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§ 180.416 of the HMR). The driver of the CTMV can relyon information provided by the facility operator to confirmthat transfer equipment meets requirements. Personsshould not load/unload a CTMV using components of atransfer system that could result in unsafe conditions. Loading/unloading. Persons responsible forthe loading/unloading of a CTMV should considerimplementing procedures for monitoring the transferoperation, including measures to—оо  Initiate and control the lading flow;оо  Monitor, where necessary, the temperature ofthe material being transferred and the pressuresof the cargo tank into which the material isbeing transferred;оо  Ascertain, for materials that are heated priorto being loaded/unloaded, the heat input tobe applied and the rate at which heat will beapplied, and monitor the pressure inside thecargo tank being heated to ensure the heatingprocess does not result in over-pressurization oran uncontrolled exothermic reaction;оо  Terminate lading flow; andоо  Ensure the cargo tank is attended by a qualifiedperson at all times when being loaded/10RECOMMENDEDBEST PRACTICESоо  Monitor filling limits and ensure the quantity ofhazmat to be transferred is the appropriate sizefor the cargo tank (containment vessel);

оо  unloaded. The qualified person attending thecargo tank should have an unobstructed view ofthe cargo tank and delivery hose. Emergency management. Persons responsiblefor loading/unloading of a CTMV should considerprocedures for handling emergencies, including —оо  Instrumentation to monitor for leaks/releases;оо  Training for use of emergency responseequipment;оо  Emergency shutdown systems and assignmentof shutdown responsibility to qualified operatorsensuring the shutdown is executed safe/timely;оо  Emergency communication/spill reporting; andоо  Safe startup following emergency shutdown. Post-loading/-unloading. Persons responsible forthe loading/unloading of a CTMV should considerprocedures for securing transfer equipment, transportvehicle or packaging, and containment vessel intowhich material is transferred, including—оо  Evacuating transfer system and depressurizingthe containment vessel;оо  Disconnecting transfer equipment safely; andоо  Securing fittings, valves, and closures.11RECOMMENDEDBEST PRACTICESоо  Equipment to isolate leaks/releases and takeappropriate emergency shutdown measures;

Design, maintenance, and testing of transferequipment. Transfer equipment, used to load/unloadcargo tanks, should be compatible with the lading.Transfer equipment/systems, including pumps, piping,hoses, and connections, should be maintained/testedon a routine basis at time intervals considering how often they are used, the hazmat they are used totransfer, and components’ useful life. We recommendpersons who conduct operations should develop/implement periodic maintenance schedules to preventequipment deterioration and conduct periodic operationaltests to ensure that equipment functions properly.Equipment and system repairs should be completedpromptly and prior to subsequent loading/unloadingoperations. Facility oversight of carrier personnel. Facilityoperators performing risk assessments should ensurecarriers who load/unload CTMVs at facilities—оо  Are supervised by personnel trained on thefacility’s loading/unloading procedures;оо  Have sufficient information to conduct transferoperations in accordance with procedures.Recordkeeping. Carrier operating procedures should remainin the transport vehicle. Facility operating procedures shouldalways be available to carriers at loading/unloading facilities.12RECOMMENDEDBEST PRACTICESоо  Are provided with written instructions on how toconduct transfer operations in accordance withprocedures; or

REAL-WORLDAPPLICATIONS13REAL WORLDAPPLICATIONSThe HMR are more likely to impact carrier personnel(e.g., drivers) than facility personnel, as drivers aremore likely to perform hazmat transportation functions.Drivers are categorized as private or for-hire, thelatter representing the larger population, which is thebigger challenge for implementing best practices. It isdifficult to balance the need to tailor loading/unloadingprocedures to each facility’s unique operation with theneed for consistency for those for-hire carriers servicingnumerous facilities. Where a person has ownershipof the loading facility, transport vehicle, and unloadingfacility, a risk assessment, development of operatingprocedures, and training on those procedures is lesscomplex because it can be handled “in house.” Inreality, the loading, transportation, and unloadingof hazmat is likely to involve multiple persons;therefore, we discuss further the recommended best

