7/1954IrlInsurance Act 1989No 3/1989IrlInsurance Act 2000No 42/2000IrlInsurance Act 20152015, c.4UKInsurance Amendment Act 2009SBC 2009 c.16CanInsurance Contracts Act 1984No 80/1984AusInsurance Contracts Amendment Act 2013No 75/2013AusInsurance Law Reform Act 1977No 14/1977NZInsurance Laws Amendment Act 1998No 35/1998AusInvestment Intermediaries Act 1995No 11/1995IrlLife Assurance Act 177414 Geo 3, c.48UKLife Assurance Companies Act 187033 & 34 Vict, c.61IrlLife Assurance (Insurable Interest) Act 2004AT 3/2004IoManLife Assurance (Provision of Information) Regulations 2001SI 15/2001IrlLife Assurance (Provision of Information) (Amendment) Regulations 2002SI 161/2002IrlLife Insurance (Consequential Amendments and Repeals) Act 1995No 5/1995AusLife Insurance (Ireland) Act 186629 & 30 Vict, c.42IrlMalicious Injuries (Amendment) Act 1986No 27/1986IrlMarine Insurance Act 19066 Edw 7, c.41UKMarried Women’s Property Act 188247 & 48 Vict, c.14IrlMarried Women’s Status Act 1957No 5/1957Irlxix
Merchandise Marks Act 188750 & 51 Vict, c.28IrlMerchandise Marks Act 189154 & 55 Vict, c.15IrlMerchandise Marks Act 19111 & 2 Geo 5, c.31IrlMerchandise Marks Act 1931No 48/1931IrlMisrepresentation Act 19671967, c.7Eng/WMisrepresentation Act (Northern Ireland) 19671967, c.14NIMotor Insurance (Provision of Information) (Renewal of Policy ofInsurance) Regulations 2002SI 389/2002IrlNational Lottery Act 1986No 28/1986IrlNon-Life Insurance (Provision of Information) (Renewal of Policy ofInsurance) Regulations 2007SI 74/2007IrlPersonal Insolvency Act 2012No 44/2012IrlPrices Act 1958No 4/1958IrlPrices (Amendment) Act 1972No 20/1972IrlProceeds of Crime Act 1996No 30/1996IrlProceeds of Crime (Amendment) Act 2005No 1/2005IrlPyramid Selling Act 1980No 27/1980IrlRoad Traffic (Compulsory Insurance) (Amendment) Regulations 1992SI 346/1992IrlRoad Traffic Act 1933No 11/1933IrlRoad Traffic Act 1961No 24/1961IrlSale of Goods Act 189356 & 57 Vict, c.71IrlSale of Goods and Supply of Services Act 1980No 16/1980IrlSupply of Goods (Implied Terms) Act 19731973, c.13UKThird Parties (Rights against Insurers) Act 19301930, c.25UKThird Parties (Rights against Insurers) Act 20102010, c.10UKTrade Descriptions Act 19681968, c.29UKUnfair Contract Terms Act 19771977, c.50UKUnfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Regulations 1999SI 1999/2083UKxx
TABLE OF CASESAnalog Devices BV v Zurich Insurance Company[2005] IESC 12; [2005] 1 IR 274.IrlAnsari v New Indian Assurance[2009] EWCA Civ 93; [2009] 2 All ER(Comm) 926EngAnderson v Fitzgerald(1853) 10 ER 551IrlAndrews Construction Ltd v Lowry Piling Ltd[2010] IEHC 276IrlAntaios Compania Naviera SA v Salen Rederierna AB[1985] AC 191EngAro Road and Land Vehicles Ltd v Insurance Corporation ofIreland Ltd[1986] IR 403IrlAssicurazioni General Spa v Arab Insurance Group (BSC)[2002] EWCA Civ 1642; [2003] Lloyd’s RepIR 131EngAsturcom Telecomunicaciones SL v Maria CristinaRodríguez NogueiraCase C-40/08, [2009] ECR 1-9579EUAziz v CatalunyacaixaCase C-415/11; 14 March 2013EUBanco Ambrosiano Spa v Ansbacher & Co[1987] IRLM 669IrlBankers Insurance Co v South[2003] EWHC 380 (QB); [2004] Lloyd’sRep IR 1EngBank of Ireland v Smith[1996] IR 658IrlBaxendale v Harvey(1859) 157 ER 913EngBennett v Axa Insurance Plc[2003] EWHC 86 (Comm); [2004] Lloyd’sRep IR 615EngBrady v Irish National Insurance Co Ltd[1986] IR 698IrlBupa Ireland Ltd v Health Insurance Authority[2008] IESC 42; [2009] 1 ILRM 81IrlCapemel Ltd v Lister[1989] IR 319IrlCar and General Insurance Corp Ltd v Munden[1936] IR 584IrlCarna Foods Ltd v Eagle Star Insurance Co[1997] 2 IR 193IrlCarroll v An Post National Lottery