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SOIL MECHANICSANDFOUNDATIONS

SOIL MECHANICSANDFOUNDATIONSByDr. B.C. PUNMIAFormerly,Professor and Head, Deptt. of Civil Engineering, &Dean, Faculty of EngineeringM.B.M. Engineering College,JodhpurEr. ASHOK KUMAR JAINDr. ARUN KUMAR JAINDirector,Arihant Consultants,JodhpurAssistant ProfessorM.B.M. Engineering College,Jodhpur(INCLUDING LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS)(ENTIRELY IN SI UNITS)SEVENTEENTH EDITION(Thoroughly Revised and Enlarged)Laxmi Publications (P) Ltd.(An ISO 9001 : 2008 Company)BENGALURU CHENNAI COCHIN GUWAHATI HYDERABADJALANDHAR KOLKATA LUCKNOW MUMBAI RANCHI NEW DELHIBOSTON (USA) ACCRA (GHANA) NAIROBI (KENYA)

SOIL MECHANICS AND FOUNDATION 1973, 1994, 2005 B.C. PUNMIA 1994, 2005ASHOK KUMAR JAIN, ARUN KUMAR JAINAll rights reserved including those of translation into other languages. In accordance with the Copyright (Amendment) Act, 2012,no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise. Any such act or scanning, uploading, and or electronic sharing of any part of thisbook without the permission of the publisher constitutes unlawful piracy and theft of the copyright holder’s intellectual property. Ifyou would like to use material from the book (other than for review purposes), prior written permission must be obtained from thepublishers.Printed and bound in IndiaTypeset at Shubham Composer, DelhiFirst Edition: July 1970, Second Edition: Sept. 1973, Third Edition: Sept. 1975, Fourth Edition: Aug. 1977Fifth Edition: Feb. 1979, Sixth Edition: Oct. 1980, Seventh Edition: Jan. 1982, Eighth Edition: April 1983Ninth Edition: Jan. 1985, Tenth Edition: Feb. 1987, Eleventh Edition: April 1988, Twelfth Edition: Jan. 1991Thirteenth Edition: Nov. 1994, Fourteenth Edition: May 1998, Fifteenth Edition: May 2001Sixteenth Edition: March 2005, Reprint: Jan. 2006, May 2007, Jan. 2008, June 2008, Oct. 2008May 2009, April, Aug., Oct. 2010, Jan. 2011, May 2011, July 2012, Oct. 2012, Aprial 2013, Dec. 2013, May 2014,Seventeenth Edition: 2017ISBN 81-7008-791-0Limits of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: The publisher and the author make no representation or warranties with respect to theaccuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties. The advice, strategies, and activitiescontained herein may not be suitable for every situation. In performing activities adult supervision must be sought. Likewise, commonsense and care are essential to the conduct of any and all activities, whether described in this book or otherwise. Neither the publishernor the author shall be liable or assumes any responsibility for any injuries or damages arising here from. The fact that an organizationor Website if referred to in this work as a citation and/or a potential source of further information does not mean that the author orthe publisher endorses the information the organization or Website may provide or recommendations it may make. Further, readersmust be aware that the Internet Websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was writtenand when it is read.BranchesAll trademarks, logos or any other mark such as Vibgyor, USP, Amanda, Golden Bells, Firewall Media, Mercury, Trinity, Laxmiappearing in this work are trademarks and intellectual property owned by or licensed to Laxmi Publications, its subsidiaries oraffiliates. Notwithstanding this disclaimer, all other names and marks mentioned in this work are the trade names, trademarks orservice marks of their respective owners.Published in India by&Bengaluru080-26 75 69 30&Chennai044-24 34 47 26, 24 35 95 07&Cochin0484-237 70 04,405 13 03&Guwahati0361-254 36 69,251 38 81&Hyderabad040-27 55 53 83, 27 55 53 93&Jalandhar0181-222 12 72&Kolkata033-22 27 43 84&Lucknow0522-220 99 16&Mumbai022-24 91 54 15, 24 92 78 69&Ranchi0651-220 44 64Laxmi Publications (P) Ltd.(An ISO 9001:2008 Company)113, GOLDEN HOUSE, DARYAGANJ,NEW DELHI - 110002, INDIATelephone : 91-11-4353 2500, 4353 2501Fax : 91-11-2325 2572, 4353 2528www.laxmipublications.com info@laxmipublications.comC—Printed at:

PrefacePREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITIONSoil Engineering, soil mechanics or geotechnique is one of the youngest disciplines of civil engineeringinvolving the study of soil, its behaviour and application as an engineering material. The term ‘SoilEngineering’ is currently used to cover a much wider scope implying that it is a practical science rather thana purely fundamental or mathematical one. Good soil engineering embodies the use of the best practicesin exploration, testing, design and construction control, in addition to the basic idealised theories.The field of Soil Mechanics is very vast. The civil engineer has many diverse and important encounterswith soil. Apart from testing and classification of various types of soils in order to know its physicalproperties, the knowledge of soil mechanics is particularly helpful in the designs of foundations, rigidand flexible pavements, underground and earth retaining structures, embankments, and excavations, andearth dams.This textbook is intended to present the currently accepted theories, design principles and practices ofsoil mechanics and foundation engineering. The assumptions and limitations used in developing a theoryor a method are pointed out and sufficient number of examples and practice problems are included toillustrate the application of basic principles of practical problems. The text provides sufficient material,ranging from the simple to very complex, for the undergraduate and postgraduate courses in the subject ofsoil engineering in the engineering colleges, universities and professional examinations in India. The bookshould also prove a useful design aid for the practising engineer and a convenient reference source.The book has been sub-divided into eight parts : (1) Elementary Properties, (2) Soil Hydraulics,(3) Elasticity Applied to Soils, (4) Compressibility, (5) Strength and Stability, (6) Foundation Engineering,(7) Pavement Design and (8) Miscellaneous Problems. More advanced topics have been indicated by anasterisk which may be omitted in the first reading or at the undergraduate level. In addition, twenty-onemore common laboratory experiments have been included to illustrate the practice of soil testing. Thetest procedures conform to the latest Indian Standards issued to date. Metric Units have been used in thetext. The author is highly thankful to Dr. Alam Singh for his kind permission to reproduce the matterof the first edition of the book published in his collaboration. Account has been taken throughout ofthe suggestions offered by the many users of the book and grateful acknowledgement is made to them.Further suggestions will be greatly appreciated.B.C. PUNMIAJODHPUR1-9-73v

viPrefacePREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITIONIn the Third Edition, the subject-matter has been updated. In order to make the book more useful to thestudents appearing at the A.M.I.E. Examinations, questions from the examination papers of section Bhave been given in Appendix.B.C. PUNMIAJODHPUR1-9-75PREFACE TO THE FOURTH EDITIONIn the Fourth Edition of the book, the subject-matter has been thoroughly revised and enlarged toincorporate the latest developments. An article on ‘dynamic analysis of block foundations’ havingsix modes of vibrations has been added. The author is thankful to many readers of the book for usefulsuggestions.B.C. PUNMIAJODHPUR1-8-77PREFACE TO THE FIFTH EDITIONIn the Fifth Edition, the subject-matter has been revised, and an Appendix on SI units has been addedat the end of the book.B.C. PUNMIAJODHPUR15-2-79PREFACE TO THE SIXTH EDITIONIn the Sixth Edition, the subject-matter has been revised and updated. Matter on under-reamed pilefoundation has been added in Chapter 26.B.C. PUNMIAJODHPUR1-10-80PREFACE TO THE EIGHTH EDITIONIn the Eighth Edition, many new articles have been added and the subject-matter has been revised andupdated.JODHPUR25-4-83B.C.PUNMIA

PrefaceviiPREFACE TO THE NINTH EDITIONIn the Ninth Edition, few new articles have been added. Notable amongst these are : bored compactionpiles, field set-ups for plate load test, field set-up for pile load test and pneumatic caissions. The subjectmatter has been revised and updated.B.C. PUNMIAJODHPUR24-10-84PREFACE TO THE TENTH EDITIONIn this edition, few misprints of the previous edition have been removed and the subject-matter has beenupdated.B.C. PUNMIAJODHPUR15-2-87PREFACE TO THE ELEVENTH EDITIONIn the Eleventh Edition, the book has been thoroughly revised and enlarged, using SI units. Care hasbeen taken to distinguish between ‘mass’ and ‘weight’ and between ‘density’ and ‘unit weight’ andseparate symbols have been assigned to these quantities to avoid confusion. Density (r), based onlaboratory measurements has been expressed in the units of g/cm3 (or kg/m3) while the unit weight (g)has been expressed in kN/m3. The value of gravitational constant g has been taken as 981 cm/s2. Thus,the density of water (rw) has been taken as 1 g/cm3 (or 1000 kg/m3) while its unit weight has been takenas 9.81 kN/m3.A chapter on ‘Advanced Measuring Instruments’ has been added at the end. A large number ofphotographic plates, illustrating various testing equipment used in ‘Soil Testing Laboratory’ have beenadded. The authors are thankful to M/s Associated Instruments Manufactures, India (AIMIL), Delhi andM/s HEICO Instruments, Delhi for supplying photographs and illustrative catalogues of the instruments/equipment manufactured by them.It is hoped that this revised and updated edition will be useful to the students and practicing engineers.Further suggestions will be gratefully accepted.B.C. PUNMIAA.K. JAINJODHPUR1-7-88PREFACE TO THE TWELFTH EDITIONIn the Twelfth Edition, subject matter has been revised and enlarged. Chapter 24 on Bearing Capacityand chapter 25 on Shallow Foundations have been rewritten and many new articles and new exampleshave been added.JODHPUR1-12-90B.C. PUNMIAA.K. JAIN

viiiPrefacePREFACE TO THE THIRTEENTH EDITIONIn the Thirteenth Edition of the book, the subject matter has been thoroughly revised and updated. Manynew articles and solved examples have been added. The entire book has been typeset using laser printer.The authors are thankful to Shri Mool Singh Gahlot and Shri Prem Singh Sankhla for the fine lasertypesetting done by them.B.C. PUNMIAASHOK K. JAINARUN K. JAINJODHPUR14th Nov. 1994PREFACE TO THE Sixteenth EDITIONIn the Sixteenth Edition, the subject matter has been thoroughly revised and updated, and rearranged. Ineach chapter, many new articles have been added. All the diagrams have been redrawn using computergraphics and the book has been computer type-set in a bigger format, keeping in pace with the modemtrend. At the end of each chapter, problems appearing at various central competitive examinations (suchas Civil Services, Engineering Services and Gate) have been solved. In addition to these, a new chapteron ‘Geotextiles’ have been added at the end of the book.It is hoped, this thoroughly revised and updated edition will be useful to the students, teachers andpracticing engineers. Further suggestions will be gratefully acknowledged. The authors are thankful toShri R.K. Gupta of Laxmi Publications (P) Ltd. for good printing and excellent get-up of the book andthat too in a record short time.JODHPUR1st March 2005B.C. FUNMIAASHOK K. JAINARUN K. JAIN