Transcription
Briefing on Media Lawwith Internet Guide and Glossary2003Click HereHere toClicktoSearchSearch
001-012 FRONT.qrk3/4/03 10:00 AMPage iiPublished byTHE ASSOCIATED PRESS50 Rockefeller PlazaNew York, NY 10020 2003 by The Associated PressAll Rights ReservedNo part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any meanswithout the prior written permission of the publisher, excepting briefquotes used in connection with reviews written specifically for inclusion ina magazine or newspaper.Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 91-070484ISBN: 0-917360-22-2Design and content management by Satchmo Publishing, Inc.Printed in the United States of AmericaPrinted by Banta Book GroupCover design by Christine TashFirst Edition, August 197738th Edition, 2003
001-012 FRONT.qrk3/4/03 10:00 AMPage iiiCONTENTSFOREWORDBIBLIOGRAPHYSTYLEBOOKKeyAn A to Z listing of guides to capitalization, abbreviation,spelling, numerals and usageInternet guidelinesSports guidelines and styleBusiness guidelines and styleA Guide to PunctuationBRIEFING ON MEDIA LAWForewordIntroductionWhat Is Libel?Liability for RepublicationPrivilegesDefensesSupreme Court Decisions Regarding Libel LawSummary of First Amendment RulesPublic and Private PlaintiffsMiscellaneousApplying the RulesPoints to RememberProcedures for Handling Kills and CorrectivesAccess to Places of InformationThe Right of PrivacyCopyright GuidelinesPHOTO CAPTIONSCaption Corrections, Additions, EliminationsPhoto Kills and EliminationsText Wire FormatsNAA/IPTC Header FieldsSupplemental CategoriesFILING THE WIRECoding RequirementsFormat IdentifiersKeyword Slug LineReference Number SectionVersion SectionFILING PRACTICESPROOFREADERS’ MARKSABOUT THE APHeadquartersU.S. BureausAP PUBLICATIONSOrder 99399401419421424425428430
001-012 FRONT.qrk3/4/03 10:00 AMPage vFOREWORDWork on this Stylebook began in mid-1975. The orders were:Make clear and simple rules, permit few exceptions to the rules,and rely heavily on the chosen dictionary as the arbiter of conflicts.As work progressed, we became convinced that while stylewould remain the chief purpose, there were many factual references we should include to make things a bit easier for busy editors.So we have a Stylebook, but also a reference work.As for the ‘style’ itself, we thought at the outset that it wouldn’tbe possible to please everyone. Of course, we were right.Journalists approach these style questions with varying degreesof passion.Some don’t think it is really important. Some agree that basically there should be uniformity for reading ease if nothing else. Stillothers are prepared to duel over a wayward lowercase.We encountered all three of these types and, in their specialways, all were helpful.It is customary at this place to thank those whose aid andcounsel produced the volume that follows.That list is long. It ranges from the staff of The Associated Pressto editors and writers on member newspapers, to other individualsand groups with special interests in some subjects. In particularwe sought and received many member views on a variety of difficult questions so that this book could reflect what members wanted.We are particularly grateful to those newspaper editors whoagreed to review the final draft and give us their comments as wellas those of their staffs.The completed book incorporates many of their suggestions.We have tried to make the Stylebook current and trust it will bea lasting work. But language changes, and we will review entriesannually, making necessary changes by wire notes during the review period.Each new printing of the Stylebook will incorporate the changesthat have been announced on the wires.LOUIS D. BOCCARDIPresident andChief Executive Officer
001-012 FRONT.qrk3/4/03 10:00 AMPage viIn MemoryofCHRISTOPHER W. FRENCH1940-1989
001-012 FRONT.qrk3/4/03 10:00 AMPage viiWHAT’S NEWIn this edition of the AP Stylebook------------------------New entries: al-Qaida, Amber Alert, assassination, Bahai Faith,bioterrorism, earthquakes, farmworker, Founding Fathers, GlobalPositioning System, ground zero, hand-held, hillbilly, blog and PDA (inInternet section), Line of Control, 9-11, Saddam, software titles,special forces, SWAT, Ten Most Wanted Fugitives, till, watt.Changes and updates: abbreviations and acronyms, Bank ofAmerica Corp.,bay, CARE, Chicago Board of Trade, Coast Guard, Department, judge,Korean names, obscenities, profanities, vulgarities, Safeway Inc.,sentences, Texaco, 3M, titles.Deletions: Hollywood, innocent, listserv (in Internet section), USXCorp.
