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G REEK BASIC COURSEINTRODUCTIONGreek 1s the off1c1al language of the present day k1ngdom of Greece.than 95 percent of 1ts populat1on are nat1ve speakers of Greek.MoreOther languagesspoken 1η Greece are those of small m1nor1t1es: Turk1sh. Bu1gar1an. Serb1an.Sephard1c (spoken ma1n1y 1η Thessa1on1k1 by the descendents of Jews former1yres1d1ng1ηSpa1n and Portuga1). A1ban1an and some others.Outs1de the 11m1ts of Greece Greek 1s spoken1ηthe ne1ghbor1ng 1s1ands.such as Bozca Ada and Imbroz (Turkey). Cyprus. as we11 as 1η surround1ng countr1es. e.g. southern A1ban1a. southern Yugos1av1a. Bulgar1a and Turkey (Istanbu1).It 18 a1so spoken by 1arge Greek commun1t1es 1η the Amer1cas (p.S.A Canada.Argent1na. Braz11). 1η Europe. Afr1ca and Austra11a.L1ke Eng11sh. Greek be10ngs to the 1arge Indo-H1tt1te (Indo-European)fam11yο!1anguages and spread over the Ba1kan pen1nsu1a somet1me dur1ng thesecond m111en1um B.C.Anc1ent Greek appears to have been d1v1ded 1nto four ma1n groupsd1a1ects:Arcad1an-Cypr1ot1c. Dor1an. Aeo11an and Ion1an-Att1c.the 4th century B.C. the Ion1an-Att1c d1a1ect spreadθ11ο!Beg1nn1ng1ηover the Greek speak1ngterr1tor1es wh11e other d1a1ects began to dec11ne and then d1sappeared comp1ete1y 1η the'f1rst centur1es ο! the Chr1st1an era.Modern Greek presents a rather comp1ex 11ngu1st1c p1cture.hand th1s 1anguage 1s theolder Greek;σηre8 1t ο!Οηthe onea norma1 11ngu1st1c evo1ut1on from thethe other hand. however. 1ntense nat1ona11st1c sent1mentsdur1ng certa1n per10ds of Greek h1story have preserved 1ntact many morpholog1cal,syntact1c and 1ex1cal e1ements ο! archa1c Greek. As a result there are twobroad types ο! 1anguage used 1η modern Greece. the IpopularI,or dh1mot1k1. andthe Iforma1 I or katharevusa. The former 1s the every-day 1anguag8 ο! thepeop1e conta1n1ng 1oanwords from other languages wh1ch have been 1ncorporated1nto the Greek 1anguage 1η the course ο! 1ater Greek h1story. 'Dh1mot1k1' 18pr1mar11y a 8poken language. that ο! Greek songs and ba11ads. and does not havea f1xed orthography. but 1s largely used by modern wr1ters ο! poetry and flctlon.The 1atter (katharevusa) 1s a consc1ous and art1f1c1a1 return to olderGreek. and 1s taught 1η schoo1s and used for off1c1a1 purposes and1ess Ipure I form by newspapers.1ηa more orS1nce the 2nd century B.C. the Greeks have d1sputed among ,themselves aboutthe1r 1anguage.At that t1me 11terary men scorned colloqu1al usage. consc1ously1m1tat1ng the c1ass1cal styledays.1ηthe1r works.The sch1sm has cont1nued to OurχΙΙ1Hosted for free on livelingua.com