practices presented above with a focus on carrierperformed loading/unloading operations to clarifywhere facility personnel should play a primary role.A. Training and EvaluationTraining and testing for-hire carrier personnel on eachfacility’s loading/unloading requirements could presentan immense task depending on the number of facilitiesserviced, variety of hazmat serviced, and size of thecompany. PHMSA suggests that employers refinetraining programs to include some form of annualtraining, the scope of which could be limited to universalfunctions. All employees performing these functionsmay not need annual retraining, thus, training regimenscould be tailored to new employees or those havingbeen involved in incidents. This annual training wouldbe for a set period of time and could be adjustedto the HMR baseline of three years for refreshertraining. Other options include limiting annual trainingto employees performing operations involving higherrisk hazmat (e.g., flammable gas) or those performingoperations at a facility with higher risks (e.g., locationsnear populated or environmentally sensitive areas).PHMSA’s recommendation that risk assessments beperformed by persons who load/unload, or providetransfer equipment to load/unload, hazmat to or from14REAL WORLDAPPLICATIONSB. Risk Assessment

a CTMV does not apply to drivers of CTMVs; rather, itapplies to employees—carrier and facility operators—involved in these operations. Additionally, carriersperforming risk assessments should focus on theintegrity of their equipment, and facilities should focuson equipment they own or have oversight of as well asthe loading/unloading operations at these facilities.C. Emergency ResponseD. Operating ProceduresCommon causes of CTMV loading/unloading incidentsare discussed below with recommended best practicesregarding roles and means to prevent similar incidents. Transfer Equipment Connections. Personsinvolved in loading/unloading operations have ashared responsibility to verify that transfer equipmentis properly connected between CTMV equipment15REAL WORLDAPPLICATIONSResponsibility for this part of the loading/unloadingoperations lies primarily with facility operators, as carriersshould not be engaged in the full scope of emergencyresponse. Carriers should, however, be involvedin emergency response dealing with preventing thefurther spread of an incident resulting in the release ofhazmat, i.e., emergency shut-down procedures. This isespecially true for operations conducted at unmannedfacilities or at retail facilities (e.g., gas stations).

and facility equipment. Verify proper connectionis made at time of connections, as well as prior tohazmat transfer, by using a connection sequencingchecklist. If multiple persons are involved, facilityrepresentatives and carrier personnel should certify(e.g., via signature) that connection integrity wasverified prior to transfer, and components of thetransfer equipment are appropriate for the hazmatbeing transferred. Compatible Materials and Packaging. The HMRprovide requirements to ensure compatibility ofhazmat with CTMVs or residue materials containedtherein. PHMSA recommends applying thesepractices to hazmat that is unloaded into receiving16REAL WORLDAPPLICATIONS Failure to Attend. The HMR places the responsibilityof attendance of CTMV loading/unloading primarilyon the carrier during the operation; however, facilitiesalso should provide trained persons to attend theoperations. Facility personnel are most familiar withthe hazmat being handled, facility structure/layout,and emergency response procedures, althoughthey need not attend in the same manner as carrierpersonnel. Facility personnel could provide on-sitesupervision via remote video with full coverage andvisual of the location. Adding a secondary layerof attendance could prevent/minimize overfills ofCTMVs or receiving containers (e.g., storage tanks).Note this level of on-site supervision is not expectedfor residential customers arranging for delivery ofhazmat (e.g., propane) for personal use.

