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762McGRAW-HILL’S 12 SAT PRACTICE TESTS AND PSAT310.33The passage characterizes Debussy primarilyas being(A)(B)(C)(D)(E)312.(A)(B)(C)(D)Questions 11 and 12 are based on the following passage.Line51015202511.The passage describes a trip in a hot-air balloon primarily in order to(A)(B)(C)(D)(E)describe the variety of life forms in therainforestmake an analogy to ocean explorationexemplify the advanced equipment thatland-based biologists have at their disposalshow the difficulties that most biologistsencounter in extracting samples from therainforestdemonstrate how methods of biologicalexploration have evolved over time3The “small-scale chemical and biological measures” (lines 20–21) are mentioned primarilyas examples ofless self-assured than other composers ofhis timereverential of traditional musical formspreoccupied more with musical theorythan with practiceharmonically inventivederisive of musical theoreticiansImagine flying in a hot-air balloon over thelush, green canopy of a rainforest. Throughthe clouds and mist you can barely make outthe treetops and a few of the birds flyingamong them. What lies hidden in the undergrowth? How many organisms are there, whatdo they look like, and how do they behave?Using a rope and bucket you blindly drag therainforest from above hoping to ensnare someof its inhabitants or the materials that makeup its infrastructure. But alas, with such feeble and limited means you can learn littleabout the environment and life below. Foryears this is essentially how we have studiedthe ocean—blindly sampling the sea with limited and relatively ineffective methods. Eventoday, with technology as advanced as it is,study of the ocean remains a difficult and expensive task. Whether through large-scalesatellite imagery, small-scale chemical and biological measures, or even the collecting offossil impressions of ancient sea creatures, allaspects of oceanographic study require sometype of observation or sample collection, andherein lies the problem.3(E)methods that are not as cost-effective orsimple as the author would likechallenges for the explorer of therainforesttechnologies that hold great promise forrevealing the nature of oceanic lifetechniques that require little or no training to employinexpensive means of exploring the deepest parts of the oceanQuestions 13–17 are based on the following passage.The following is an excerpt from a book aboutthe history of primitive art.Line5101520Pictures from the earliest artistic periodsare the traces of a primal concept of theworld. In spite of the thematic treatment ofreal creatures we can still recognize, paintingsof animals or men from the early Stone Ageare charged with magical strength, exaggerated and concentrated as they are into formsof existential experience. They fulfilled stillother functions beyond the mere representation of the visible.The degree of naïveté in archaic primitiveart varies. A certain naïveté is always presentwhen observation of nature is not overlaidwith rational thought. Art first had to discoverthe world and to invent ways of making it perceivable. Along with visible things, invisibleforces too were given form and substance andbegan to make their appearance. And as theyachieved form they took on permanence.The early hunters attempted to influencethe chance fortunes of the hunt through magical practices. The power of magic was as realto them as the power of the stone ax they hadinvented. Art ensnared the form of the animal.GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE

PRACTICE TEST 1237633325 Whenever the figure of woman appears it is asign of fertility; representations of men arerarer, and when they occur they show him inhis role as hunter. Man does not yet look beyond the borders of existence that mark his30 practical life. Magic precedes the fall of maninto knowledge.It must have meant a considerable revolution in prehistoric times when man discovered that he did not have to live solely from35 hunting, that not only the animals but indeedall of nature round about him was full of life.Stars and seasons take their rhythms from unknown forces; a mysterious power functioningbeyond human understanding, propitious or40 forbidding, helpful or threatening; forces ofancestors, spirits, and demons, and forces ofthe departed and the coming gods.With the transition from the early to thelate Stone Age there appears the first stylistic45 change in art. The original naturalism basedon observation and experience gives way to ageometrically stylized world of forms discoverable only through thought and speculation.Prehistoric man, leaving behind him the50 life of the hunter and gatherer, invents abbreviations and pictographic signs which are nolonger pictures proper but rather thoughtmodels, reflections of his more settled existence as a beginning herdsman and farmer.Following the late Stone Age, the art of the55Bronze Age—which in Asia dates from the middle of the third millennium B.C. and whichbegan in Europe around 2100 B.C.—contains,as does the art of the Iron Age as well, elements60 of naïveté and inventive immediacy side by sidewith highly developed, formalized compositions. The bronze sculptures of the Celts andthe Illyrians are ample witnesses to them.With the substitution of conceptual ratio65 nalization for more primitive, mythical explanations of the world, a kind of art arises inwhich objective criteria of reality and the natural laws of optics come into play. The simplicity and vividness of the naïve become70 more rare.The art of the period of the catacombs wasinformed with the naturalistic naïveté of lateantiquity. In medieval Christian art, whichMasters of Naïve Art, Oto Bihalji-Merin. Reprinted withpermission of The McGraw-Hill Companies.333was averse to any spatial illusions, a “moral”75 perspective dominated; all action was pressedonto the holy, two-dimensional surface.While the primitive and instinctual accompanies the course of art until the Renaissance, itrecedes in the face of the humanistic concept of80 the world and the discovery of linear and aerialperspective. High art forsakes the realm of instinct in exchange for the province of reason.But parallel with it, in folk art and amongso-called primitive peoples, naïve representa85 tion lives on.13.The first paragraph suggests that the “primalconcept of the world” (lines 2–3) involved(A)(B)(C)(D)(E)14.In line 6, the word “charged” most nearly means(A)(B)(C)(D)(E)15.a belief that art was more importanteven than huntinga need to preserve a record of events forthe futurea focus on the realistic depiction ofanimalsa sense that paintings can have powersbeyond what can be seena desire to communicate with animalsexchangedapproached violentlyaccusedtrampledfilledThe “stylistic change” (lines 44–45) is a transition from(A)(B)(C)(D)(E)representations of real things to representations of ideasmagical applications of art to representations of hunting scenesdepictions of gods to depictions ofherdsmenart used to depict the natural environment to art used for magical ritualsa focus on the theme of hunting to afocus on the theme of fertilityGO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE

