Transcription
Cardiology and Healthy LivingMini-Med Spring 20211
The Heart Muscular organ located in thethorax, between the lungs andabove the diaphragm Roughly the size of an adult fist Pumping about 2,000 gallons ofblood volume daily2
Anatomy of theHeart Divided into 4 chambers 2 atria (right atrium and left atrium) atthe top 2 ventricles (right ventricle and leftventricle) at the bottom Atria receive blood into the heart, whileventricles pump blood out of the heart Chronologically, blood flows from venacava right atrium right ventricle pulmonary arteries lungs pulmonaryveins left atrium left ventricle aorta Chambers of the heart are separated by4 valves that ensure unidirectional bloodflow3
Cardiac Circulations Systemic circulation: allows blood to flow to andfrom the rest of the body Heart (left ventricle) aorta rest of body veins vena cava back to the heart (rightatrium) Pulmonary circulation: allows blood flowbetween the heart and the lungs Heart (right ventricle) pulmonary arteries lungs pulmonary veins heart (left atrium)4
Vasculature If you took all the blood vessels of an average adultout and laid them in one line, the vasculature would: stretch 100,000 miles Wrap around the circumference of the earth 4timesThere are three kinds of blood vessels:1. Arteries: Carry blood away from the heart2. Veins: Carry blood toward the heart3. Capillaries: Very small. Deliver and absorb oxygen,nutrients, and other solutes to tissues throughout thebodyAll arteries carry oxygenated blood, with one exception(which we will see on the next slide)All veins carry deoxygenated blood, with one exception(which we will see on the next slide)5
The pulmonary artery carriesblood away from the heart, while thepulmonary vein carries bloodtowards the heart. (Hint: this an exceptionto the rule)A. Oxygenated; oxygenatedB. Deoxygenated; oxygenatedC. Oxygenated; deoxygenatedD. Deoxygenated; deoxygenated6
The pulmonary artery carriesblood away from the heart, while thepulmonary vein carries bloodtowards the heart. (Hint: this an exceptionto the rule)A. Oxygenated; oxygenatedB. Deoxygenated; oxygenatedC. Oxygenated; deoxygenatedD. Deoxygenated; deoxygenatedThe reason why blood in the pulmonaryarteries needs to go to the lungs in the firstplace is to get oxygenated. Thus, thepulmonary artery carries deoxygenatedblood away from the heartThe pulmonary veins travels into the heart,but are carrying the blood that was justoxygenated in the lungs7
Blood Pressure (BP)and Heart Rate (HR) Blood Pressure (BP): the force ofblood pushing against vessel wallsthat maintains circulation Measured as a ratio of systolicover diastolic pressure (ex.120/80) Systolic: BP duringcontraction of the heart Diastolic: BP duringrelaxation of the heart Heart Rate (HR): # of times theheart beats per minute The heart beats 100,000times daily and 2.5 billiontimes in the average person’slifetime8
What is the leading cause of deathglobally?A. CancerB. COVID-19C. Heart diseaseD. SuicideE. Vehicle accidents9
What is the leading cause of deathglobally?A. CancerB. COVID-19C. Heart diseaseD. SuicideE. Vehicle accidents10
CardiovascularDisease (HeartDisease)11
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) Plaque build-up (atherosclerosis) in the walls ofthe arteries supplying the heart (the coronaryarteries) Most common type of heart disease Often due to high cholesterol12
Myocardial Infarction(Heart Attack) When blood flow to a portion of the heartdecreases or is blocked, the heart is notgetting the oxygen it needs to work properly Leads to damage to the cardiacmuscle Ischemia blocking of blood flow toan organ Commonly caused by Coronary arterydisease (CAD) Can lead to: Arrythmia: irregular heart beating Cardiac arrest: acutely the heart fails topump blood effectively stopping the flowof blood systemically (often fatal) Congestive heart failure: chronically theheart fails to pump blood sufficiently suchthat blood flow to body tissues does notmeet metabolic need13
Symptoms:Men vs. Women14
Healthy Living15
Major Food Groups Fruits Vegetables Grains Protein DairyNote in the chart:Daily intake of vegetables, fruits, anddairy is deficient for 14-18 year olds16
Limit Intake of: On average Americansoverconsume:1. Sugar2. Saturated fat3. Sodium17
Limit Intake of: On average Americans overconsume:1. Sugar2. Saturated fat3. Sodium18
Limit Intake of: On average Americans overconsume:1. Sugar2. Saturated fat3. Sodium19
How much water should the average teen drink daily?A.1 cup is more than enoughB. 2-3 cupsC. 5-7 cupsD. 8-11 cupsE.15-18 cups20
How much water should the average teen drink daily?A.1 cup is more than enoughB. 2-3 cupsC. 5-7 cupsD. 8-11 cupsE.15-18 cups21
Weight Loss Diets The one and only way to lose weightis to operate at a “caloric deficit” Caloric Deficit (energy consumed)– (energy burned) Many popular diets highlight orfeature the use of some biochemicalprinciple (like the ”keto diet” whichforces the body to use moleculescalled ketones rather than storedglucose for energy). But no matterthe biochemical principle, if weightloss occurs it is because of a caloricdeficit. Make sure to check with a doctor ordietician before trying a new diet. Bewary of diets that force your bodyinto some abnormal physical orchemical state22
All these behaviors are critical in the process of losing weight except for?A. Detox cleansesB. Increasing daily activityC. Eating at a caloric deficitD. Adequate amounts of sleepE. Managing stress levels23
All these behaviors are critical in the process of losing weight except for?A. Detox cleansesB. Increasing daily activityC. Eating at a caloric deficitD. Adequate amounts of sleepE. Managing stress levels24