containers/storage tanks. Facility personnel shouldplay a lead role with ensuring hazmat is beingtransferred to/from the right facility container as partof the pre-loading/-unloading procedures and, onceverified, should authorize the transfer. Additionalsteps to ensure compatibility include certifying that aCTMV has been in dedicated service for a compatiblehazmat, maintaining proof of tank wash prior toloading, and using visual aids on receiving containersat a facility to communicate the appropriate container(e.g., the chemical name, a GHS4 label, etc.). Unmanned Facility. Unmanned facilities are thosenot likely to have personnel available to assist withloading/unloading operations at the time a carrierdelivers hazmat (e.g., night deliveries). Thesefacilities are typically locked and access is given onlyto drivers that have completed some form of training4 Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals.17REAL WORLDAPPLICATIONS Overfills. With regard to unloading (not to includetransloading) from a CTMV, both the carrier andfacility have responsibility in preventing overfills of areceiving container; however, facility operators haveprimary responsibility for ensuring that containershave enough space to handle the volume of productbeing unloaded. As part of standard procedures,carriers should include steps to verify with facilitypersonnel that receiving containers provide adequatespace, or use facility-provided checklists that verifyrequired space is available.

requirements. PHMSA recommends additionaltraining in facility operations when there are fewpersonnel and many facilities to service. Rather thana training program for each employee at each facility,carrier personnel can be trained on unique aspectsor higher risks of a facility’s operations. The extentof the training could be expanded based on thecircumstance of the carrier personnel (e.g., personnelare provided for exclusive service). Facilities couldpost a checklist that carrier personnel (i.e., drivers)can reference prior to, during, and following a loadingor unloading operation.REAL WORLDAPPLICATIONS18

APPENDICESAPPENDIX A –DOT Regulations as ofJanuary 1, 201551. DefinitionsThe following definitions of HMR terms usedthroughout Appendix A are provided forease of understanding by the reader.5 Regulations are subject to revision. Always review the GPO e-cfr for the mostcurrent regulations.19APPENDIX A:Hazmat employee means: A person who is:DOT’s CurrentRegulationsCarrier means: A person who transportspassengers or property in commerce by railcar, aircraft, motor vehicle, or vessel.

(1) Employed on a full-time, part time, or temporary basisby a hazmat employer and who in the course of suchfull time, part time or temporary employment directlyaffects hazardous materials transportation safety;(2) Self-employed (including an owner-operatorof a motor vehicle, vessel, or aircraft) transportinghazardous materials in commerce who in thecourse of such self-employment directly affectshazardous materials transportation safety;(3) A railroad signalman; or(4) A railroad maintenance-of-way employee.This term includes an individual, employed ona full time, part time, or temporary basis by ahazmat employer, or who is self-employed,who during the course of employment: Loads, unloads, or handles hazardous materials(emphasis added); Is responsible for safety of transporting hazardousmaterials; or20APPENDIX A: Prepares hazardous materials for transportation;DOT’s CurrentRegulations Designs, manufactures, fabricates, inspects,marks, maintains, reconditions, repairs, or tests apackage, container or packaging component that isrepresented, marked, certified, or sold as qualified foruse in transporting hazardous material in commerce;

Operates a vehicle used to transport hazardousmaterials.Hazmat employer means:(1) A person who employs or uses at least one hazmatemployee on a full-time, part time, or temporary basis;(2) A person who is self-employed (including anowner-operator of a motor vehicle, vessel, oraircraft) transporting materials in commerce; or(3) A department, agency, or instrumentality of the UnitedStates Government, or an authority of a State, politicalsubdivision of a State, or an Indian tribe; and who: Transports hazardous materials in commerce; Causes hazardous materials to be transported incommerce; or Designs, manufactures, fabricates, inspects,marks, maintains, reconditions, repairs or tests apackage, container, or packaging component thatis represented, marked, certified, or sold by thatperson as qualified for use in transporting hazardousmaterials in commerce.APPENDIX A:21DOT’s CurrentRegulationsMaximum allowable working pressure or MAWPmeans: The maximum pressure allowed at the topof the tank in its normal operating position. TheMAWP must be calculated as required in ASMECode (Section VIII). In use, the MAWP must be