3/4/03 10:00 AMPage viiiBIBLIOGRAPHY001-012 FRONT.qrkBIBLIOGRAPHY
001-012 FRONT.qrk3/4/03 10:00 AMPage ixBIBLIOGRAPHY — ixBIBLIOGRAPHYFollowing are reference books used in the preparation of TheAssociated Press Stylebook. They are the accepted referencesources for material not covered by the Stylebook.First reference for spelling, style, usage and foreign geographic names:Webster’s New World College Dictionary, Fourth Edition, Wiley,Hoboken, N.J.Second reference for spelling, style and usage:Webster’s Third New International Dictionary, Merriam-Webster,Springfield, Mass.Second reference for foreign geographic names:National Geographic Atlas of the World, National Geographic Society, Washington, D.C.www.nationalgeographic.com/index.htmlFirst reference for place names in the 50 states:National 5-Digit ZIP Code and Post Office Directory; U.S. PostalService, Washington, D.C.For aircraft names:Jane’s All the World’s Aircraft; Jane’s Yearbooks, London, andFranklin Watts Inc., New York.For military ships:Jane’s Fighting Ships; Jane’s Yearbooks, London, and FranklinWatts Inc., New York.For non-military ships:Lloyd’s Register of Shipping; Lloyd’s Register of Shipping TrustCorp. Ltd., London.For railroads:Official Railway Guide — Freight Service, and Official RailwayGuide — Passenger Service, Travel Edition; Official Railway Guide,New York.For federal government questions:Official Congressional Directory; U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.For foreign government questions:Political Handbook of the World; McGraw-Hill Book Co., NewYork.For the formal name of a business:Standard & Poor’s Registerof Corporations, Directors and Executives; Standard & Poor’s Corp.,New York.
001-012 FRONT.qrk3/4/03 10:00 AMPage xx — BIBLIOGRAPHYFor religion questions:Handbook of Denominations in the United States; AbingdonPress, Nashville, Tenn., and New York.World Christian Encylopedia; Second Edition; Oxford UniversityPress, New York, N.Y.Yearbook of American and Canadian Churches; Abingdon Press,Nashville, Tenn., and New York, for the National Council ofChurches of Christ in the U.S.A., New York.Other references consulted in the preparation of the AP Stylebook:Bernstein, Theodore M. The Careful Writer: A Modern Guide toEnglish Usage. Atheneum, 1965.Bernstein, Theodore M. More Language That Needs Watching.Channel Press, 1962.Bernstein, Theodore M. Watch Your Language. Atheneum,1958.Cappon, Rene J. The Word. The Associated Press, 1982; secondedition, 1991.Follett, Wilson (edited and completed by Jacques Barzun). Modern American Usage. Hill & Wang, 1966.Fowler, H.W. A Dictionary of Modern English Usage. Oxford University Press, 1965.The Chicago Manual of Style, 14th Edition. University of Chicago Press, 1995.Morris, William and Morris, Mary. Harper Dictionary of Contemporary Usage. Harper & Row, 1975; second edition, 1985.Newton, Harry, Newton’s Telecom Dictionary, 15th Edition.Miller Freeman, Inc., 1999.Shaw, Harry. Dictionary of Problem Words & Expressions. McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1975.Skillin, Marjorie E. and Gay, Robert M. Words Into Type. Prentice-Hall Inc., 1974.Strunk, William Jr. and White, E.B. The Elements of Style, second edition. The Macmillan Co., 1972.Also consulted were the stylebooks of the Boston Globe, Indianapolis News, Kansas City Star, Los Angeles Times, Miami Herald, Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, Newsday, New York Times,Wilmington (Del.) News-Journal, and the U.S. Government Printing Office.
