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Advanced Crash Test DummiesNHTSA Safety Research Portfolio Public Meeting: Fall 2021October 21, 2021

PanelPresentations1THOR-50M Update –Dan Parent2LODC Update –Jason Stammen3WorldSID-50M Update –Dan Rhule4RibEye Evaluation inWorldSID-50M –Heather Rhule

THOR-50M UpdateDan Parent

4THOR-50M Overview THOR Test Device for Human Occupant Restraint Provides improvements over the Hybrid III 50th percentilemale ATD Anthropomorphic Test Device (ATD) 50th percentile male (“THOR-50M”) More biofidelic (human-like) Enhanced instrumentation Increased injury prediction capability Used in NHTSA research projects dating back to 1999 Funded by NHTSA throughout development 250 tests in Vehicle Database 1,500 tests in Biomechanics Database

5THOR-50M Rulemakings Part 572 THOR-50M Crash Test Dummy March 2022 RIN: 2127-AM20 FMVSS No. 208 THOR-50M Compliance Option March 2022 RIN: 2127-AM21

6THOR-50M DocumentationTitleDescriptionDocket IDDefineATD TestMethodsFitnessDrawing PackageEngineering drawings describing detailed design, 2D and 3D s and response specifications in component and full bodyimpact testsNHTSA-2019-0106-0001PADIDescribes procedures for assembly, disassembly, inspection; serves asuser’s manual for a dummyNHTSA-2019-0106-0007Seating ProcedureEnsures repeatability in positioning the THOR in the driver or right frontpassenger seat for a crash testNHTSA-2019-0106-0006Injury CriteriaDescribes development of relationship between dummy measurementsand likelihood of injury, used to determine requirements or ratingsNHTSA-2019-0106-0008BiofidelityQuantitative comparison of THOR (and Hybrid III) to human vated-energy qualification tests to evaluate durability in repeated useNHTSA-2019-0106-0003R&R, Qualification5 of each qualification test on 3 different THORs, and 5 of eachqualification test on 1 THOR at 3 different labs to evaluate repeatabilityand reproducibilityTBD R&R, Oblique3 Oblique crash tests of the same vehicle make and model at 3 differenttest labs to ensure repeatability and reproducibility of crash test resultsNHTSA-2019-0106-0005 Docket ID NHTSA-2019-0106 NHTSA Crashworthiness Research – THOR-50M Documentation

7THOR-50M Qualification Updates Upper Leg Qualification Test12.00 kg witha 76.2 mmdiameter rigiddisk face Limitations of September 2018 procedure Comparatively high coefficient of variation Acetabulum force below meaningful injury risk Revisions Increased velocity to 3.30 m/s Increased mass to 12.0 kg (same as knee test) Added backer plate to restrain pelvisTest Velocity: 3.30 m/sBacker Plate Minor updates to clarify data processinginstructionsFor more information, see Millis, W., “An Improvement to theTHOR-50M Upper Leg Qualification Test Methodology” 2021SAE Government-Industry Digital Summit

8THOR-50M R&R (Qualification) Repeatability andReproducibility testing/analysisupdated to include revisedUpper Leg qualification test Results Improved qualitative andquantitative repeatability andreproducibility Coefficients of variation all below10%, many below 5% Acetabulum forces morerepresentative of crash testmeasurementsTest MatrixLab ATHOR-50M #15 L, 5 RTHOR-50M #25 L, 5 RTHOR-50M #35 L, 5 RSept 2018 Upper Leg TestLab BLab C5 L, 5 R5 L, 5 RRevised Upper Leg Test

9THOR-50M Injury CriteriaDocumentDocket IDPeer review chargeNHTSA-2020-0032-0001Peer reviewers and credentialsNHTSA-2020-0032-0002Draft submitted for peer reviewNHTSA-2020-0032-0003Peer review comments and NHTSA responsesNHTSA-2020-0032-0006Revised THOR-50M Injury Criteria ReportNHTSA-2020-0032-0004 Revisions based on peer review comments Updated critical intercepts in Nij calculationRemoved independent neck tension criterionHip fracture risk calculated when femur is in compressionRestored Revised Tibia Index criterionMinor updates to injury risk function form, pperTibiaForceLowerTibiaForceDocket ID NHTSA-2020-0032 Injury Criteria for the THOR 50th Male ATDAbdomenDeflectionAcetabulumForceTibia MomentRevised TibiaIndex

