WIXLIB

Plants of the Cherokee

(Picture 3)(Picture 4)(Picture 5)Common Name: Large yellow lady’s-slipper (Picture 3), Small yellow lady’s-slipper (Picture 4),Pink lady’s-slipper (Picture 5)Scientific Name: Cypripedium calceolus var. pubescens, Cypripedium calceolus var.parviflorum, Cypripedium acauleScientific Family: OrhidaceaeCherokee Name: k‛kwĕ ulasúlaMeaning of the Cherokee Name: ‘partridge shoe’The Cherokee name, K‛kwĕ (‘partridge’) Ulasúla (‘shoe’ or ‘moccasin’), has the samebasis as the common name lady’s-slipper. This is due to the pouch-like sac which looks like ashoe, moccasin, or slipper.Uses:It is believed the Cherokee didn’t differentiate between the pink and yellow variety or thelarge and small variety of the yellow. Pink lady slipper roots were boiled into a thick decoctionand given to children for worms. Both varieties were collected and sold to white traders. Thepink lady slipper was used for stomach cramps when it was combined with a species of Sanicula.Lady slipper roots of were made into a tea for nervous conditions, kidney problems or it wascombined with Comandra umbellate. A tea from these roots could be used for “femaleproblems” such as menstrual irregularities and menopausal changes. Four whole plants wereused to create a tea which was said to relieve hernia pain in men and women. A root tea of thelarge yellow variety had many applications including colds and flu, kidney problems, nervousconditions, high fevers, and stomachaches. All three types of roots could be made into adecoction and drunk for diabetes.

Common Name: Spotted wintergreenScientific Name: Chimaphila maculataScientific Family: EricaceaeCherokee Name: ustăstĭ usdígaCherokee Name meaning: ‘he spins’, ‘small’Uses:The root of spotted wintergreen was used to make a tea to treat colds, flu, and fever.Wintergreen roots could be beaten, used as a poultice for headaches and other sources of pain, ormade into a tea for menstrual pain. Utastĭ ustí leaves pounded and wrapped in a cloth which wasthen soaked in water to bathe the eyes of patients who had sore eyes and couldn’t look at the sun.

Common Name: Yellow-rootScientific Name: Xanthorhiza simplicissimaScientific Family: RanunculaceaeCherokee Name: dalâni amayułtehiMeaning of the Cherokee Name: ‘yellow, water edge growing’This plant got its’ name Yellowroot by the intense yellow color that was apparent whenthe bark is removed from the stem and roots which allowed them to receive the name Dalâni(Dalânige). The next part of yellowroots Cherokee name is Amayułtehi which mean ‘water edgegrowing’, this refers to the preferred habitat of this species which is commonly found growingnear mountain streams.Uses:Yellowroot produces a bloody juice called Atat‛aski which is an important medicine inthe Cherokee. Dalâni amayułtehi was used as a decoction and was blown on the head, breast, andpalm of each hand of a birthing mother. It could be used to cure for when they were urinatingblood or diarrhea. The roots were used by steeping them, then holding them in their mouth tocure thrush. Scraped off bark poultice could be used to relieve sore eyes. By chewing on theroots or an infusing, it would alleviate a sore mouth. The roots could also be added to muttontallow to create a salve. Roots made into a tea would calm nerves or alleviate cramps. If Dalâniamayułtehi was combined with Asarum canadensis, Goodyera pubescens, Alnus serrulata, andPrunus serotina it was used as a blood tonic and would increase the appetite. However,Yellowroot didn’t just only have medicinal properties but was used as the primary source ofyellow dye to color white oak baskets, masks, bows, and other objects. Earlier in the 19thcentury it was used with black oak bark to color ceremonial feathers to turn them “a mostbrilliant yellow”.

Common Name: Wild gingerScientific Name: Asarum canadenseScientific Family: AristolochiaceaeCherokee Name: nuyagûlĭ Meaning of the Cherokee: ‘it climbs the rocks’Wild ginger’s Cherokee name comes from nû ya meaning ‘rock’ or ‘stone’ and gûlĭ meaning ‘it climbs’ which is another form of tsĭlahĭ or tsĭlĭ ‘I am climbing’, this refers to itsability to grow on moss covered rocks.Uses:A hot infusion made out of bruised roots was used for coughs, or the root could bechewed. The roots of nuyagûlĭ’ was also dried for future use. A formula using the leaves wereused with Alnus serrulata, Carpinus caroliniana, and Sassafras albidum for old sores andcancers. It was also used for aninedzi ada‛nöwoti tuksinigöwayö nategsöi (‘their breast, to cureanyone with, terrapin does it to them, as they go about’), aninedzi gotiski (‘their breast swells’),and yöwi tsunstia göwani skastane‛öi (‘when the little people frighten them’). Wild ginger wasalso used for milky urine. Sores in the abdominal region were treated with roots made into adecoction and blown over the afflicted region with a tube. Nuyagûlĭ was an herb sold forcommerce to white herb buyers. Roots and A. canadense would be made combined into a teaconsumed for heart trouble, menstrual irregularity, and colds. A decoction of heartleaf combinedwith Goodyera pubescens, Alnus serrulata, Prunus serotina, and Xanthorhiza simplicissima wasused for a blood tonic and to improve the appetite. Dried leaves of wild ginger were also used assnuff, while fresh leaves were used for healing wounds.