001-012 FRONT.qrk3/4/03 10:00 AMPage xiSTYLEBOOKSTYLEBOOK
001-012 FRONT.qrk3/4/03 10:00 AMPage xiiSTYLEBOOK KEYThis updated and revised version of The Associated Press Stylebookhas been organized like a dictionary. Need the acronym for a governmentagency? Look under the agency’s name. Should you capitalize a word?Check the word itself or the capitalization entry. What’s the format forbaseball boxes? See baseball.Following is a key to the entries:airport Capitalize as part of a proper name: La Guardia Airport, Newark International Airport.The first name of an individual andthe word international may be deletedfrom a formal airport name while theremainder is capitalized: John F.Kennedy International Airport, KennedyInternational Airport, or KennedyAirport. Use whichever is appropriate inthe context.Do not make up names, however.There is no Boston Airport, for example.The Boston airport (lowercase airport)would be acceptable if for some reasonthe proper name, Logan InternationalAirport, were not used.airtightair traffic controller (no hy-Entry words, in alphabeticalorder, are in boldface.They represent the acceptedword forms unlessotherwise indicated.Text explains usage.Examples of correct andincorrect usage are initalics.Many entries simply givethe correct spelling,hyphenation and/orcapitalization.phen.)airways The system of routes thatthe federal government has establishedfor airplane traffic.See the airline, airlines entry for itsuse in carriers’ names.Alabama Abbrev.: Ala. See statenames.Abbrev. indicates thecorrect abbreviation of aword.Related topics are inboldface.Other abbreviations used in the Stylebook:n.: noun formadj.: adjectivesv.: verb formadv.: adverbs
013-034 A.qrk2/18/03 8:38 AMPage 3Aa- The rules of prefixes apply,but in general no hyphen. Someexamples:achromaticatonalAAA Formerly the AmericanAutomobile Association. On second reference, the automobile association or the association is acceptable.Headquarters is in Heathrow,Fla.a, an Use the article a beforeconsonant sounds: a historicevent, a one-year term (sounds asif it begins with a w), a unitedstand (sounds like you).Use the article an before vowelsounds: an energy crisis, an honorable man (the h is silent), anNBA record (sounds like it beginswith the letter e), an 1890s celebration.A&P Acceptable in all references for Great Atlantic & PacificTea Co. Inc. Headquarters is inMontvale, N.J.AARP Use only the initials forthe organization formerly knownas the American Association ofRetired Persons.abbreviations andacronyms The notation abbrev.is used in this book to identifythe abbreviated form that may beused for a word in some contexts.A few universally recognizedabbreviations are required insome circumstances. Some othersare acceptable depending on thecontext. But in general, avoid alphabet soup. Do not use abbreviations or acronyms that the reader would not quickly recognize.Guidance on how to use a particular abbreviation or acronym isprovided in entries alphabetizedaccording to the sequence of letters in the word or phrase.An acronym is a word formedfrom the first letter or letters of aseries of words: laser (light amplification by stimulated emission ofradiation). An abbreviation is notan acronym.Some general principles:BEFORE A NAME: Abbreviatethe following titles when used before a full name outside directquotations: Dr., Gov., Lt. Gov.,Mr., Mrs., Rep., the Rev., Sen. andcertain military designations listed in the military titles entry.Spell out all except Dr., Mr., Mrs.and Ms. when they are used before a name in direct quotations.For guidelines on how to usetitles, see courtesy titles; legislative titles; military titles; religious titles; and the entries forthe most commonly used titles.AFTER A NAME: Abbreviate junior or senior after an individual’sname. Abbreviate company, corporation, incorporated and limitedwhen used after the name of a