THOR-50M Assessment of Alternate Designs10Alternate ShoulderGold Standard 140 km/h, 14g pulse, standard 3-pt beltGold Standard 230 km/h, 9g pulse, 3kN LL 3-pt beltFlat seatKnee bolster to limit pelvis motionWire seatback to allow spine trackingAlternate DeflectionMeasurement DevicesIn-dummy DataAcquisition SystemVehicle BuckA) 20 Oblique, OMDB pulse fromsimilar mass vehicle, right frontpassengerB) 0 , FRB pulse, driverC) 0 , FRB pulse, right front passengerOEM interior, seats, restraint systemsVehicle Crash Tests (next slide)

11THOR-50M Crash TestsSpeed(km/h)# of DriverTHORs# of RFPTHORsVehicle Database Reference24, 32, 4099v10289-v10308OMDB90 100 100Test Type RMDB 15 DEGREE 35PERCENTFrontal Rigid Barrier56150Title RESEARCH FRONTAL RIGID BARRIER32, 4066v11083-v110944022Test ConditionBeltedSled with pass. car bodyUnbeltedSled with pass. car bodyFull FrontalLeft/Right Angled4044Angled (Durability)4833Title TO GENERATE 30 FRONTAL RIGIDBARRIER IMPACT PERFORMANCEINFORMATION

12THOR-50M Crash TestsSpeed(km/h)# of DriverTHORs# of RFPTHORs24, 32, 4099OMDB90 100 100Frontal Rigid Barrier5615032, 4066Full Frontal4022Left/Right Angled4044Angled (Durability)4833Test ConditionBeltedSled with pass. car bodyUnbeltedSled with pass. car bodyFMVSS No. 208 ConditionsFollowed THOR-50M Documentation(slide 3) THOR-50M ATDs according todrawing package, built per PADI All passing Qualification specs ATDs positioned per SeatingProcedure Conducted tests per FMVSS No.208 Data post-processing per PADI

13THOR-50M Crash TestsSpeed(km/h)# of DriverTHORs# of RFPTHORs24, 32, 4099OMDB90 100 100Frontal Rigid Barrier5615032, 4066Full Frontal4022Left/Right Angled4044Angled (Durability)4833Test ConditionBeltedSled with pass. car bodyUnbeltedSled with pass. car body

14THOR-50M Finite Element ModelAvailable through University of Virginia website nite-element-modelTHOR-50M FE Model Version 2.7

15LODC UpdateJason Stammen

#Large Omnidirectional Child (LODC) What is the LODC? NHTSA-developed child ATD with improvedbiofidelity & measurement capability Why do we need it? More comprehensive injury assessmentthan current child ATDs can provide What sets it apart from other child ATDs? Flexible spine Component responses matching pediatricdata (not data scaled from adults) Accurate anthropometry & anatomy16

#LODC Description Description of LODC and its features17

Neck can elongate and allowsfor free Z axis rotation; responsematching pediatric dataHead has inertial/massproperties matchingpediatric data18Sources: Dibb/Luck/Myers (Duke), Thunnissen1995Source: Loyd (Duke)Shoulders and thorax reflectpediatric anatomy and mimicpediatric responseSources: Kent/Parent (UVA), Maltese (CHOP),Agnew/Bolte (OSU)Flexible cervicothoracic& thoracic spine for morebiofidelic head trajectoryand neck loadsBiofidelic, instrumentedabdomen to measure beltinduced loadingSources: Kang (OSU), LopezValdes/Ash (UVA), Arbogast (CHOP),Pintar/Yoganandan (MCW)Sources: Kent (UVA), Beillas (IFSTTAR)Ramachandra (OSU), Hardy (Wayne State)Anthropometry matchesactual seated child dataSource: Reed (UMTRI)

#LODC Specifications ATD specifications (PADI,drawing package,qualification procedures,soft part tooling CAD,manufacturing guidancemanual) Evaluation of draftspecifications underwaythrough an IDIQ contractto build a productionintent LODC Documentation to beposted19

#Durability and R&R Now that initial development iscomplete, evaluating durability,repeatability, and reproducibility(1) Durability series just completed – nodamage and response returned tobaseline each time(2) R&R is next – five repeat componenttests on three LODC’s Full scale R&R in sled/crash testsincluding externally-built LODCsexpected to complete next year20