G REEK BASIC COURSEFlna11y. a klnd of compromlse form. drawlng unsystematlca11y from bothIdhlmot1k1 ' and 'katharevusa has evo1ved. Thls xture of the two. ca11ed'thls Course 'kathom11umenl I 1.e. Ievery-day 1anguage I has now become theΙηstandard speech of Greece.Not a11 standard speakers of modern Greek. however. can be assumed to usethe same m1xture of katharevusaΟΓdhimotlk1 e1ementsΙηthe1r speech.ratl0 may vary not on1y from speaker to speaker. but a1so may dependsltuat10n1ηwhlch the speaker uses the 1anguage.οηThetheThus the same speaker mayuse the extreme var1ety of dh1mot1k1 whl1e buy1ng th1ngs at a market p1ace andthen sw1tch to the extreme katharevusa when address1ng a un1verslty professor.The genera1 trend 1s toward dh1mot1k1 wh1ch 1s the normal 'lnforma1'1anguage. but kathareνusa 1η 1ts var10us degrees ο! Ipur1ty' cont1nues to beused as the off1c1al 1anguage 1η government work (Para11ment. Courts. Rad10broadcasts. etc.).The spoken Greek may be represented graph1ca11y as fo11ows:,ΙΚΑ Τ Η Ο ΜΙ----L UΜ--Ε Ν Ι-- - .-κatharevusaD1fferences of sty1e are even more consplcuous 1η the wrltten 1anguage. Bes1desGovgrnment ΟΓ other publlc announcements. documents. off1clal correspσndence.etc. al1 publlc slgnsThus.for example. the word for f1sh1ng shop 1η every-day language 1s 'pSaradhlko I but the slgn"over the store sayR I1khth1opolfon I ; the word ΙοΓ grocery store1s Ibakallko I but the s1gn says Ipandopo1ion I etc.1η ownsand v111ages are wr1tten 1n katharevusa.As far a8 the press ls concerned the1ηο!con ervat1venewspapers are wrlttenkatharevusa;'those or1ented towards the center. 1η kathoml1umen1; and thosethe extreme left. 1η the extreme and sometlmes even 80mewhat art1f1c1a1dh1mot1k1.x1vHosted for free on livelingua.com

GREEK BASIC COURSEThe wr1tten language, therefore, may be graph1cally represented thus:katharevusakathom11 unen1dh1mot1k1Older L1teratureModern L1teratureOff1c1al LanguageModerate PressConservat1ve PressEvery-day UsageTh1s CourseThe Greek descr1bed1ηth1s Course 1s representat1vethe kathom11umen1the 'standard ' speech ο! educated Greeks.1nfluences from the other styles ο! Greek οη the natural speechvar1ety, 1.e. thatperson varyο!ο!aαcord1ngAs theο!an educatedto the speaker and thus create a great var1etyο!'correct Iutterances, both the most common dh1mot1k1 and kathaverusa forms are representedthe Bas1c D1alogues and Grammat1cal Notes. At the same t1me the useextreme dh1mot1k1 or Ioverpure I katharevusa 1s carefully avo1ded.Ιηο!75 un1ts and 1s d1v1ded 1nto three volumes,each volume conta1n1ng 25 un1ts. After every f1ve un1ts there 1s a Rev1ew cons1st1ng ο! a Narrat1ve whlch 1β based οη the vocabulary ο! prev10us un1ts. 1η dd1t1on to th1s the Revlew Un1ts ο! Volume 1 have Rev1ew Dr111s 1η whlch thestudent 1s supposed to supply proper forms ο! g1ven words. These dr111s arecont1nued 1η more advanced un1ts 1η connect1on w1th the katharevusa grammat1calforms.κatharevusa 1s systemat1cally 1ntroduced 1η the narrat1ves ο! Volume 111and the rules ο! katharevusa grammar are d1scussed 1η the subsequent grammat1calnotes. Thus the student who has completed Volume 111 ο! th1s Course shouldhave a good foundat1on for read1ng off1c1al documents as well θΒ newspaperswr1tten 1η katharevusa.The follow1ng parts may be found 1η a Un1 t:Sample Dr111sBas1c D1alogueSubst1tut1on Dr111sResponse Dr111Transformat1on Dr111sUseful WordstPo11te Express10nsCorrelat1on-Subst1tut1on Dr111s'Response Exerc1seNarrat1veTop1cs for D1scuss1onGrammat1cal NotesThe whole Course cons1stsο!χνHosted for free on livelingua.com

