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MAKES A MAN HEALTHY, WEALTHY, AND WISE.” 11albumen initsI am, therefore,fresb state.disposed to consideritasagent employed to convertthe great naturalallthese deleteriousexhalations which the air receives, into innocuousAn atmosphere artificially charged withmatter.ozone, immediatelydeprives the most putridsolid or fluid bodies of all disagreeable smell,and sulphuretted hydrogenposed by“‘hasItintensityisinstantly decom-it.ofbeen proved that theelectricalthe atmosphere has, during theyear, [1849,]been diminished in a remarkableAsthis is the great cause, ever activemanner.in producing ozone,we mighta 'priori infer arelatively diminished quantity of this chemicalagentand experiment has proved, that during;the last three months, [June, July, and August,1849,] an appreciable quantity of ozone couldnot be detected by the ordinary methods, in theair ofLondon.severallowCertainit is,thatwe haveformonths had to endure an atmosphere ofelectrical intensity, deficient inozone, anagent which would remove or alter pestilentialmiasma“ Each timethat cholera has disappeared from‘

EAELY TO BED, AND EARLY TO12amongstenza.has been rapidly followed by influ-us, itAt the meetingDr.Swansea,atRISE,of the British AssociationMoffatcommunicatedtheremarkable fact that the prevalence of influenzaand the spread of catarrhalaffectionswereinvariably connected with an excess of ozone inthe atmosphere.’“From thesemay beEllis, “ itconsiderations,” remarksMr.gathered that, upon this theory,the presence of choleraisconnected with theabsence or deficiency of ozone while the presence;of influenza, and epidemic catarrhs,isexcessive presence of ozone in theamount of ozonethat a certainisdue to theair.Also,necessary, inorder to sustain the entiresalubrityatmosphere, in consequence ofitsof thepromoting theproperty of destroying noxious occasional ingredientsintheair.It has been noticed thatBirmingham and Berlin have generally escapedthe severity of the infliction of cholera and this;has been attributed to the metal manufactoriesof these towns, which are abundant sources ofozone.Butin theBirmingham wasrecentvisited withepidemic,it,[1852,]though only toa moderate extent.” * Ibid, pp. 257—259.

MAKES A MAN HEALTHY, WEALTHY, AND WISE.” 13I have borrowed these interesting extracts,show that the early morningin order tothe best air in the day,becauseit ischarged with that ingredient whichpronounce indispensable toBut those whopurity.itsair isthe mostmen of sciencehealthiness andlinger in their beds,andin the close atmosphere of their bedrooms, untila late hour in the morning, forfeitbythismeansthe benefit of being braced by the sweet, reno-vatedbeTheir windows should, on the contrary,air.setbreezeopen as early as possible, that the freshmayenter their chambers and their lungs,so as to purify the atmosphere they breathe,enliven themselvesAgain, light,aswho breatheitcomes from the sun,composed of three principles;Now,;andit isisnamely, luminousrays, or light, properly so called;heat raysandit.calorific , oractinic , or chemical rays.highly interesting to consider theuses of light in the animal and vegetable king-doms.Andfirst, letus observe the importanceof these several principles of light in developingand maturing vegetablelife.Not onlyistheinfluence of the chemical rays essential to the ger-mination of plants, butallthe three principles are

EAELY TO BED, AND EAELY TO14indispensable tothemin theirEISE,growth afterwards.The following citation from Mr. Ellis’s interestingworkdescribes the offices of the three kinds ofrays,with respect to vegetation.“recognise three stages in vegetableWelife,mayin eachof which one of the three principles resident inthe sunbeam comes most prominently into operation.2.1.In the infancy of vegetable life, Actinism.In the youth of the plant. Light, properly socalled.Andtime, Heat.thatat3.ItInits perfection,mustor floweringnot, however, be imaginedno other periodinthelifeofthevegetable being are these principles in activeoperation;erroneous.thiswould bein the last degreeIn every processit isprobable thatthe whole three forces are concernedphenomena of growth, and—inallin the varioustheandcomplicated chemical processes taking place inthe plant.itBut, at the three periods mentioned,would seem that each becomes,in succession,of the greatest importance to the plant.connexion with this most singular discovery,one equally singular and beautiful.InisIt appears,from researches which have beencarried on withcare for some yearsby Mr. B. Hunt, by means