#Abdomen & Thorax Injury Risk Functions Using a combination of pediatricbiomechanical data, injury data, and ATDtests, we derived injury risk functions foruse in evaluating restraint systems withLODC1RiskLevelVmax*CmaxPressure(AIS 2 Thorax Injury) (AIS 3 Abdomen Injury)10%0.42 m/s69.3 kPa25%0.43 m/s84.7 kPa50%0.45 m/s114.5 kPa1Suntayet al. “Abdominal and Thoracic Injury Risk Functions forthe Large Omni-directional Child (LODC) ATD” (IRCOBI 2021)21

#Injury Assessment: Abdomen Abdomen injuries due to lap beltintrusion common for olderchildren LODC uses pressure sensors (leftand right) to measure abdomenloading The sensors have been shown todistinguish between restraintconditions - Booster seats result in pressures 75 kPa No longer have to rely on indirector qualitative measures to monitorsubmarining22

#Injury Assessment: Thorax Thoracic organ injuries areoften serious in children Continuing development oflaser chest deflection system Confirmed accuracy ofmeasurement and that laserlocation on sternum ismaintained within 2 cm ofinitial position during 3-pt beltloading Evaluating durability of thelaser module (some evidenceof signal degradation overmultiple impacts)23

24Injury Assessment: Head/Brain Traumatic brain & skull injuries are the most common serious injuries sustained by children in MVCs.1We do have pediatric HIC, but we don’t have brain rotational injury criteria (BrIC).Similar to the development of adult BrIC, NHTSA is working on defining pediatric BrIC using FEM, animalmodels, ATD testing, and real-world crash data.Objective: Link pediatric head kinematics (LODC) to injury risk.LODC head impacts at a variety of speeds & directions scheduled for late 2021.Finite Element ModelATD DataInjury RiskInjury Data From Animal Models(rhesus monkeys, baboons, miniature pigs)BrIC1. Arbogast, K., et al. 2005. Predictors and Patterns of Pediatric Head Injury in Motor Vehicle Crashes. IRCOBI; Prague.𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩 𝝎𝝎𝒚𝒚 𝟐𝟐𝝎𝝎𝒙𝒙 𝟐𝟐𝝎𝝎 𝟐𝟐 ��𝒚𝝎𝝎𝒛𝒛𝒛𝒛

25Pediatric Shoulder Biofidelity Adapting Tornvall et al.(2005)1 test setup topediatric volunteers Volunteer testingongoing (about ½ waythrough – 12 of 24completed) Biofidelity assessment ofLODC shoulder Papers forthcomingFrom: Tornvall, et al. (2005) “Comparison of shoulder range-of-motionand stiffness between volunteers, Hybrid III and THOR Alpha in staticfrontal impact loading” International Journal of Crashworthiness, 10:2,151-160.

#LODC FE Model FE model: validate vs.experimental data Using the model to evaluatepart performance & developnew qualification tests Built a model of the updatedFMVSS No. 213 test benchto help with restraintevaluation Model will be publiclyavailable26

#27Seating Procedure We are developing a seating procedure with two goals: (1) realisticand (2) repeatableT6 0.0 /- 1.0 Head 0.0 /- 2.0 Pelvis 32.0 /- 2.0 1Louden.“Large Omni-directional Child(LODC) Seating Evaluation” (SAE GI 2021)

28Summary NHTSA developed LODC to address limitations with Hybrid III 10YO Current activities are focused on(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)Finalizing dummy specification documentsEvaluating the LODC’s durability, repeatability, and reproducibilityFinalizing chest deflection systemDeriving injury risk functionsGenerating shoulder biofidelity targets and evaluating the LODC shoulderBuilding a computational model & using it to evaluate part performanceDeveloping a seating procedureFor more information, see Docket ID NHTSA-2019-0110 NHTSA Crashworthiness Research – LODC Documentation

29WorldSID-50MDan Rhule

30WorldSID-50M Overview WorldSID Worldwide harmonized Side Impact Dummy Anthropomorphic Test Device (ATD) 50th percentile male (WorldSID-50M) Provides improvements over the ES-2re More biofidelic (human-like) Enhanced instrumentation Increased injury prediction capability Used in NHTSA research since 2005 77 crash tests 1,800 component-level tests

31WorldSID-50M Rulemakings Part 572 WorldSID-50M Crash Test Dummy Long-term actionRIN: 2127-AM22 FMVSS No. 214 WorldSID-50M Compliance Option Long-term actionRIN: 2127-AM23