013-034 A.qrk2/18/03 8:38 AMPage 44corporate entity. See entriesunder these words and companynames.In some cases, an academicdegree may be abbreviated afteran individual’s name. See academic degrees.WITH DATES OR NUMERALS:Use the abbreviations A.D., B.C.,a.m., p.m., No., and abbreviatecertain months when used withthe day of the month.Right: In 450 B.C.; at 9:30a.m.; in room No. 6; on Sept. 16.Wrong: Early this a.m. heasked for the No. of your room.The abbreviations are correct onlywith figures.Right: Early this morning heasked for the number of yourroom.See months and individualentries for these other terms:IN NUMBERED ADDRESSES:Abbreviate avenue, boulevard andstreet in numbered addresses: Helives on Pennsylvania Avenue. Helives at 1600 Pennsylvania Ave.See addresses.STATES: The names of certainstates and the United States areabbreviated with periods in somecircumstances.See state names; datelines;and individual entries.ACCEPTABLE BUT NOT REQUIRED: Some organizations andgovernment agencies are widelyrecognized by their initials: CIA,FBI, GOP.If the entry for such an organization notes that an abbreviationis acceptable in all references oron second reference, that doesnot mean that its use should beautomatic. Let the context determine, for example, whether to useFederal Bureau of Investigation orFBI.See second reference.AVOID AWKWARD CON-STRUCTIONS: Do not follow anorganization’s full name with anabbreviation or acronym inparentheses or set off by dashes.If an abbreviation or acronymwould not be clear on second reference without this arrangement,do not use it.Names not commonly beforethe public should not be reducedto acronyms solely to save a fewwords.SPECIAL CASES: Many abbreviations are desirable in tabulations and certain types of technical writing. See individual entries.CAPS, PERIODS: Use capitalletters and periods according tothe listings in this book. Forwords not in this book, use thefirst-listed abbreviation in Webster’s New World College Dictionary. Generally, omit periods inacronyms unless the result wouldspell an unrelated word. But useperiods in two-letter abbreviations: U.S., U.N., E.U, U.K., B.A.,B.C. (AP, a trademark, is an exception.)Use all caps, but no periods,in longer abbreviations andacronyms when the individual letters are pronounced: ABC, CIA,FBI.Use only an initial cap andthen lowercase for acronyms ofmore than six letters, unless listed otherwise in this Stylebook orWebster’s New World College Dictionary.ABC Acceptable in all references for American BroadcastingCos. (the plural is part of the corporate name).Divisions are ABC News, ABCRadio and ABC-TV.ABCsable-bodied
013-034 A.qrk2/18/03 8:38 AMPage 55ABM, ABMs Acceptable inall references for anti-ballistic missile(s), but the term should be defined in the story.Avoid the redundant phraseABM missiles.A-bomb Use atomic bombunless a direct quotation is involved.See Hiroshima.Aborigine Capitalize whenreferring to Australian indigenouspeople.abortion Use anti-abortioninstead of pro-life and abortionrights instead of pro-abortion orpro-choice. Avoid abortionist,which connotes a person whoperforms clandestine abortions;use a term such as abortion doctor or abortion practitioner.aboveboardabsent-mindedabsent without leaveAWOL is acceptable on secondreference.academic degrees If mention of degrees is necessary to establish someone’s credentials, thepreferred form is to avoid an abbreviation and use instead aphrase such as: John Jones, whohas a doctorate in psychology.Use an apostrophe in bachelor’s degree, a master’s, etc., butthere is no possessive in Bachelorof Arts or Master of Science.Use such abbreviations asB.A., M.A., LL.D. and Ph.D. onlywhen the need to identify manyindividuals by degree on first reference would make the preferredform cumbersome. Use these abbreviations only after a full name— never after just a last name.When used after a name, anacademic abbreviation is set offby commas: Daniel Moynihan,Ph.D., spoke.Do not precede a name with acourtesy title for an academic degree and follow it with the abbreviation for the degree in the samereference:Wrong: Dr. Pam Jones, Ph.D.Right: Dr. Pam Jones, achemist.See doctor.academic departmentsUse lowercase except for wordsthat are proper nouns or adjectives: the department of history,the history department, the department of English, the Englishdepartment, or when departmentis part of the official and formalname: University of ConnecticutDepartment of Medicine.academic titles Capitalizeand spell out formal titles such aschancellor, chairman, etc., whenthey precede a name. Lowercaseelsewhere.Lowercase modifiers such asdepartment in department Chairman Jerome Wiesner.See doctor and titles.academy See military academies.Academy Awards Presented annually by the Academy ofMotion Picture Arts and Sciences.Also known as the Oscars. (BothAcademy Awards and Oscars aretrademarks.)Lowercase the academy andthe awards whenever they standalone.accept, except Acceptmeans to receive.