MAKES A MAN HEALTHY, WEALTHY, AND WISE.” 15of an instrumentcalledtlieactinograpli, 'formeasuring the intensity of the actinic powerat,different periods of the year, that the actinic raysare most active inthe light rays inspring,summer, and the heat rays in autumn.a beautiful adaptation,periods of thelifeit isThus, byfound that the variousof plants requiring the pre-dominant influence of one or other of thesewith thoseprinciples, are admirably connectedwhenperiods of the yearmost actively exerted.these principles areThus, in spring, theslumbering seeds require actinism to awakenvitality inthem;andactinicpow erristhen mostprominent in the sunbeam. In summer, they needto have their tissues condensedand consolidatedby the formation of wood, whichby themost powerful.isperformedand then thelight rays areIn autumn, thefruits of theaid of light;orchard need to be ripened by the agency ofheat;and at that season the heat rays aremost predominant.Itindeed,appears,thateven during the day , the relative force of thethree principles in the solar rayInismodified.the evening there is less actinic force than inthe morning;andatnoon thereismore luminous

! 16andEARLY TO BED, AND EARLY TOpower.calorificdeepAll these results are ofand are entirely of recentinterest,What wisdomcovery.hutunsuspectedisdis-manifest in this longmarvellousvegetable functions and lightitRISE,!arrangementWhat viewsofdoesgive us of the strict dependence of one partof this fair creationmannerupon thein which variousother,and of thephenomena have beenlinked in such close union by the divine CreatorHeonlyisAlmightyinHeas excellent in working, as!ispower‘‘From these considerations we maylearn,the importance of light to the vegetablefirst,world;and secondly, the importance oflight inorder to the preservation of the purity of theatmosphere.exist;Withoutwithoutbe decomposedvitiated, as toworld.lightno plant could longlight, little carbonic acid;and thebecomeairwould besocouldmuchirrespirable to the animalIn how many waysisthischeerfulsunlight connected, directly and otherwise, withthe health and joy ofThereisallcreation !” #thus an important relation kept upbetween animal and vegetablelife,* Ibid, pp. 371—374.through the

MAKES A MAN HEALTHY, WEALTHY, AND WISE.” 17agency oflight, inthe matter of respiration, aswell as of mutual nutrition.to affect animallifeButlight alsoseemsdirectly as well as indirectly ,and to beas essential to the healthful develope-ment andexistence of this, as of vegetation.Dr. Beid says, “ Light exerts a powerful influenceon respiration, and probably onofallthe functionsIn experiments where I was subjectedlife.to an oppressive atmosphere, I imagined that Ialways recovered sooner in a pure atmosphere,Iwas exposedlight.” #Thatbrilliantare powerfulchemicalthererays in the sun’s lightgraph likeness thatproved by every photo-isisisAndtaken.must have noticed howcalm and beautiful;every onemorningdifferent theA fine sunsetfrom that of the evening.light isifsame time to aat thebutithas not that gay,vigorous, exhilarating effect, which a brilliantsunrise has.Thereisa feeling oflifeabout themorning sunshine, provoking cheerfulness andvivacityhis eyes;and heandisa great loser,his heart earlyThere are some strikingwhohas notopen to welcomefactsit.and remarks inDr. George Moore’s work on “ The Use of the* Elements of Chemistry, paragr. 2137.C

“eakly to bed, and eaely to18Bodyin B-elation to thekise,Mind,” respecting thevalue of light in relation to animalsays, in thein darknessAninth chapter, “Helife.tadpole confinedwould never become aand anfrog,infant, being deprived of heaven’s free light, willonly grow into a shapelessbeauteous and reasonablein thedeep,idiot,instead of ahuman being.damp gorges andHence,ravines of theSwiss Yalais, where the direct sunshine scarcelythe hideous prevalence ofreaches,startles the traveller.Manyidiotism.articulate speechItiscretinisma strange, melancholycretins are incapable ofsome are;some labour underalldeaf,someanyblind,these privations, andallare misshapen in almost every part of the body.I believe thereis,”he continues, “inall places,a marked difference in the healthiness of houses,according to their aspect with regard to the sunand that those are decidedly theccdteris paribus, inlight.allthe rooms are, duringfullyexposed to the directwhichsome part of the day,;healthiest,It is a well-known fact, that epidemicsfrequently attack the inhabitants of the shadyside of a street,other side;andtotallyexempt those of theand even in endemics, suchas ague,