GREEK BASIC COURSJBas1c D1a1ogues and Response Dr111s are foundw1th Un1t 2.1.The occurrenceο!1ηeach un1t.Narrat1ves beg1nother parts may vary.Useο!Th1s CourseMost Bas1c D1a1ogues cons1stο!10 sentences.Bas1c D1a1oguesd1a1ogue may be d1v1ded 1nto two or three partsο!Ιηmore advanced un1ts the10 to 14 sentences.The 1nstructor reads the Greek. 1tem by 1tem. repeat1ng each 1tem (a bu11dup or a sentence) tw1ce for each student.1tem1mm d1ate1yc1at1on.Ι! ΙηEach memberο!the c1ass repeats theafter the 1nstructor. try1ng to lm1tatehls (or her) pronun-the1nstru torIs ορ1η10ηthe 1tem 1s m1spronounced by thestudent. the 1nstructor repeats 1t at norma1 speed w1th the student repeat1ngafter h1m (or her) as many t1mes βΒ necessary.After the c1ass hours eachstudent goes over the Bas1c D1a1ogue by 11sten1ng to the tape and repeat1ng.dolrtg thls untl1 he knows the d1a1ogue by heart.After the sentencesstudents take partο!1ηthe D1a1ogue have been thorough1y memor1zed theο!act1ng out the D1a1ogue.the parts the f1rst t1me or two.The 1nstructor may take oneThls procedure 1s to be contlnued unt11any student can take part and go through thedla10gue 11ke2.βηactor.Response Dr1l1sResponse dr111s cons1stand narrat1ve st1uat1ons.ο! ndquest10ns and answers basedοηare d1v1ded 1nto 'Response Dr111the d1a1ogueΑΙreferr1ngιοthe d1a1ogue and IResponse Dr111 ΒΙ referr1ng to the narrat1ve. One 'rea1s1tuat1on I 1s g1ven by the d1a1ogue and another one by the narrat1ve. Theanswers to the quest10ns are. therefore. pred1ctab1e . and the student 1ssupposed to know them.Thus. for examp1e. 1! 1t appears from the d1a1ogue thatthe restaurant 1s Just across the street from the mov1e theatre. the studentmust accept 1t as a 'real'fact and sayΒΟwhen answer1ng the quest1on:1s the restaurant?IΙη the f1rst 15 un1ts the answers to the quest10nsare g1ven w1th the dr111s.dr111ed1ηthe same wayβΒ1η'Wherethe Response Dr111sTherefore. these quest10ns and answers must bethe sentencesο!the Bas1c D1alogues.Beg1nn1ngw1th Un1t 16 response dr111s conta1n on1y quest10ns and the student 1s supposedto formulate the answers1ηh1s own words. but h1s answers must be pert1nent tothe g1ven s1tuat1on. From Un1t 16 οη the Response Dr111s are ηο 10nger dr111ed1η the same way as Bas1c D1a1ogues. but rather take the form ο! a free conversat10n basedοηthe facts g1ven by the d1a1ogue or the narrat1ve.xv1Hosted for free on livelingua.com