013-034 A.qrk2/18/03 8:38 AMPage 66Except means to exclude.accommodateaccused A person is accusedof, not with, a crime.To avoid any suggestion thatan individual is being judged before a trial, do not use a phrasesuch as accused slayer JohnJones; use John Jones, accused ofthe slaying.For guidelines on relatedwords, see allege; arrest; and indict.Ace A trademark for a brandof elastic bandage.acknowledgmentacre Equal to 43,560 squarefeet or 4,840 square yards. Themetric equivalent is .4 (two-fifths)of a hectare or 4,047 square meters.One square mile is 640 acres.To convert to hectares, multiply by .4 (5 acres x .4 equals 2hectares).See hectare.acronyms See the abbreviations and acronyms entry.act Capitalize when part ofthe name for pending or implemented legislation: the Taft-Hartley Act.acting Always lowercase, butcapitalize any formal title thatmay follow before a name: actingMayor Peter Barry.See titles.act numbers Use Arabic figures and capitalize act: Act 1; Act2, Scene 2. But: the first act, thesecond act.actor (man) actress (woman)Actors’ Equity Association Headquarters is in NewYork.A.D. Acceptable in all references for anno Domini: in the yearof the Lord.Because the full phrase wouldread in the year of the Lord 96,the abbreviation A.D. goes beforethe figure for the year: A.D. 96.Do not write: The fourth century A.D. The fourth century is sufficient. If A.D. is not specified witha year, the year is presumed to beA.D.See B.C.addresses Use the abbreviations Ave., Blvd. and St. only witha numbered address: 1600 Pennsylvania Ave. Spell them out andcapitalize when part of a formalstreet name without a number:Pennsylvania Avenue. Lowercaseand spell out when used alone orwith more than one street name:Massachusetts and Pennsylvaniaavenues.All similar words (alley, drive,road, terrace, etc.) always arespelled out. Capitalize them whenpart of a formal name without anumber; lowercase when usedalone or with two or more names.Always use figures for an address number: 9 Morningside Circle.Spell out and capitalize Firstthrough Ninth when used asstreet names; use figures withtwo letters for 10th and above: 7Fifth Ave., 100 21st St.Abbreviate compass pointsused to indicate directional endsof a street or quadrants of a cityin a numbered address: 222 E.42nd St., 562 W. 43rd St., 600 KSt. N.W. Do not abbreviate if the
013-034 A.qrk2/18/03 8:38 AMPage 77number is omitted: East 42ndStreet, West 43rd Street, K StreetNorthwest.See highway designations.Use periods in the abbreviation P.O. for P.O. Box numbers.adjectives The abbreviationadj. is used in this book to identify the spelling of the adjectivalforms of words that frequently aremisspelled.The comma entry providesguidance on punctuating a seriesof adjectives.The hyphen entry providesguidance on handling compoundmodifiers used before a noun.ad-lib (n., v., adj.)administration Lowercase:the administration, the president’sadministration, the governor’s administration, the Reagan administration.See the government, junta,regime entry for distinctions thatapply in using these terms andadministration.administrative law judgeThis is the federal title for the position formerly known as hearingexaminer. Capitalize it when usedas a formal title before a name.To avoid the long title, seek aconstruction that sets the title offby commas: The administrativelaw judge, John Williams, disagreed.administrator Never abbreviate. Capitalize when used as aformal title before a name.See titles.admiral See military titles.admissibleadmit, admitted Thesewords may in some contexts givethe erroneous connotation ofwrongdoing.A person who announces thathe is a homosexual, for example,may be acknowledging it to theworld, not admitting it. Said isusually sufficient.ad nauseamAdrenalin A trademark forthe synthetic or chemically extracted forms of epinephrine, asubstance produced by theadrenal glands.The nonproprietary terms areepinephrine hydrochloride oradrenaline.Adventist See Seventh-dayAdventist Church.adverbs The abbreviationadv. is used in this book to identify the spelling of adverbial formsof words frequently misspelled.See the hyphen entry in thePunctuation chapter for guidelines on when an adverb shouldbe followed by a hyphen in constructing a compound modifier.adverse, averse Adversemeans unfavorable: He predictedadverse weather.Averse means reluctant, opposed: She is averse to change.adviser Not advisor.advisoryAer Lingus The headquarters of this airline is in Dublin,Ireland.Aeroflot The headquarters ofthis airline is in Moscow.
