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Grid Codes in Europefor Low and Medium VoltageRoland BründlingerAIT Austrian Institute of Technology6th International Conference on Integration of Renewable and DistributedEnergy ResourcesKyoto November 18, 2014

Contents Overview of current Grid Codes andrequirements for DER in Europe Advanced functional requirements for DER inEuropean codes and the ENTSO-E RfGnetwork code Summary & recommendations2

Contents Overview of current Grid Codes andrequirements for DER in Europe Advanced functional requirements for DER inEuropean codes and the ENTSO-E RfGnetwork code Summary & recommendations3

Framework for DER interconnection in EuropeCountry specific grid codes and standards 11/25/2014As of 2014 there is still no formal EU wide directive onDER grid interconnectionCountry specific grid codes, standards, guidelines, laws Different legal and administrative levels Fundamental differences between the countriesIssues for manufacturers and project developers Specific product settings for each country/market Interpretation of the requirements and application inpractice Complex and time consuming certification schemes Increased costs and reduced competivenessCritical issues for power system operation Lack of coordination and compatibility Risk of losing system security during critical eventsdue to undefined behaviour of DER (50.2 Hz issue)4

Development of requirements for advanced grid supportDER connected to MV distribution grids2007/13: DKP/Q, P(f),LVRT 2008: FRP/Q, LVRT 5MW2010/14: ESP/Q, P(f),LVRT 2/10MW11/25/20142008: DEP/Q, P(f), remoteP, LVRT, FRR 2009/13: ATP/Q, P(f),LVRT 2011/13: ITP/Q, P(f), Q(U),remote P L/HVRT 5

Development of requirements for advanced grid supportDER connected to LV distribution grids2012/14: DKP/Q, P(f), 2013: FRVar. over-f trip2011/12: DEP/Q, P(f), remote P, 2013: ATP/Q, P(f), 2012: ITP/Q, P(f), Q(U),remote P, LVRT 11/25/20146

Selected European Country RequirementsLV ConnectionCountryEurope( 16 A)GermanyItalyAustriaFranceSpainEurope( 16 A)Europe( 16 A)Function2007201120122013201311/1420132014P at low fNoYes (all)Yes (all)YesNoNoYesYesP(f)NoYes (all)Yes (all)YesYes*NoYesYesQ/cosφNo 3.68kVA 3 kVA 3.68kVANoNoYesYesQ(U)NoNo 6 kVAoptionalNoNoYesYesRemote PNo 100kW 3 kVA 100kWNoNoNoYesRem. tripNoNoYesNoNoNoNoYesLVRTNoNo 6 kVANoNoNoNoYesHVRTNoN/ANoNoNoNoNoYesReferenceEN 504382007VDE AR N4105:2011CEI 021:2012TORD4:2013* ERDFNOIRES 13EVersion 5 30/06/2013RD1699/2011206007-1IN:2013EN 504382013FprTS505491:2014DRAFT!11/25/20148

Selected European Country RequirementsMV opeENTSO-EFunction2008201220132013201020142013P at low fyesyesyes 5MWNoyesYes ABCDP(f)yesyesyesNo 2/10MWyesYes ABCDQ/cosφyesyesyesYes 2/10MWyesYes BCDQ(U)optionalyesoptionalNoNoyesyes BCDRemote P 100kWyes 100kWNo 2/10MWyesyes BCDRem. tripoptionalyesNoNoNoyesyes ABCDLVRTYesyesYes 5MW 2MWyesyes BCDHVRTNoyesNoNoNoyesNoBDEW MVGuideline(2008)CEI 016:2012TORD4:2013Arrêté du23 7-2IN:2014FprTS50549-2FinalVersion RfG201325.11.20149

European wide Standards and Technical SpecificationsThe EN 50438:2013 for “Micro Generators” 16 A 1st edition published in 2007 had no real impactdue to overruling national codes Protection requirements Power Quality specifications Normative Annex with National Deviations fora large number of European countriesFundamentally revised edition published inDecember 2013 Advanced grid support functions: P(f), Q, etc. Based on German and Italian requirementsand principles of upcoming ENTSO-E RfG Time period for implementation: 2016 National deviations remain however11/25/201410

European wide Standards and Technical SpecificationsUpcoming FprTS 50549-1/2 For LV/MV connections 16 A Comprehensive definition of advancedfunctions for generators (includingstatic converters and rotatinggenerators) Based on the principles of the ENTSOE RfG network codeTechnical Specification provide technical guidance for theconnection of generating plants whichcan be operated in parallel with apublic distribution network. technical reference in connectionagreements between DNOs andelectricity producers.11/25/201411

Contents Overview of current Grid Codes andrequirements for DER in Europe Advanced functional requirements for DERin European codes and the ENTSO-E RfGnetwork code Summary & recommendations12

Advanced grid support features of DERRequirements in European codesVoltage support On demand, schedule or characteristics cos(phi) f(P) cos(phi) f(U) (optional)Frequency support Reduction of active power at over frequency Active power feed-in at under frequencyGrid management Temporary limitation of active power output at congestion inthe grid Controlled on demand by grid operatorDynamic gridsupport LVRT (Low Voltage Ride Through) Contribution to short-circuit current