G REEK BASIC COURSE3.Useful Words and rPo11te Expressionsmemor1zed by the student4.1η'must be dr111ed by the 1nstructor andthe same way as the Bas1c D1alogues.Narrat1veThe narrat1ve presentsthat represented1ηexpos1tory style e1ther a s1tuat1on s1m11ar to1ηthe Bas1c D1alogue.ΟΓa s1tuat1on related to 1t. w1thbroader vocabulary.The 1nstructor goes through the sentences 111ustrat1ng new vocabulary1tems1ηthe same way as for Bas1c D1alogue.After the students have thusfam111ar1zed themselves w1th the new vocabulary. the 1nstructor reads throughthe whole narrat1ve at a normal speed.closed.The students summar1zenarrat1ve.The students 11sten w1th the1r booksEng11sh as much as they understand1η1ηThe narrat1ves1ηοΓResponse Dr111and the students'Β'The narrat1ves are 1ntended to be memor1zed at home and retoldthe student's own wordsandtheThen the students read and translate the narrat1ve 1nto Eng11sh.The 1nstructor then asks the quest10nsanswer them.οΓ1ηΙηclass the next day.Un1ts 2 through 5 are presented boththe Greek wr1t1ng system.Ιηtranscrlpt10nsubsequent narrat1ves the transcr1pt1onΙη18 om1tted.5.SampIe Dr111s are to be treated1ηthe same way as the sentencesοΓBas1cD1algou8s.6.used7.Subst1t t1on.1ηTransformat1on and Correlat1on-Subst1tut1on Dr11Is are to beaccordance w1th the 1nstruct1ons g1ven at the beg1nn1ng οΓ each dr111.Response Exerc1seResponse Exerc1ses occur at the very endοΓeach un1t.The quest10ns ofthese exerc1ses are not necessar1Iy reIated to any part1cuIar un1t.as the student's vocabulary 1ncreases, these quest10ns beoOmecharacter.The purposeοΓmore generala Response Exerc1se 1s to 1nduce the student 1nto afree conversat1on with1n the scopeΙηοΓGraduaIIy.οΓh1s vocabulary.Un1ts 2. 3. and 4 all poss1ble answers to the quest10ns are g1ven.these answers should be dr11Ied1ηthe same way as the sentencesοΓAIlthe Bas1cD1aIogues.Beg1nn1ng w1th Un1t 5 these exerc1ses cons1stοΓquest10ns only, and thestudent 1s supposed to be abIe to answer the quest10ns by h1mseIf.Any answer g1ven by the student 1s cons1dered correctand 1s good Greek.1ΓThe answer 1s corrected by the 1nstructor1t 1s appropr1ate1Γnecessary.The student repeats the corrected answer.χν11Hosted for free on livelingua.com

G REEK BASIC COURSE8.Top1cs for D1scuss1onThese dr111s appear 1n the advanced. un1 ts1η11eu of ResponseExercisc s.The 1nstructor presents the topics one by one and asks the members of thec1ass to take partthe d1scuss1on.1ηOne of the students 1s asked to developthe top1c further and g1ve h1s reasons for agree1ng w1th the problem ra1sed bythe 1nstructor.Another student should present h1s arguments to derend theoppos1te po1nt of v1ew.the two posltlons.Another one should try to f1nd a comprom1se betweenThen other students jo1n1ηthe d1scusslon.When one toplchas been fully d1scussed the 1nstructor ra1ses the next controversla1 questlon.The exerc1se goesοηunt11 a11 top1cs of the un1t have been thoroughly d1scussedand tota11y exhausted.GLOSSARYAt the end of each volume there 1s an alphabetlcal 11st of a11 the vocabu1ary 1tems 1ntroduced1ηthat volume.Follow1ng each verb 1s a number 1nd1cat1ng the unltΙηwhlch the otherforms of the verb are 11sted.χνΙΙ!Hosted for free on livelingua.com

\!ΝΙΤGREEK BASIC COURSEt !: !Ξ !!l !! ! ! !:!!Ξ!! 2 !· νΜηthe Us!! I!ί θ. parentheses and quota Ιίon marks are used toge : her (,a more Uteral tranalation is givenBrackets [Μνβ βη] are usedΙο1η )addition to the ord1nar'j EngUsh equ1valent. 11shindicate vords in theequ1valent vhich do notequ1valent in Greek.ParentbeSe8) 1Ddicate vordB vhich are in the Greek but noΙ ίη a noral EnElishequ1valent.'n1e Eng11sh side 1s not a Uteral trans1at1onspeakers ord1nar11y Ny1n ISUch a s1tuation.βboνβ shσuld ιaaαexplainedOnΙΜonι1tted.slant lineo '1be usethe Greek. buto parenthesesνΜΙιunEnglisbbracketsβΒthe s1tuat1on clear 1n each case.Greek s1de. parentheses are used to 1nd1cate sounds vh1ch areAlternate pronunciat1ono 8ΟlDθt1ιιιesthe same word or alternate vords are given atter a/.Ση ΙΜ Granιιιιatical Motes, slant lines /phrases or entence. 1ntrιιnacr1pt1on vi th1n/ are used to ββΙ or Greek sounda, word8,an EngU8h text.tHosted for free on livelingua.com