Common Name: Jack-in the-pulpitScientific Name: Arisaema triphyllumScientific Family: AraceaeCherokee Name: túyastĭ Meaning of the Cherokee Name: ‘a boil or carbuncle’The name “Indian” in Indian turnip was used to mean “counterfeit” or “treacherous”which was similar to terms as “Indian giver” or “Indian summer”, meaning the plant wasconsidered poisonous when consumed.Uses:However, the roots would be “boiled to remove the strong smart taste, and then mashedwith the hands, mixed, or kneaded like dough and then baked or fried like other dough. Jack-inthe -pulpit roots were dried along with a small quantity of walnut bark pounded together andplaced in the center of a boil (known as tústĭ). Turpentine collected from pine trees and used asointment along with the pounded herbs, which was covered with cloth or paper until it washealed. Turpentine from pine tree was used as an ointment to heal a wound so it wouldn’t leavea scar. Túyastĭ roots would be made into a poultice for headaches. Roasting roots for short timeand then rolling into small grape sized balls would be eaten. Anywhere from 2, 3, 4, or 7 of theballs would be eaten at a time for kidney problems.

Common Name: LiverleafScientific Name: Hepatica acutilobaScientific Family: RanunculaceaeCherokee Name: skwálĭ usdí-gaMeaning of the Cherokee Name: ‘small liverleaf’The Cherokee name for liverleaf stems from the word uskwâ lĭ meaning ‘stomach’.Uses:Roots and leaves were chewed or made into a tea for a person with a cough. Liverleafleaves or roots would be combined with Asplenium rhyzophyllum made an emetic or a decoctionthat was boiled down to ½ its volume for a person who dreamed of snakes. Skwálĭ usdí-ga wasused for other conditions such as aninedzi ada‛nöwoti tuksinigöwayö nategsöi (‘their breast, tocure anyone with, terrapin does it to them, as they go about’), aninedzi gotiski (‘their breastswells’), and yöwi tsunstia göwani skastane‛öi (‘when the little people frighten them’). Adecoction of could be made and consumed during a new moon to prevent whooping cough.Skwálĭ usdí-ga roots were used as hot tea for bowel complaints, while dried leaves could be usedfor heart troubles. Dried crushed leaves of Liverleaf were made into a tea for toothaches.Liverleaf was also harvested and sold to white traders, due to the demand in the herb market fortheir leaves.

Common Name: Solomon’s sealScientific Name: Polygonatum biflorumScientific Family: AsparagaceaeCherokee Name: uganástĭ útanaMeaning of the Cherokee: ‘sweet, large’Uses:Solomon’s seal is the most important food from this folk genus. Solomon’s seal receivesits name from the Cherokee word utístŭgĭ or utĭstkĭ meaning ‘hanging head’ due to the pair offruits hanging below the arched stalk. The young shoot of Solomon’s seal was eaten as greens.The root can be pounded by a corn mortar and added to bread, as a famine food. Uganástĭ útanaroots were roasted and pounded to be applied to boil-like swelling. It could be made into a teaand consumed for stomach problems as well. Solomon’s seal roots and P. biflorum malongmixed with soil gathered from the front of a ground hog’s den, were combined and boiled tomake a decoction which was consumed as a medium for emesis to clear “spoiled saliva” due todreams of the dead. The patient would vomit until all the liquid was expelled; this would berepeated for four straight mornings. Uganástĭ útana was also used for a purple form of acancerous condition known as ada‛yeski (‘eating itself’).

