WIXLIB

Cloning an existing table216CREATE TABLE FROM SELECT217Show Table Structure217Table Create With TimeStamp Column To Show Last Update218Chapter 66: Temporary TablesExamples219219Create Temporary Table219Drop Temporary Table219Chapter 67: Time with subsecond precision221Remarks221Examples221Get the current time with millisecond precision221Get the current time in a form that looks like a Javascript timestamp.221Create a table with columns to store sub-second time.222Convert a millisecond-precision date / time value to text.222Store a Javascript timestamp into a TIMESTAMP column222Chapter 68: TransactionExamples223223Start Transaction223COMMIT , ROLLBACK and AUTOCOMMIT224Transaction using JDBC Driver226Chapter 69: TRIGGERS230Syntax230Remarks230FOR EACH ROW230CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER230Examples231Basic Trigger231Types of triggers231Timing231Triggering event232

Before Insert trigger example232Before Update trigger example232After Delete trigger example232Chapter 70: UNION234Syntax234Remarks234Examples234Combining SELECT statements with UNION234ORDER BY234Pagination via OFFSET235Combining data with different columns235UNION ALL and UNION235Combining and merging data on different MySQL tables with the same columns into unique row236Chapter 71: UPDATE237Syntax237Examples237Basic Update237Updating one row237Updating all rows237Update with Join Pattern238UPDATE with ORDER BY and LIMIT238Multiple Table UPDATE239Bulk UPDATE239Chapter 72: Using VariablesExamples241241Setting Variables241Row Number and Group By using variables in Select Statement242Chapter 73: VIEW244Syntax244Parameters244Remarks244

Examples245Create a View245A view from two tables246Updating a table via a VIEW246DROPPING A VIEW246Credits248

AboutYou can share this PDF with anyone you feel could benefit from it, downloaded the latest versionfrom: mysqlIt is an unofficial and free MySQL ebook created for educational purposes. All the content isextracted from Stack Overflow Documentation, which is written by many hardworking individuals atStack Overflow. It is neither affiliated with Stack Overflow nor official MySQL.The content is released under Creative Commons BY-SA, and the list of contributors to eachchapter are provided in the credits section at the end of this book. Images may be copyright oftheir respective owners unless otherwise specified. All trademarks and registered trademarks arethe property of their respective company owners.Use the content presented in this book at your own risk; it is not guaranteed to be correct noraccurate, please send your feedback and corrections to info@zzzprojects.comhttps://riptutorial.com/1

Chapter 1: Getting started with MySQLRemarksMySQL is an open-source Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) that is developedand supported by Oracle Corporation.MySQL is supported on a large number of platforms, including Linux variants, OS X, andWindows. It also has APIs for a large number of languages, including C, C , Java, Lua, .Net,Perl, PHP, Python, and Ruby.MariaDB is a fork of MySQL with a slightly different feature set. It is entirely compatible withMySQL for most applications.VersionsVersionRelease 015.62013-02-01https://riptutorial.com/2

VersionRelease Date5.72015-10-01ExamplesGetting StartedCreating a database in MySQLCREATE DATABASE mydb;Return value:Query OK, 1 row affected (0.05 sec)Using the created database mydbUSE mydb;Return value:Database ChangedCreating a table in MySQLCREATE TABLE mytable(idint unsigned NOT NULL auto increment,usernamevarchar(100) NOT NULL,emailvarchar(100) NOT NULL,PRIMARY KEY(id));CREATE TABLE mytablewill create a new table called mytable.creates the id column, this type of field will assign aunique numeric ID to each record in the table (meaning that no two rows can have the same id inthis case), MySQL will automatically assign a new, unique value to the record's id field (startingwith 1).id int unsigned NOT NULL auto incrementReturn value:Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.10 sec)Inserting a row into a MySQL tableINSERT INTO mytable ( username, email )https://riptutorial.com/3