greater than or equal to the maximum lading pressureconditions prescribed in § 173.33 of the HMR.Outage (ullage) means: The amount by whicha packaging falls short of being liquid full,usually expressed in percent by volume.Person means: An individual, corporation, company,association, firm, partnership, society, joint stockcompany; or a government, Indian Tribe, or authority ofa government or Tribe, that offers a hazardous materialfor transportation in commerce, transports a hazardousmaterial to support a commercial enterprise, or designs,manufactures, fabricates, inspects, marks, maintains,reconditions, repairs, or tests a package, container,or packaging component that is represented, marked,certified, or sold as qualified for use in transportinghazardous material in commerce. This term doesnot include the United States Postal Service or, forpurposes of 49 U.S.C. 5123 and 5124, a Department,agency, or instrumentality of the government.2. TrainingAPPENDIX A:22DOT’s CurrentRegulationsThe HMR require a training program that ensures ahazmat employee: (1) has familiarity with the generalrequirements of the HMR; (2) is able to recognizeand identify hazmat; (3) has knowledge of specificrequirements of the HMR applicable to functionsperformed by the employee; and (4) has knowledge

of emergency response information, self-protectionmeasures and accident prevention methods andprocedures. Also, there are additional trainingrequirements specific to motor vehicle transportationof hazmat. Employees must be trained prior toperforming a hazmat function and must be retrainedevery three (3) years. Regulated persons may exceedthese minimum training standards. This sectiondescribes the current training standards requiredunder the HMR and recommended best practicesPHMSA encourages regulated persons to consider6when developing training materials and programs.Current Requirements:(§ 172.704; § 177.800; § 177.816)6 PHMSA supports training and development through the Outreach and TrainingDivision. Information is available at: http://www.phmsa.dot.gov/hazmat/outreachtraining. Appendix C also lists useful training documents.23APPENDIX A:A new hazmat employee, or a hazmat employeewho changes job functions, must be trained priorDOT’s CurrentRegulationsIt is the responsibility of the hazmat employer toensure that each hazmat employee is trained inaccordance with the requirements of the HMR. Ahazmat employee who performs any function subjectto the requirements of the HMR cannot perform thatfunction unless instructed in those function-specificrequirements of HMR. Training may be provided by thehazmat employer or other public or private sources.

to performance of any regulated functions. A newhazmat employee may perform a HMR regulatedfunction prior to the completion of training provided: The employee performs those functions underthe direct supervision of a properly trained andknowledgeable hazmat employee; and The training is completed within 90 days afteremployment or a change in job function.Hazmat employee training must coverthe following elements: General awareness and familiarization of the HMR; Function-specific; Safety; and Security awareness (See § 172.704 for details.)Carrier responsibility:A carrier may not transport a hazmat by motorvehicle unless all employees involved in thattransportation are trained as required by the HMR.APPENDIX A:24DOT’s CurrentRegulationsDriver training:No carrier may transport, or cause to be transported, ahazmat unless each hazmat employee who will operatea motor vehicle has been trained in the applicablerequirements of the Federal Motor Carrier SafetyRegulations (49 CFR Parts 390-397) and the procedures

necessary for the safe operation of that motor vehicle7.Driver training must include the following subjects: Pre-trip safety inspection; Use of vehicle controls and equipment, includingoperation of emergency equipment; Operation of the vehicle including procedures formaneuvering tunnels, bridges, and railroad crossings; Requirements pertaining to attendance of vehicles,parking, smoking, routing, and incident reporting; and Loading/unloading of materials.There are specialized training requirements associatedwith cargo tanks. Each driver of a CTMV musthave the appropriate State-issued commercialdriver’s license (CDL) required by 49 CFR Part 383.Specialized training must include the following: Operation of emergency control features of the cargotank;7FMCSA provides resources for drivers. Information is available at PPENDIX A: Loading/unloading procedures;DOT’s CurrentRegulations Special vehicle handling characteristics, including:high center of gravity, fluid-load subject to surge,effects of fluid-load surge on braking, characteristicdifferences in stability among baffled, unbaffled, andmulti-compartmented tanks; and effects of partialloads on vehicle stability;

The p

this was the driver's first delivery to this location. The comingling of incompatible materials emitted a vapor affecting the breathing of the driver and facility employee resulting in both being transported to a hospital for treatment. Also, approximately 100 gallons of the mixture was released at the time of unloading. 2