Common Name: May-appleScientific Name: Podophyllum peltatumScientific Family: BerberidaceaeCherokee Name: uniskwetú‛gĭ tsundí-gaMeaning of the Cherokee Name: ‘they wear a hat, or they have their heads covered, small’Uses:May-apple roots were combined with black walnut and butternut bark and made into astrong decoction, which was boiled down four times until it became a thick syrup. Half a teacupfull would be consumed at one time as a powerful cathartic. It was thought the patient wouldrecover at once unless a menstruating woman entered the room, and if they did the patient wouldswell up and die. May-apple was used for unisi‛kwaskö (‘when they are coughing’) and acondition related to dalâni, uniskwotłii tsunitłöyö yuwot‛isö andanawoski (‘when they have astomach-ache with swollen and throbbing stomach’). Dried powered roots of Uniskwetú‛gĭtsundí-ga or a tea made from them, served as a laxative. Another common use for the roots wereto soak them in whiskey and take them for rheumatism. Pounded roots were also soaked inwater, and combined with soaked corn seed, resulting in a tea to keep pests from eating thefreshly planted corn. A single drop of juice from the root was place in the ear to cure deafness.Some people warned others to only use the portion of the root between the nodes, because thenodes themselves were too poisonous. Nodes were specifically used to poison crows and dogs.More conservative Cherokees would avoid the plant all together, believing any vine plant in theirgarden would wither and die if they tended to their plants after eating the fruit. However, Mayapple fruits are edible.

Common Name: Bear-grassScientific Name: Yucca filamentosaScientific Family: AsparagaceaeCherokee Name: sĕlikwâ yaMeaning of the Cherokee Name: ‘green snake’The leaves of button snakeroot resemble the leaves of the rough green snake, which ishow it received its Cherokee name sĕlikwâ ya.Uses:Medical conditions such as amayiutsistano utsya (he is sick by the water’), göwanigistöi(‘when they are eaten by them’), (an‛t‛asgiski tskoya – ‘insects are breaking out’), useski(‘whooping cough’), uwanu‛söçiça dalânige (‘gonorrhea’), and uyoi ani‛ayölöçi (‘when theyhave inhaled bad odors’) could be treated with Bear-grass. A decoction would be made andgiven to children as a preventive measure against whooping cough and other contagious diseases.It was one of the three ingredients in a sacramental drink for the Cherokee version of the GreenCorn Ceremony. Roots and leaves of sĕlikwâ ya were soaked in water and drunk by patients withdiabetes. The pounded roots were used for two purposes, washing blankets and as a fish poison,because of the high saponin content in the roots.

Common Name: Cardinal flowerScientific Name: Lobelia cardinalisScientific Family: CampanulaceaeCherokee Name: tsâliyústĭ gígagéĭMeaning of the Cherokee Name: ‘like tobacco, red’Uses:Cardinal flowers were used for adansiludoi yune‛istanelö (‘trailing along, if there is painin different places’) or unestanelidoloçöi or uneistaneo gananugotsidoi (‘when they have painsall over their body’). Uses for other similar conditions such as aniskina göwani‛tsö istöi (‘whenthey have been made sick by dead persons’), aniskina uniyaktanöçi (‘ghosts have changed (thecondition of the patient)’), ayeligogi uniyelö‛nöçi (‘they have made it like it’), and gegane‛sagöçi(‘they have it caused by plotters’). Tsâliyústĭ gígagéĭ was used for a condition called gigöyandik‛öça (‘urinating blood’). This plant was also used to stop nose bleeds, but it was oftencombined with L. siphilitica to make a cold infusion from the roots and leaves and then snortedup the nose. A decoction from the leaves could be consumed to reduce fevers.

Common Name: BloodrootScientific Name: Sanguinaria canadensisScientific Family: PapaveraceaeCherokee Name: gílĭ wă taMeaning of the Cherokee Name: ‘dog’s penis’The Cherokee meaning of gílĭ wă ta comes from the appearance of the plant’s roots.Uses:Gílĭ wă ta roots were pounded to relieve pain from an aching tooth. Blood root was alsoused as a plant dye for a red dye to masks, bows, baskets and ball sticks. This dye was favoredby basket makers to make a “rich, fast color” and was not matched by any other dyes. The besttime to collect the roots for dying would be to harvest them in late summer. The plants wouldhave little dye value if gathered in early spring. Gílĭ wă ta roots were soaked in cold water to beused as a cough medicine, while the powdered dried root could be used as a snuff for mucuscongestion.

Common Name: Large flowered trilliumScientific Name: Trillium grandiflorumScientific Family: MelanthiaceaeCherokee Name: a‛yöda gwalogiMeaning of the Cherokee Name: ‘it thunders (habitually)’Trilliums Cherokee name references ‘thunder and lightning’ in reference to the mythicallittle red men whose conversations from the Darkening land cause the rumble of thunder fromthe west.Uses:Trillium (T. grandiflorum) was collected and sold to the herb traders. Roots from all thedifferent varieties were steeped in cold water and consumed for four days for gaktûta. The mainsymptom of gaktûta was spitting blood. The symbolism of the red-flowered trilliums mayindicate they were preferred remedies. A‛yöda gwalogi was also used in childbirth to aid inexpelling the placenta.