Company[1996] IEHC 50; [1996] 1 IR 443IrlCarter v Boehm(1766) 3 Burr 1905EngCarey v Independent Newspapers (Ireland) Ltd[2003] IEHC 67IrlCastellain v Preston(1883) 11 QBD 380EngChariot Inns Ltd v Assicurazioni Generali Spa and CoyleHamilton Hamilton Phillips Ltd[1981] IR 199IrlChurch and General Insurance Co v ConnollyHigh Court, 7 May 1981IrlColeman v New Ireland Assurance Plc[2009] IEHC 273IrlCollins v FBD Insurance[2013] IEHC 137IrlConnors v London and Provincial Assurance Co(1913) 47 ILTR 148IrlCox v Troy(1822) 5 B & Ald 474EngCrowson v HSBC Insurance Brokers[2010] Lloyd’s Rep IR 441xxi
Cunningham v Woodchester Investments[1984] IEHC 1IrlDalby v India and London Life Assurance Company(1854) 139 ER 465EngDe Hahn v Hartley(1786) 99 ER 1130EngHenry Denny & Sons Ltd v Minister for Social Welfare[1997] IESC 9; [1998] 1 IR 34IrlDerry v Peek(1889) 14 App Cas 337EngDirect Line Insurance Plc v Khan[2001] EWCA Civ 1794; [2001] All ER (D)476EngDirector General of Fair Trading v First National Bank[2001] UKHL 52; [2002] 1 AC 481EngDouglas v Kinger(2008) 94 DLR (4th) 267CanDoyle v Wicklow County Council[1974] IR 55IrlDrake Insurance Plc v Provident Insurance Plc[2003] EWCA Civ 1834; [2004] Q.B. 601EngDriscoll v Driscoll[1918] 1 IR 152IrlDunne v PJ White Construction Co Ltd and Payne[1989] ILRM 803IrlEconomides v Commercial Union Insurance Ltd[1997] EWCA Civ 1754;[1998] QB 587EngEmo Oil Ltd v Sun Alliance Insurance plc[2009] IESC 2IrlEstée Lauder Cosmetics GmbH & Co OHG v LancasterGroup GmbHCase C-220/98 [2000] E-I-00117EUFagan v General Accident Fire and Life Assurance Corp PlcHigh Court, 19 February 1993; [1998] IESC27IrlFBD Insurance PLC v Financial Services Ombudsman andMongan[2011] IEHC 315IrlFeasey v Sun Life Assurance of Canada[2003] EWCA Civ 885; [2003] 2 All ER(Comm) 587EngJoseph Fielding Properties v Aviva Insurance[2010] EWHC 2192, [2011] Lloyd’s Rep IR238EngFinnegan v JE Davy[2007] IEHC 18IrlFlynn v Financial Services Ombudsman and Allianz PlcHigh Court, July 28, 2010IrlGaelcrann Teo v Payne[1985] ILRM 109IrlGamble v Accident Assurance Company(1870) IR 4 CL 204IrlGoldsmith Williams v Travellers Insurance[2010] EWHC 26 (QB); [2010] Lloyd’s LawReports IR 309EngGriffiths v Fleming[1909] 1 KB 805EngGray v Hibernian Assurance CoHigh Court, 27 May1993IrlGut Springenheide and Tusky v Oberkreisdirektor SteinfurtCase C-210/96 [1998] ECR I-4657EUHadley v Baxendale(1845) 156 ER 145EngHamilton v Mendes(1761) 97 ER 787; (1761) 2 Burr 1198EngHamilton Jones v David & Snape[2001] 1 WLR 924; [2004] 1 All ER 657EngHebdon v West(1863) 3 B & S 579EngHiggins v Orio Insurance Co Ltd(1985) 17 DLR (4 ) 90thxxiiCan
Highlands Insurance v Continental Insurance[1987] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 109EngHIH Casualty and General Insurance Ltd v Chase ManhattanBank and others[2003] UKHL 6; [2003] 1 All ER (Comm)349EngHolmes v GRE Insurance Ltd[1988] Tas R 147; (1988) 5 ANZ Ins Cas60-894AusHood’s Trustees v Sothern Union General Insurance Co ofAustralasia[1928] Ch 793EngHooper Dolan v Financial Services Ombudsman[2011] IEHC 296IrlHu v Duleek Formwork Ltd and Aviva Direct Ltd[2013] IEHC 50IrlHussain v Brown (No.2)[1995] EWCA Civ J0628-6; [1996] 1Lloyd’s Rep 627EngIrish Life and Permanent plc v Dunne and Dunphy[2015] IESC 46IrlIrish Life and Permanent plc v Financial ServicesOmbudsman[2012] IEHC 367IrlInterfoto Picture Library Ltd v Stiletto Visual Programs Ltd[1987] EWCA Civ J1112-6; [1989] QB 433EngInternational Commercial Bank Plc v Insurance Corporationof Ireland Plc[1991] ILRM 726IrlInvestors Compensation Scheme Ltd v West BromwichBuilding Society[1998] 1 WLR 896; [1999] Lloyd’s Rep PN496EngJoel v Law Union and Insurance Co.