VALUES ( "myuser", "myuser@example.com" );Example return value:Query OK, 1 row affected (0.06 sec)The varchar a.k.a strings can be also be inserted using single quotes:INSERT INTO mytable ( username, email )VALUES ( 'username', 'username@example.com' );Updating a row into a MySQL tableUPDATE mytable SET username "myuser" WHERE id 8Example return value:Query OK, 1 row affected (0.06 sec)The int value can be inserted in a query without quotes. Strings and Dates must be enclosed insingle quote ' or double quotes ".Deleting a row into a MySQL tableDELETE FROM mytable WHERE id 8Example return value:Query OK, 1 row affected (0.06 sec)This will delete the row having id is 8.Selecting rows based on conditions in MySQLSELECT * FROM mytable WHERE username "myuser";Return value: ---- ---------- --------------------- id username email ---- ---------- --------------------- 1 myuser myuser@example.com ---- ---------- --------------------- 1 row in set (0.00 sec)https://riptutorial.com/4

Show list of existing databasesSHOW databases;Return value: ------------------- Databases ------------------- information schema mydb ------------------- 2 rows in set (0.00 sec)You can think of "information schema" as a "master database" that provides access to databasemetadata.Show tables in an existing databaseSHOW tables;Return value: ---------------- Tables in mydb ---------------- mytable ---------------- 1 row in set (0.00 sec)Show all the fields of a tableDESCRIBE databaseName.tableName;or, if already using a database:DESCRIBE tableName;Return value: ----------- ---------------- -------- --------- ------------------- ------- Field Type Null Key Default Extra ----------- ---------------- -------- --------- ------------------- ------- fieldname fieldvaluetype NO/YES keytype defaultfieldvalue ----------- ---------------- -------- --------- ------------------- ------- Extramay contain auto increment for example.https://riptutorial.com/5

Keyrefers to the type of key that may affect the field. Primary (PRI), Unique (UNI) .n row in set (0.00 sec)Where n is the number of fields in the table.Creating userFirst, you need to create a user and then give the user permissions on certain databases/tables.While creating the user, you also need to specify where this user can connect from.CREATE USER 'user'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'some password';Will create a user that can only connect on the local machine where the database is hosted.CREATE USER 'user'@'%' IDENTIFIED BY 'some password';Will create a user that can connect from anywhere (except the local machine).Example return value:Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)Adding privilegesGrant common, basic privileges to the user for all tables of the specified database:GRANT SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE ON databaseName.* TO 'userName'@'localhost';Grant all privileges to the user for all tables on all databases (attention with this):GRANT ALL ON *.* TO 'userName'@'localhost' WITH GRANT OPTION;As demonstrated above, *.* targets all databases and tables, databaseName.* targets all tables ofthe specific database. It is also possible to specify database and table like sodatabaseName.tableName.WITH GRANT OPTIONshould be left out if the user need not be able to grant other users privileges.Privileges can be eitherALLor a combination of the following, each separated by a comma (non-exhaustive com/6

CREATEDROPNoteGenerally, you should try to avoid using column or table names containing spaces or usingreserved words in SQL. For example, it's best to avoid names like table or first name.If you must use such names, put them between back-tick delimiters. For example:CREATE TABLE table ( first name VARCHAR(30));A query containing the back-tick delimiters on this table might be:SELECT first name FROM table WHERE first name LIKE 'a%';Information Schema ExamplesProcesslistThis will show all active & sleeping queries in that order then by how long.SELECT * FROM information schema.PROCESSLIST ORDER BY INFO DESC, TIME DESC;This is a bit more detail on time-frames as it is in seconds by defaultSELECT ID, USER, HOST, DB, COMMAND,TIME as time seconds,ROUND(TIME / 60, 2) as time minutes,ROUND(TIME / 60 / 60, 2) as time hours,STATE, INFOFROM information schema.PROCESSLIST ORDER BY INFO DESC, TIME DESC;Stored Procedure SearchingEasily search thru all StoredProceduresfor words and wildcards.SELECT * FROM information schema.ROUTINES WHERE ROUTINE DEFINITION LIKE '%word%';Read Getting started with MySQL online: artedwith-mysqlhttps://riptutorial.com/7