Advanced grid support features of DERRequirements in European codesVoltage support On demand, schedule or characteristics cos(phi) f(P) cos(phi) f(U) (optional)Frequency support Reduction of active power at over frequency Active power feed-in at under frequencyGrid management Temporary limitation of active power output at congestion inthe grid Controlled on demand by grid operatorDynamic gridsupport LVRT (Low Voltage Ride Through) Contribution to short-circuit current

Advanced grid support features of DERReactive power requirementsFprTS 50549-1:2014 Requirements for the connection of generators above 16 A per phaseConnection to LV grids25.11.201415

CLC/FprTS 50549-2:2014Requirements for the connection of generators above 16 A per phaseConnection to MV gridsAdvanced grid support features of DERReactive power: Operational requirementsPage 16

Advanced grid support features of DERReactive power control modes Autonomous reactive power control modes Q / cos constant Q / cos f(U) Q / cos f(P) Q priorityCoordinated control (with communication) cos remote setpointSelection criteria Characteristics of the electric grid (impedance, angle.) Grid losses Available control and communications infrastructurePage 17

Advanced grid support features of DERReactive power control strategies: Q(U)Example characteristics for Q respectively cosφ controlmode according to CLC/FprTS 50549-1:2014 forConnection to the LV distribution systemPage 18

Advanced grid support features of DERRequirements in European codesVoltage support On demand, schedule or characteristics cos(phi) f(P) cos(phi) f(U) (optional)Frequency support Reduction of active power at over frequency Active power feed-in at under frequencyGrid management Temporary limitation of active power output at congestion inthe grid Controlled on demand by grid operatorDynamic gridsupport LVRT (Low Voltage Ride Through) Contribution to short-circuit current

Advanced grid support features of DERActive power control/frequency control: Standard functions Reduction of active power at over-frequencyLimited Frequency Sensitive Mode – Overfrequency (LFSM-O)Source: ENTSO-E RfG 2013

Advanced grid support features of DERAdditional requirements for frequency support Behaviour at under-frequency Some national codes (e.g. DE, IT, AT )already require continued operation down tounderfrequency limit (typ. 47.5 Hz)ENTSO-E RfG will provide extensiverequirements for all generator types Operating ranges (Hz/time) Rate of change of frequency (ROCOF)immunityFprTS 50549-1/2 also specifies Rate Of ChangeOf Frequency (ROCOF) immunity requirement 2.5 Hz/s11/25/201421

Advanced grid support features of DERRequirements in European codesVoltage supportActive powercontrolGrid managementDynamic gridsupport On demand, schedule or characteristics cos(phi) f(P) cos(phi) f(U) (optional) Reduction of active power at over frequency Active power feed-in at under frequency Temporary limitation of active power output at congestion inthe grid Controlled on demand by grid operator LVRT (Low Voltage Ride Through) Contribution to short-circuit current

Advanced grid support features of DERGrid management Possibility for DSO to send setpoint values to generators Reduce the active power output or change the cos(phi). Guarantee grid stability in case of emergency situations or congestionDistribution GridTransmission GridGrid StateDSO TSOControl signals Demand forpower limitation(e.g. Power Limitation)Control CentreControl Centre

Advanced grid support features of DERRequirements in European codesVoltage support On demand, schedule or characteristics cos(phi) f(P) cos(phi) f(U) (optional)Frequency support Reduction of active power at over frequency Active power feed-in at under frequencyGrid management Temporary limitation of active power output at congestion inthe grid Controlled on demand by grid operatorDynamic gridsupport LVRT (Low Voltage Ride Through) HVRT (High Voltage Ride Through) Contribution to short-circuit current

Requirement 1 (LV MV): Remain connected to grid FprTS 50549-1/2 HVRT requirements up to 120 % Un for 100 ms and up to 115 % Un for up to 1 s.CLC/FprTS 50549-2:2014Requirements for the connection of generators above 16 A per phaseConnection to MV gridsAdvanced grid support features of DERDynamic grid support: Low/High Voltage Ride ThroughPage 25

Requirement 2 (MV only): Provide reactive currentCLC/FprTS 50549-2:2014Requirements for the connection of generators above 16 A per phaseConnection to MV gridsAdvanced grid support features of DERDynamic grid support: Low/High Voltage Ride ThroughPage 26

Contents Overview of current Grid Codes andrequirements for DER in Europe Advanced functional requirements for DERin European codes and the ENTSO-E RfGnetwork code Summary & recommendations27

Advanced Grid Codes provide the base forsafe and reliable grid integration of high shares of DER Using their advanced functionalities DER can be very powerful tools inmanaging the grids for reliability and efficiency by providing Steady state and dynamic voltage support Frequency control capabilities On-demand response via remote control and communication Coordinated requirements needed for safe and reliable grid integration of highshares of DER Harmonisation of European national grid codes in-line with ENTSO-E RfG Led by CENELEC, standardised procedures for DER certification andtesting currently under development. Providing access to these capabilities will be the key to improve systemreliability and efficiency and enable further deployment of DER.28

Thank you!Questions are welcome:Roland BründlingerAIT Austrian Institute of TechnologyGiefinggasse 2, 1210 Wien, Austriaroland.bruendlinger@ait.ac.at29

due to overruling national codes Protection requirements Power Quality specifications Normative Annex with National Deviations for a large number of European countries Fundamentally revised edition published in December 2013 Advanced grid support functions: P(f), Q, etc. Based on German and Italian requirements