[1908] 2 KB 863EngJustice (decd) v St Paul IrelandCircuit Court, 25 November 2004IrlKausar v Eagle Star Insurance Co Ltd[2000] Lloyd’s Rep IR 154IrlKeating v New Ireland Assurance Company Plc[1990] 2 IR 383IrlKeenan v Shield Insurance Co[1988] IR 89IrlKeith v The Protection Marine Insurance Company of Paris(1882) 10 LR I 51IrlKennedy v London Express Newspapers[1931] IR 532IrlKerry Tree (Technology) Ltd v Sun Alliance and LondonInsurance[2001] IEHC 144IrlKelleher v Irish Life Assurance Company Ltd[1993] 3 IR 393IrlKosmopoulos v Constitution Insurance Co[1987] 1 SCR 2CanLambert v Co-Operative Insurance Society Ltd[1975] EWCA Civ J0122-2; [1975] 2Lloyd’s Rep 485EngLatham v Hibernian Insurance Co LtdHigh Court, 22 March 1991IrlLayher Ltd v Lowe58 Con LR 42EngLister v Romford Ice and Cold Storage Co Ltd[1957] AC 1955EngLonrho Exports Ltd v Exports Credits Guarantee Department[1999] Ch 158EngLucena v Craufurd(1808) 1 Taut 325, 127 ER 630EngLyons and Murray v Financial Services Ombudsman[2011] IEHC 454IrlMcAleenan v AIG (Europe) Ltd[2010] IEHC 128IrlMcCarron v Modern Timber Homes Ltd[2012] IEHC 530Irlxxiii
McCarthy v Joe Walsh Tours Ltd[1991] ILRM 813IrlMcKenna v Best Travel Ltd[1995] 1 IR 577IrlMacaura v Northern Assurance Co Ltd[1925] AC 619EngManifest Shipping Co. Ltd v Uni-Polaris Shipping Co. Ltd(The Star Sea)[2001] UKHL 1; [2003] 1 AC 469Manor Park Homebuilders Ltd v AIG Europe (Ireland) Ltd[2008] IEHC 174; [2009] 1 ILRM 190IrlMatei v Volksbank Romania SACJEU, 26 February 2015EUMaulder v National Insurance Company of New Zealand[1993] 2 NZLR 351NZMichovsky v Allianz Ireland plc[2010] IEHC 43IrlGeo Mitchell Ltd v Finney Lock Seeds Ltd[1983] 2 AC 803EngMostazo Claro v Centro Móvil MileneumCase C-168/05, [2006] ECR 1-1042EUMorris v Ford Motor Co Ltd[1973] EWCA Civ J0327-1; [1973] 1 QB792EngMurphy v ARB Underwriting and OrsHigh Court 9 May 2012IrlMurphy and Thers v Bower(1866) 2 IR CL 506IrlMurray v Scottish Automobile and General Insurance Co1929 SC 48ScoNapier and Ettrick (Lord) v R F Kershaw Ltd and Others[1993] AC 713EngNew Hampshire Ins Co v Mirror Group Newspaper[1996] CLC 1692EngNorsworthy v SGIC[1999] SASC 496AusOceano Grupo Editorial SA v Rocio Murciano QinteroCases C-240/98-C244/98, [2000] ECR 14941EUO’Donovan v Cork County Council[1967] IR 173IrlO’Reilly v Irish Life Assurance Plc[2005] IEHC 449IrlOffice of Fair Trading v Abbey National Plc and others[2009] UKSC 6; [2010] 1 AC 696EngPan Atlantic Insurance Co. Ltd v Pine Top Insurance Co. Ltd[1995] 1 AC 501EngParker v National Farmers Union Mutual Insurance SocietyLtd[2012] EWHC 2156 (Comm); [2013]Lloyd’s Rep IR 253EngPortage La Prairie Mutual Insurance Co v MacLean2012 NSSC 341CanPresident of India v Lips Maritime Corp[1988] AC 395EngPrudential Insurance Co v Commissioners of InlandRevenue[1904] 2 KB 658EngQuin v National Assurance Co(1839) Jo & Car 316IrlPJ Carrigan Ltd v Norwich Union Fire Society Ltd[1987] IR 618IrlR (on the application of T) v Secretary of State for the HomeDepartment and another[2013] EWCA Civ 25; [2014] UKSC 35Rhatigan & Ors v Eagle Star Life Assurance Co[2013] IEHC 139IrlRoberts v Avon Insurance Co[1956] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 240EngRoche v Peilow[
Consultation Papers, Issues Papers and Reports) containing proposals for law reform and these are all available at www.lawreform.ie. Most of these proposals have contributed in a significant way to the development and enactment of reforming legislation. The Commission's role is carried out primarily under a Programme of Law Reform.