013-034 A.qrk2/18/03 8:38 AMPage 88Aeromexico This airline formerly was known as Aeronavesde Mexico.Headquarters is in MexicoCity.aestheticaffect, effect Affect, as averb, means to influence: Thegame will affect the standings.Affect, as a noun, is bestavoided. It occasionally is used inpsychology to describe an emotion, but there is no need for it ineveryday language.Effect, as a verb, means tocause: He will effect manychanges in the company.Effect, as a noun, means result: The effect was overwhelming. He miscalculated the effect ofhis actions. It was a law of littleeffect.Afghan (adj.) Afghani is theAfghan unit of currency.AFL-CIO Acceptable in all references for the American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations.A-frameAfrican Of or pertaining toAfrica, or any of its peoples orlanguages. Do not use the wordas a synonym for black or Negro.In some countries of Africa,colored is used to describe thoseof mixed white and black ancestry. In other societies colored isconsidered a derogatory word.Because of the ambiguity,avoid the term in favor of aphrase such as mixed racial ancestry. If the word cannot beavoided, place it in quotationmarks and provide its meaning.See colored.African-American The preferred term is black. Use AfricanAmerican only in quotations orthe names of organizations or ifindividuals describe themselvesso.See black.after- No hyphen after thisprefix when it is used to form anoun:aftereffectafterthoughtFollow after with a hyphenwhen it is used to form compound modifiers:after-dinner drinkafter-theater snackafterward Not afterwards.Agency for InternationalDevelopment AID is acceptable on second reference.agenda A list. It takes singular verbs and pronouns: Theagenda has run its course.The plural is agendas.agent Lowercase unless it isa formal title used before a name.In the FBI, the formal title isspecial agent. Use Special AgentWilliam Smith if appropriate in aspecial context. Otherwise, makeit agent William Smith or FBIagent William Smith.See titles.ages Always use figures.When the context does not require years or years old, the figure is presumed to be years.Ages expressed as adjectivesbefore a noun or as substitutesfor a noun use hyphens.Examples: A 5-year-old boy,but the boy is 5 years old. Theboy, 7, has a sister, 10. Thewoman, 26, has a daughter 2months old. The law is 8 yearsold. The race is for 3-year-olds.
013-034 A.qrk2/18/03 8:38 AMPage 99The woman is in her 30s (no apostrophe).See also boy; girl; infant; andyouth.See comma in punctuationguidelines.ages of history See the historical periods and eventsentry.agnostic, atheist An agnostic is a person who believes it isimpossible to know whether thereis a God.An atheist is a person who believes there is no God.aid, aide Aid is assistance.An aide is a person who servesas an assistant.aide-de-camp, aides-decamp A military officer whoserves as assistant and confidential secretary to a superior.AIDS Acceptable in all references for acquired immune deficiency syndrome, sometimes written as acquired immunodeficiencysyndrome.AIDS is an affliction in which avirus has weakened the body’simmune system and cancer or serious infections have occurred.AIDS is spread most oftenthrough sexual contact; contaminated needles or syringes sharedby drug abusers; infected bloodor blood products; and from pregnant women to their offspring.The scientific name for thevirus is human immunodeficiencyvirus, or HIV. The most commontype of the virus is often designated HIV-1 to distinguish it fromanother type called HIV-2.National AIDS statistics, whichare updated monthly, are available from the federal govern-ment’s Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta.A note about AIDS tests: Routine AIDS tests look for the presence of antibodies the body hasmade to defend against the AIDSvirus. A positive antibody test isevidence of an infection with theAIDS virus. People who test positive are often described as beingHIV-positive. (Hyphenate HIV-positive only when used as a compound adjective. HIV virus is redundant.)A positive result does notmean the person tested has AIDS.People infected with the virus donot have AIDS until they developserious symptoms. Many remaininfected but apparently healthyfor years.AIDS antibody tests should bedistinguished from tests for theAIDS virus itself. The presence ofthe AIDS virus can be confirmedby laboratory cultures or by themuch more sensitive polymerasechain reaction, or PCR, test.ain’t A dialectical or substandard contraction. Use it only inquoted matter or special contexts.air base Two words. Followthe practice of the U.S. Air Force,which uses air force base as partof the proper name for its basesin the United States and air basefor its installations abroad.On second reference: the AirForce base, the air base, or thebase.Do not abbreviate, even indatelines:LACKLAND AIR FORCE BASE,Texas (AP) —Air Canada Headquarters isin Montreal.