Chapter 2: ALTER TABLESyntax ALTER [IGNORE] TABLE tbl name [alter specification [, alter specification] .][partition options]Remarksalter specification: table options ADD [COLUMN] col name column definition [FIRST AFTER col name ] ADD [COLUMN] (col name column definition,.) ADD {INDEX KEY} [index name] [index type] (index col name,.) [index option] . ADD [CONSTRAINT [symbol]] PRIMARY KEY [index type] (index col name,.) [index option]. ADD [CONSTRAINT [symbol]] UNIQUE [INDEX KEY] [index name] [index type](index col name,.) [index option] . ADD FULLTEXT [INDEX KEY] [index name] (index col name,.) [index option] . ADD SPATIAL [INDEX KEY] [index name] (index col name,.) [index option] . ADD [CONSTRAINT [symbol]] FOREIGN KEY [index name] (index col name,.)reference definition ALGORITHM [ ] {DEFAULT INPLACE COPY} ALTER [COLUMN] col name {SET DEFAULT literal DROP DEFAULT} CHANGE [COLUMN] old col name new col name column definition [FIRST AFTER col name] LOCK [ ] {DEFAULT NONE SHARED EXCLUSIVE} MODIFY [COLUMN] col name column definition [FIRST AFTER col name] DROP [COLUMN] col name DROP PRIMARY KEY DROP {INDEX KEY} index name DROP FOREIGN KEY fk symbol DISABLE KEYS ENABLE KEYS RENAME [TO AS] new tbl name RENAME {INDEX KEY} old index name TO new index name ORDER BY col name [, col name] . CONVERT TO CHARACTER SET charset name [COLLATE collation name] [DEFAULT] CHARACTER SET [ ] charset name [COLLATE [ ] collation name] DISCARD TABLESPACE IMPORT TABLESPACE FORCE {WITHOUT WITH} VALIDATION ADD PARTITION (partition definition) DROP PARTITION partition names DISCARD PARTITION {partition names ALL} TABLESPACE IMPORT PARTITION {partition names ALL} TABLESPACE TRUNCATE PARTITION {partition names ALL} COALESCE PARTITION number REORGANIZE PARTITION partition names INTO (partition definitions) EXCHANGE PARTITION partition name WITH TABLE tbl name [{WITH WITHOUT} VALIDATION] ANALYZE PARTITION {partition names ALL} CHECK PARTITION {partition names ALL} OPTIMIZE PARTITION {partition names ALL} REBUILD PARTITION {partition names ALL} REPAIR PARTITION {partition names ALL} REMOVE PARTITIONINGhttps://riptutorial.com/8

UPGRADE PARTITIONINGindex col name: col name [(length)] [ASC DESC]index type: USING {BTREE HASH}index option: KEY BLOCK SIZE [ ] value index type WITH PARSER parser name COMMENT 'string'table options: table option [[,] table option] . (seepartition options: (seeCREATE TABLE options)CREATE TABLE options)Ref: MySQL 5.7 Reference Manual / . / ALTER TABLE Syntax / 14.1.8 ALTER TABLE SyntaxExamplesChanging storage engine; rebuild table; change file per tableFor example, if t1 is currently not an InnoDB table, this statement changes its storage engine toInnoDB:ALTER TABLE t1 ENGINE InnoDB;If the table is already InnoDB, this will rebuild the table and its indexes and have an effect similarto OPTIMIZE TABLE. You may gain some disk space improvement.If the value of innodb file per table is currently different than the value in effect when t1 was built,this will convert to (or from) file per table.ALTER COLUMN OF TABLECREATE DATABASE stackoverflow;USE stackoverflow;Create table stack(id user int NOT NULL,username varchar(30) NOT NULL,password varchar(30) NOT NULL);ALTER TABLE stackALTER TABLE stackALTER TABLE stackALTER TABLE stackcolumnALTER TABLE stackexisting columnADD COLUMN submit date NOT NULL; -- add new columnDROP COLUMN submit; -- drop columnMODIFY submit DATETIME NOT NULL; -- modify type columnCHANGE submit submit date DATETIME NOT NULL; -- change type and name ofADD COLUMN mod id INT NOT NULL AFTER id user; -- add new column afterALTER table add INDEXTo improve performance one might want to add indexes to columnshttps://riptutorial.com/9