!MAKES A MAN HEALTHY, WEALTHY, AND WISE.” 19the morbid influenceSunshineaction.fection of vegetationdarknessdrink;isisoften thus partial initsalso essential to the per-isand the water that;lies inhard, and comparatively unfit forwhile the stream that baresthe day, depositsbosomitstomineral ingredients, anditsbecomes the most suitable solvent of our food.”then, light be so essential to health, andIf,the morning light hemore powerful chemically,than that of noon or evening ; and if the ozonewhichpurify the atmosphere heis so essential to,most plentiful in the early part of the dayinjuriousitmustitbe to thehumanmuch,howframe, to keepshut up from the morning light andthey have lost,,air,untilof their refreshing andinvigorating propertiesItisa frequent practice for invalids to resortto Spas,and to put themselves under the medicaltreatment of some celebrated physician or empiricat such places.say thatmanythis expenseI will not taketoand inconvenience by rising earlyand taking the morningisupon myselfof them might save themselvesair athome;but theresomething to be learnt, doubtless, from thefact,that patientswhotake the waters, are inc 2

;t:20EARLY TO BED, AND EARLY TORISE,some instances requiredto do so between Jivesix in the morning , withmoderate exercise beforeandThe human frameis subject to manyw hich defy all that the scienceand skill of man can devise for their removalbut who knows how many might have beenbreakfast.rpainful diseases,spared those maladies, had they from childhoodbeen habituated, not merely to temperance inbut to rising with thesleep,and working inlark,a garden, or taking a stroll before breakfast?And thoughthe health of the bodymay beregarded as the lowest of the advantages to bederived from this habit, yet, unless our bodies bein health,what enjoyment have wein our duties,our pleasures, or our pursuits of any kindbodyisour minds and our soulssuffer, ifweproper means to keep that in health,in tolerable health, but in theefficient state possible.rising,system?Theindeed the lowest part of our nature, buthowever,isbecomesneglect—notallonlymost healthy andWhena habit of lateindulged, the whole nervousenfeebledand relaxed, andstimulants are had recourse to, to quicken thecirculationwhosufferand excite thespirits.Let thosefrom ennui and depression ofspirits

!MAKES A MAN HEALTHY, WEALTHY, AND WISE.” 21reflectonthis subject,that thereisand perhaps they will findsome reason in what is here advanced,and that their flow of animalgreatly improvedspiritswould beand quickened by trying theexperiment of rising early for a few months.Howcheeringis ittowatch the bustling shop-inthe early morning, takingdownshutters,and sweeping and arranginghis shopman,tomeet the ruddy school-boy hastening toschool, tohis:hisspend an hour or two there at his booksbefore breakfastmaid singing;atand to hear the active housethe door step, which sheiswhitening in the bright morning sunshineCertainly thereisa dark side to the picture ofearly rising, as well as a bright onethere are shades init as;or rather,well as lights.Itisnot very exhilarating to leave one’s bed when themorningtogether.iscold, or dark, or wet, or all theseBut, as in making other virtuous oruseful attainments,we do not meet withunin-terrupted smoothness and unmingled satisfactionin our efforts, so neitherin this.And, indeed,must we expect to dotoan earnest-mindedperson, the pleasures and profits of early risingwill inno small degree be enhanced by the very

#“early to bed, and early to22discomfortsandendured,therise,obstaclessur-To rise earlymounted, in establishing the habit.only in the spring and summer, and then only,when someperhaps,attractiondo;pleasurein prospect,isand suchisparty oressays do not constitute afitfulhut to persevere throughhabit:otherwhat every one canallseasonsbetokens a constant mind, and a sense of theintrinsicvalueofhard-earnedthisacquire-ment.I feel quite sure that the very proverb, used asthe motto of thislittlework,with satisfaction by thoseto rise early;isalways repeatedwho know whatfor they havethat health of body, and freshnessspirits,and a buoyantblessing,elasticity, have,that, asisof animalwith God’sbeen the concomitants of thisThey have found,itfound by experiencepractice.they perhaps learnt inthe Latin Accidence in their youth, “ diluculosurgere saluberrimum estmorningis,—to rise betimes in themo§t wholesome,” thoughtime they most likely thoughtand decidedly irksome.Anditat thatvery needlesshavingnowdis-covered the benefit of the habit themselves, theycannot help wonderinghow any canforego the

;MAKES A MAN HEALTHY, WEALTHY, AND WISE.” 23delicious luxury of inhaling thebalmyair ofmorn, and getting through no small part of theirday’swork before many have awoke to conscious-ness from their slumbers.We are accustomed toas a sturdyspeak of pur ancestorsand a stalwart race;but we shouldnot forget that they were in the habit of risingI do not say thatvery early.courageous generationweare a less—Alma, Balaklava,Inker-mann, and the Siege of Sebastopol would disproveit,ifI didas physical;but we seem to be degenerate asfarpower and constitutional vigour areconcerned.“ I believe,” saysprove that late risingisMr. Todd,“ that,our days, history willwith, other degeneracies ofIna prominent one.the fourteenth century, the shops in Paris wereuniversally open at four in the morningnottilllong after seven.now,Then, the King ofPrance dined out at eight o’clock in the morning,and retired tothe evening.hischamberat thesame hour inIn the time of Henry VIII.,seven in the morning was the fashionable breakfast hour,—ten the dinner hour.In the time ofElizabeth, the nobility, fashionables, and students,dined at eleven o’clock, and supped betweenfive