Organic Foods Organic foods are produced without: Chemical fertilizers Synthetic pesticides (use natural pesticidesinstead) Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) Chemical food additives Artificial growth hormones/ AntibioticsFrom a purely nutritional standpoint, there is notenough evidence to say that organic foodsprovide better nutrition than conventional foods Studies have yet to definitively prove anyclear, clinically relevant nutritionaldifferences between organic andconventional food. However, there are other reasons whysomeone might choose to eat organicfoods. For example: Lower levels of detectable pesticides inorganic food (but levels in conventionalfoods are low to begin with) More humane/natural conditions for farmanimals25
Which of the following is the equation to determine caloric deficit?A.Caloric deficit (energy consumed) - (energy burned)B.Caloric deficit (energy burned)2C.Caloric deficit (energy burned) – (energy consumed)D.Caloric deficit (mass)x(speed of light)2E.Caloric Deficit (distance)/(time)26
Which of the following is the equation to determine caloric deficit?A.Caloric deficit (energy consumed) - (energy burned)B.Caloric deficit (energy burned)2C.Caloric deficit (energy burned) – (energy consumed)D.Caloric deficit (mass)x(speed of light)2E.Caloric Deficit (distance)/(time)27
Genetically Modified Organism (GMO) GMO: a plant, animal, or microorganism that has hadits genetic material (DNA) changed using technologythat generally involves the specific modification ofDNA. Commonly added traits: Herbicide toleranceInsect resistanceDrought tolerancePrevent browningReduce natural toxins Ex. Acrylamide is a natural chemical in potatoes withneurotoxic and carcinogenic potential, so we use geneticmodification to reduce acrylamide production in thepotatoes, so they are safe to eat.28
Benefits of Aerobic Exercise Strengthens the heart muscle Aids in maintaining a healthy weight Increases blood flow systemically Decreases risk of developing heart disease Endorphins are release that improve mood29
Which is the best form ofexercise?A. RunningB. High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT)C. Weight trainingD. There are too many factors todetermine a “best” exerciseE. Dancing30
Which is the best form ofexercise?A. RunningB. High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT)C. Weight trainingD. There are too many factors todetermine a “best” exerciseE. Dancing31
7.18.19.20.21.22.23.24.25.26.27.28.29.30.Zelig R., Macronutrients and Energy Balance 2015-2020 US Dietary Guidelines, Lecture presentation, Foundation unit 2 lecture 48, NJMS.Cardiology and Healthy Living, presentation slides, Mini-Medical School, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, 2019.The Franklin Institute, Blood Vessels. https://www.fi.edu/heart/blood-vessels#: :text %20and%20capillaries.Khan Academy, Circulatory System and the Heart. eartMortis J., Resting Heart Rate Chart What is a Good, Normal, or High RHR. g-heart-rate/World Health Organization, The top 10 causes of death. he-top-10-causes-of-deathZu J., Murphy S., Kochanek K., Arias E., Mortality in the United States db355.htm#: :text 20in%202017.World Heart Federation, Cardiovascular Disease Infographic. ardiovascular-disease-infographic/Erlinger C., Heart Attack: Men Vs. Women. tack-men-vs-women/U.S. Department of Agriculture, My plate. -graphicsEve E. et al., Dietary guidelines for Americans 2020-2025. 025-dietary-guidelines-online-materialsAccess Health Louisiana, Top 5 benefits of Drinking Water. water/#: :text nd%20prevents%20constipation.&text ed,Health%20Center%20in%20Hammond%2C%20La.Di Francesco A., Di Germanio C., BernierM., Cabo R., A Time to Fast. 0/tab-figures-dataPhillips S., What’s the ‘best’ weight loss diet?. t-s-the-best-weight-loss-dietJohns Hopkins University, Intermittent Fasting: What is it, and How Does it work? w-does-it-work#: :text ins%20neuroscientist%20Mark%20Mattson%2C%20Ph.Dean J., What is a Calorie Deficit? (And How to Create One). irian A., 5 Tips to Lose That Winter Weight Gain. https://antranik.org/winter-fluff/Berardi J., Calories in vs. out? Or Hormones? The Debate is Finally Over. Here’s Who Won. ories-outMadden A., Figures Highlight Worrying Lack of Calorie Knowledge in Northern Ireland. edge-1263772/Mayo Clinic Staff, Counting Calories: Get Back to Weight-loss Basics. t-loss/in-depth/calories/art20048065#: :text 20a%20week.UC Davis Health, Are Organic Foods Really Healthier? Two Pediatricians Break it Down. nic-foods-reallyhealthier.html#: :text 20in%20organic%20foods.Friedman M., Acrylamide: Inhibition of Formation in Processed Food and Mitigation of Toxicity in Cells, Animals, and Humans.https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25989363/#: :text C%20potatoes%2C%20and%20sweet%20potatoes.Powell C., How to Make a GMO. -a-gmo/U.S. Food & Drug Administration, How GMOs Are Regulated for Food and Plant Safety in the United States. ed-statesSchreiber K., How GMOs Are Regulated for Food and Plant Safety in the United s-safe-than-classically-bred-food/AG Daily, How GMOs Are Regulated for Food and Plant Safety in the United States. information-youre-fed/Phillips T., How GMOs Are Regulated for Food and Plant Safety in the United States. 2/Olson R., et al., Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans. sical Activity Guidelines 2nd edition.pdf32
Weight Loss Diets The one and only way to lose weight is to operate at a “caloric deficit” Caloric Deficit (energy consumed) –(energy burned) Many popular diets highlight or feature the use of some biochemical principle (like the ”keto diet” which forces th