ALTER TABLE TABLE NAME ADD INDEX index name ( column name )altering to add composite (multiple column) indexesALTER TABLE TABLE NAME ADD INDEX index name ( col1 , col2 )Change auto-increment valueChanging an auto-increment value is useful when you don't want a gap in an AUTO INCREMENTcolumn after a massive deletion.For example, you got a lot of unwanted (advertisement) rows posted in your table, you deletedthem, and you want to fix the gap in auto-increment values. Assume the MAX value ofAUTO INCREMENT column is 100 now. You can use the following to fix the auto-incrementvalue.ALTER TABLE your table name AUTO INCREMENT 101;Changing the type of a primary key columnALTER TABLE fish data.fish DROP PRIMARY KEY;ALTER TABLE fish data.fish MODIFY COLUMN fish id DECIMAL(20,0) NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY;An attempt to modify the type of this column without first dropping the primary key would result inan error.Change column definitionThe change the definition of a db column, the query below can be used for example, if we havethis db schemausers (firstname varchar(20),lastname varchar(20),age char(2))To change the type of age column from char to int, we use the query below:ALTER TABLE users CHANGE age age tinyint UNSIGNED NOT NULL;General format is:ALTER TABLE table name CHANGE column name new column definitionRenaming a MySQL databasehttps://riptutorial.com/10

There is no single command to rename a MySQL database but a simple workaround can be usedto achieve this by backing up and restoring:mysqladmin -uroot -p password create new name mysqldump -uroot -p password --routines old name mysql -uroot -pmypassword new name mysqladmin -uroot -p password drop old name Steps:1. Copy the lines above into a text editor.2. Replace all references to old name , new name and password ( optionally root to use adifferent user) with the relevant values.3. Execute one by one on the command line (assuming the MySQL "bin" folder is in the pathand entering "y" when prompted).Alternative Steps:Rename (move) each table from one db to the other. Do this for each table:RENAME TABLE old db . name TO new db . name ;You can create those statements by doing something likeSELECT CONCAT('RENAME TABLE old db.', table name, ' TO ','new db.', table name)FROM information schema.TABLESWHERE table schema 'old db';Warning. Do not attempt to do any sort of table or database by simply moving files around on thefilesystem. This worked fine in the old days of just MyISAM, but in the new days of InnoDB andtablespaces, it won't work. Especially when the "Data Dictionary" is moved from the filesystem intosystem InnoDB tables, probably in the next major release. Moving (as opposed to just DROPping) aPARTITION of an InnoDB table requires using "transportable tablespaces". In the near future, therewon't even be a file to reach for.Swapping the names of two MySQL databasesThe following commands can be used to swap the names of two MySQL databases ( db1 and db2 ):mysqladmin -uroot -p password create swaptempmysqldump -uroot -p password --routines db1 mysql -uroot -p password swaptempmysqladmin -uroot -p password drop db1 mysqladmin -uroot -p password create db1 mysqldump -uroot -p password --routines db2 mysql -uroot -p password db1 mysqladmin -uroot -p password drop db2 mysqladmin -uroot -p password create db2 mysqldump -uroot -p password --routines swaptemp mysql -uroot -p password db2 mysqladmin -uroot -p password drop swaptemphttps://riptutorial.com/11

Steps:1. Copy the lines above into a text editor.2. Replace all references to db1 , db2 and password ( optionally root to use a differentuser) with the relevant values.3. Execute one by one on the command line (assuming the MySQL "bin" folder is in the pathand entering "y" when prompted).Renaming a MySQL tableRenaming a table can be done in a single command:RENAME TABLE old name TO new name ;The following syntax does exactly the same:ALTER TABLE old name RENAME TO new name ;If renaming a temporary table, the ALTERTABLEversion of the syntax must be used.Steps:1. Replace old name and new name in the line above with the relevant values. Note: If thetable is being moved to a different database, the dbname.tablename syntax can be used for oldname and/or new name .2. Execute it on the relevant database in the MySQL command line or a client such as MySQLWorkbench. Note: The user must have ALTER and DROP privileges on the old table andCREATE and INSERT on the new one.Renaming a column in a MySQL tableRenaming a column can be done in a single statement but as well as the new name, the "columndefinition" (i.e. its data type and other optional properties such as nullability, auto incrementingetc.) must also be specified.ALTER TABLE table name CHANGE old name new name column definition ;Steps:1. Open the MySQL command line or a client such as MySQL Workbench.2. Run the following statement: SHOW CREATE TABLE table name ; (replacing table name with therelevant value).3. Make a note of the

Chapter 42: MySQL client 131 Syntax 131 Parameters 131 Examples 131 Base login 131 Execute commands 132 Execute command from a string 132 Execute from script file: 133 Write the output on a file 133 Chapter 43: MySQL LOCK TABLE 134 Syntax 134 Remarks 134 Examples 134 Mysql Locks 134 Row Level Locking 135 Ch