“early to bed, and early to24andThese observations,the afternoon.”six inrise,though addressed by an American author tostudents in America, apply to us in England witheven more truth, I fear, than to our trans- Atlanticbrethrenbeen informed by a gentle-for I have;man, who spent two monthsUnitedStates, that, inwere as active atyear in thelastNew York, the populationsix o’clock in themorning,during the September he was there, as that ofLondonisand that he was perfectlyat ten;astonished at seeing ladies, attended by theirservants,making purchases oftheinfruitmarkets, and numbers of omnibuses runningHein the streets, at that early hour.addedthat the inhabitants retired to rest also earlierthan we do, and that after ten p.m. very fewpersons were about.Now, is there any reason why we should be lesshale and hearty than our forefathers ?haveadvanced prodigiously inpreserving health,” onthis veryone of earlyretrograded.Ourbetter ventilated.alltheofpoints apparently butrising,and inthiswe havecities are better drained,TheWe“ artandscience of medicine hasbeen brought to a very high degree of perfection.

MAKES A MAN HEALTHY, WEALTHY, AND WISE.” 25And nopains are spared to discover the secretsof exterminating disease and prolongingButit isa question whetheralland improvements put togetherand overrule the perniciouslife.these advantageswill neutralizeeffects of late rising,which the “ auri sacra fames” or accursed appetite for gold,— thedetermination for constantpleasure and excitement,— and,alas!too fre-quently, the difficulty of getting a livelihood,Lunacy hashave made customary.increased of late years:fearfullyand no wonder;forboth mind and body are kept in such a state ofconstant anxiety, excitement, and fatigue, thatthey cannot possibly recover their natural toneand strength from day to day.Itrestmay beurged, that so long as sufficientand sleep be given to the mind and body,itmatters not what portion of the twenty-fourhours in the day are allotted for that purpose.In defence, however, ofandfromretiring early to rest,rising early in the morning, I will quoteDr.Armstrong’s“Artof PreservingHealth,” which, being the production of a physician, as well aswithitra poet, ought to carry weight

EARLY TO BED, AND EARLY TO26RISE,“ In study, some protract the silent hours,Whichothers consecrate to mirthand wine;AndsleepButsurely this redeems not from the shadesOne hourWhattillofnoon, and hardly liveNorlife.doesittillnight.nought availseason you to drowsy Morpheus give ,Of th ever-varying circle of the day ;Or whether, through the tedious winter gloom,’You temptthe midnight or the morning damps.The body, fresh and vigorous from reposeDefies the early fogsOf wakeful dayWeakly,but, by the toilsexhausted and unstrung ,resists theThe grand:nighfs unwholesome breath.discharge, th’ effusion of the skinSlowly impair’d, the languid maladiesCreep on, and through the sick’ning functionswhenAs,Thesteal.the chilling east invades the Spring,delicate narcissus pinesawayIn hectic languor, and a slow diseaseTaintsallthe family of dowers, condemn’dBut why, already proneTocruel heav’ns.Tofade, should beauty cherish itsown bane ?0 shame ! O pity ! nipt with pale quadrilleAnd midnight cares the bloom of Albion dies !,,That parentassuredlyearly risingfar asbyhe canwillownhishis example,safely,hisbenefitchildren,bycountry,andwho encouragesby precept, and,his authority.asI speak

MAKES A MAN HEALTHY, WEALTHY, AND WISE.” 27cautiously of the lastonehabit to theproduced,A youth,if severitythe very oppositeformostlikelybeand rigour be resortedto.not naturally fond of early rising, willconceive a rootedirritated;desired willdislike toit,ifcontinuallyby threats and reprimands, or by theapplication of force and punishment.There appeared in one of the publi

"EARLY TOBED,ANDEARLYRISE, MAKESAMANHEALTHY,WEALTHY,ANDWISE." OE, EARLYRISING, NATURAL,SOCIAL,ANDRELIGIOUSDUTY. BYTHEAUTHOROF "Whatcan'tbecuredmustbeendured .