Common Name: White violetScientific Name: Viola striataScientific Family: ViolaceaeCherokee Name: dindáskwatéskĭ unega adsilû skĭMeaning of the Cherokee Name: ‘they pull each other’s heads off, white flowered’Uses:White violets were also used as part of the remedy for ada‛yeski (‘eating itself’). Poundedroots could be held against an aching tooth to make the bad tooth fall out. A cold tea could bemade out of dindáskwatéskĭ unega adsilû skĭ to stop vomiting. The roots also contained a bluedye for dying fabrics.

Common Name: Green coneflowerScientific Name: Rudbeckia laciniataScientific Family: AsteraceaeCherokee Name: satsû nnăUses:Green coneflower has many dialect forms, but the middle dialect form is satsû nnă.Conservative individuals of the Cherokee who consumed the greens picked early in the spring,parboiled them three to four time and changed the water and then they were cooked in grease.Roots of satsû nnă were boiled down to make a thick syrup which would be placed in the earwhen someone had an earache. This plant was often transplanted into gardens for easy access.

Common Name: Marsh blue violetScientific Name: Viola cucullataScientific Family: ViolaceaeCherokee Name: dindáskwatéskĭ tsundí-gaMeaning of the Cherokee Name: ‘they pull each other’s heads off, small’Uses:Marsh blue violet was used to make a poultice from its’ pounded roots, leaves, or both todraw a boil to a head. Dindáskwatéskĭ tsundí-ga was another type of violet remedy for canceroussores known as ada‛yeski (‘eating itself’).

Common Name: Yellow VioletScientific Name: Viola pubescensScientific Family: ViolaceaeCherokee Name: dindáskwatéskĭ dalânige adsilû skĭMeaning of the Cherokee Name: ‘they pull each other’s heads off, yellow-flowered’Cherokee reference to tsíswate‛skû means ‘I am pulling his head off’ anddastadaskwtĕskû , ‘we two are pulling each other’s heads off’ is because how the flower appearsto dangle on the stalk and dalânige adsilû skĭ means‘yellow-flowered’.Uses:Dindáskwatéskĭ dalânige adsilû skĭ was used as a remedy for a type of cancerous soresknown as ada‛yeski (‘eating itself’).

Common Name: Pink smartweedScientific Name: Polygonum pensylvanicumScientific Family: PolygonaceaeCherokee Name: uhyû stĭ or uhyû stĭ unéga adsilû skĭMeaning of the Cherokee Name: ‘bitter’, ‘white-flowered bitter’Uses:Pink smartweed or Uhyû stĭ as it is known to the Cherokee was considered to be morepeppery than bitter. This plant was pounded and placed in pools to poison fish. Uhyû stĭ was alsocrushed or cooked up as a liniment for bruises or painful joints, since this plant had a pepperynature it was used to prevent thumb sucking by children.

Common Name: SedgeScientific Name: Carex spp.Scientific Family: CyeraceaeCherokee Name: ganága tsăninahitaMeaning of the Cherokee Name: ‘it has been licked’Cherokee considered sedges to be grasses.Uses:Carex sp. was used for the nightmarish condition inadö danskitsöi (‘when they dream ofsnakes’).

Common Name: Yellow wood sorrelScientific Name: Oxalis strictaScientific Family: OxalidaceaeCherokee Name: tsuntsâ y’stĭ útanaMeaning of the Cherokee Name: ‘it is sour, large’Uses:Yellow wood sorrel was used for unöłstay‛ti tsuniyotc‛eça (‘when their appetite getsspoiled’).

Common Name: GalaxScientific Name: Galax aphyllaScientific Family: DiapensiaceaeCherokee Name: nuyagûlĭ usdí-gaMeaning of the Cherokee Name: ‘it climbs the rocks, small’Galax got its Cherokee name from its ovate/round leaves.Uses:A tea could be made out of the roots for kidney problems.

Common Name: Rattle Snake plantainScientific Name: Goodyera pubescensScientific Family: OrchidaceaeCherokee Name: N/AUses:Rattle Snake plantain was used to strengthen the blood, the formula for this consisted ofP. serotina, Xanthorhiza simplicissima, Goodyera pubescens, Asarum canadensis, and Alnusserrulata. A decoction of X. simplicissima

valued because of their ability to create and give life. The Cherokee nation was a matriarchal society. Women were the heads of households, heads of villages, and had roles of beloved women, war women, and Clan mothers which had the ultimate say. While Kanati which was Selu