013-034 A.qrk2/18/03 8:38 AMPage 1010air-condition, air-conditioned (v. and adj.) The nounsare: air conditioner, air conditioning.aircraft names Use a hyphen when changing from lettersto figures; no hyphen whenadding a letter after figures.Some examples for aircraftoften in the news: B-1, BAC-111,C-5A, DC-10, FH-227, F-15 Eagle,F-16 Falcon, L-1011, MiG-21, Tu144, 727-100C, 747, 747B, VC10. Airbus A300 or A300 (no hyphen) is an exception.This hyphenation principle isthe one used most frequently bymanufacturers and users. Applyit in all cases for consistency. Forother elements of a name, use theform adopted by the manufacturer or user. If in doubt, consultJane’s All the World’s Aircraft.NO QUOTES: Do not use quotation marks for aircraft withnames: Air Force One, the Spirit ofSt. Louis, Concorde.PLURALS: DC-10s, 747s. But:747B’s. (As noted in plurals, theapostrophe is used in forming theplural of a single letter.)SEQUENCE: Use Arabic figures to establish the sequence ofaircraft, spacecraft and missiles:Apollo 10. Do not use hyphens.aircraft terms Use engine,not motor, for the units that propel aircraft: a twin-engine plane(not twin engined).Use jet plane or jetliner to describe only those aircraft drivensolely by jet engines. Use turboprop to describe an aircraft onwhich the jet engine is geared to apropeller. Turboprops sometimesare called propjets.Jet planes in commercial useinclude the BAC-111; Boeing 707,727, 737, 747; the Convair 880;the DC-8, DC-9, and DC-10; the L1011; and the VC-10.See the engine, motor entry.air force Capitalize when referring to U.S. forces: the U.S. AirForce, the Air Force, Air Force regulations. Do not use the abbreviation USAF.Congress established the ArmyAir Forces (note the s) in 1941.Prior to that, the air arm wasknown as the U.S. Army AirCorps. The U.S. Air Force (no s)was created as a separate servicein 1947.Use lowercase for the forces ofother nations: the Israeli air force.This approach has been adopted for consistency, because manyforeign nations do not use airforce as the proper name.See the military academiesand military titles entries.air force base See air base.Air Force One The Air Forceapplies this name to any of itsaircraft the president of the United States may be using.In ordinary usage, however,Air Force One is the name of theAir Force plane normally reservedfor the president’s use.Air France Headquarters isin Paris.Air-India The hyphen is partof the formal name.Headquarters is in Mumbai,India.Air Jamaica Headquarters isin Kingston, Jamaica.airline, airlines Capitalizeairlines, air lines and airwayswhen used as part of a proper airline name.
013-034 A.qrk2/18/03 8:38 AMPage 1111Major airlines are listed in thisbook separately by name.Companies that use airlinesinclude Alitalia, American, Continental, Hawaiian, Japan, Northwest, Trans World, United andWestern.Delta uses air lines.Companies that use airwaysinclude British and Qantas.Companies that use none ofthese include Aer Lingus,Aeromexico, Air Canada, AirFrance, Air-India, Air Jamaica,Hughes Airwest, Iberia, KLM andWestern Alaska.On second reference, use justthe proper name (Delta), an abbreviation if applicable (TWA), orthe airline. Use airlines when referring to more than one line.Do not use air line, air lines orairways in generic references toan airline.airmailairman See military titles.Air National Guardairport Capitalize as part of aproper name: La Guardia Airport,Newark International Airport.The first name of an individualand the word int
Press, New York, N.Y. Yearbook of American and Canadian Churches; Abingdon Press, Nashville, Tenn., and New York, for the National Council of Churches of Christ in the U.S.A., New York. Other references consulted in the preparation of the AP Style-book: Bernstein, Theodore M. The Careful Writer: A Modern