GREEK BASIC COURSEUnit ,Good nιorn1ng (Iyour good daΎ Ι).sas.Καλημέρα σας.kalimέraΚαλησπέρα σας.kal1s raGood arternoon. 2!: Goodsas.evening. (Iyσur good arternoon/.εΤθΩ1ΩΙι ).Καληνύχτα σας.kalintxta sa5.Good n1ght. (said οη parting).ΧαΙρετε. rete.He110.Γει.C see/isteyouπως �θe?11erxar1st6thanks (11 thaDk l)andθβίβyouκι. ' έσε!ς;kesis?andka1AΚαλC εύχαρι.στω, κι.'έσε!ς;erxar1stδkesis?yσu?IIJD rine, tbanks, and you?Yes.nΙ.ΙΙCλι.cπα.a,rβ.are you1έσε!ι; Good .Νο.Παρακο:λωparaka16.Please.Ξ: Yσu1re(ι Ι beg l' f ! !arieιιdt.'umbers να ωΟΩβδύοδίοtvovelcOIe.).2Hosted for free on livelingua.com

ιιΝΙΤG REEK BASIC COURSE ρCα:trfathree Ισσερα:t seraEσurπΙ,, εp&ndefive ξι.ιSks1sixέπ fι./έφ fι.ept4/eft'βΠθΟ6K ώ/6x Ικα katen,Grammat1cal Notes-----------------Modern Greek1β1βwr1tteo 10 Greek 1etters 1nher1ted from auc1eot Greek.to a large extent h1stor1cal aodIn order toιιιakθtherefore not cons1stent on a number1β1t ea81er for the student the t1rst '0 un1tsboth 10 Greelc cbaracters and 10 transcr1pt10n.10 Greelc scr1pt and the transcr1pt10nTbe traDscrlpt10n used hereGreelc 1etters for a tn.It1βpolnts.th1s course are vr1ttenBeglnning ,,1th the un1tadaptat10n11Qverything 18ο!Lat1n ]etters for l1IOst sounds andnot stric1tly speaking a 'phonetlc ι transcriptlon.exυιp1e the 1etter ΙΧ/ stands for one sound beforele,1/.ο!used only occaslonally io grammatica1 notes.1β1β aπο!The spelllngla,o,u/Forand for another sound before510ce the pronunc1ation 1s predictab1e οη the basis ο! vhere lt occurs, a s1ng1eletter may be used for both sounds.The transcrlption used1ηth1s course cons1stsο!the follov1ng 1etters and otherιιyιi ols:Voιιιels:a,ο,u, e, 1Consσnants:t,t, ts,V01ce1ess:Ρ,Volced:b, d, b, g, Ζ, v, dz, γ, r, 1, Μ, n, Υθ,Ic,Β,χThe acceot mark ΙΊ 1ndicates the 10udest syllab1e ίη a

GREEK BASIC COURSE PREFACE FS' 'reeIι 8o.Ic Cσur. νoI.me Ι, ρroviιles introdu.ctory mαteriαls ίιι modenι sρoken Greek lοr tlιe stυιlent ωlιo wislιes Ιο aclιieveα working commαιιdΟΙtlιe lιιngllαge cUl7'ently spoken by educated Greeks. Tlιe style is neitlιerentirely J_t/c (coUoquiαlJ ΙΙΟΓstr