764McGRAW-HILL’S 12 SAT PRACTICE TESTS AND PSAT316.3The “bronze sculptures of the Celts and theIllyrians” (lines 62–63) are mentioned primarilyas examples of(A)(B)(C)(D)(E)17.3a new appreciation of three-dimensional artart with both primitive and formalcharacteristicsa revival of the art of the Stone Ageillustrations of the herding lifeart with moralistic themesThe passage indicates that, unlike the “art ofthe period of the catacombs” (line 71), Renaissance art is characterized by(A)(B)(C)(D)(E)an appreciation of three-dimensional formsan emphasis on religious themesrepresentations of magical creaturesa primitive view of the worlda focus on the realm of instinct330354045Questions 18–24 are based on the following passage.The following passage, from a modern textbook onanthropology, discusses a debate among biologistsand anthropologists about how humans evolved.Does evolution occur gradually or in “punctuated equilibria”? Charles Darwin, a gradualLine ist, maintained that life forms arise fromothers in a gradual and orderly fashion. Small5 modifications that accumulate over the generations add up to major changes after millionsof years. Gradualists cite intermediate fossilsas evidence for their position, contending thatthere would be even more transitional forms10 if it weren’t for gaps in the fossil record.The advocates of the punctuated equilibrium model believe that long periods of equilibrium, during which species change little,are interrupted (punctuated) by sudden15 changes—evolutionary leaps. One reason forsuch jumps in the fossil record may be extinction followed by invasion by a closely relatedspecies. For example, a sea species may die outwhen a shallow body of water dries up, while a20 closely related species will survive in deeperwaters. Then, later, when the sea reinvades thefirst locale, the protected species will extend itsrange to the first area. Another possibility isthat when barriers are removed, a group may25 replace, rather than succeed, a related one because it has a trait that makes it adaptively superior in the environment they now share.505560657033When a major environmental change occurssuddenly, one possibility is for the pace of evolution to increase. Another possibility is extinction. The earth has witnessed several massextinctions—worldwide ecosystem catastrophes that affect multiple species. Thebiggest one divided the era of “ancient life” (thePaleozoic) from the era of “middle life” (theMesozoic). This mass extinction occurred 245million years ago, when 4.5 million of theearth’s estimated 5 million species (mostly invertebrates) were wiped out. The secondbiggest extinction, which occurred 65 millionyears ago, destroyed the dinosaurs and manyother Mesozoic species. One explanation forthe extinction of the dinosaurs is that a massive, long-lasting cloud of gas and dust arosefrom the impact of a huge meteorite. The cloudblocked solar radiation and therefore photosynthesis, ultimately destroying most plantsand the chain of animals that fed on them.The hominid fossil record exemplifies bothgradual and rapid change, confirming thatevolution can be faster or slower dependingon the rate of environmental change, thespeed with which geographic barriers rise orfall, and the value of the group’s adaptive response. Australopithecine teeth and skullsshow some gradual transitions. For example,some of the fossils that are intermediate between Australopithecus and early Homo combine a larger brain (characteristic of Homo)with huge back teeth and supportive structures(characteristic of the australopithecines). However, there is no doubt that the pace of hominidevolution sped up around 18 million years ago.This spurt resulted in the emergence (in just200,000 years) of Homo erectus. This was followed by a long period of relative stability. Theprobable key to the rapid emergence of Homoerectus was a dramatic change in adaptivestrategy: greater reliance on hunting throughimproved tools and other cultural means ofadaptation. The new economy, tools, and phenotype arose and spread rapidly, then remained fairly stable for about 1 million years.Anthropology: The Exploration of Human Diversity, Conrad PhillipKottak, McGraw-Hill. Reprinted with permission of TheMcGraw-Hill Companies.GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE

PRACTICE TEST 12318.3(B)(C)(D)(E)(B)(C)(D)(E)22.(C)(D)(E)23.the differences between the demandsof an aquatic environment and thedemands of a terrestrial environmenthow the fossil record can misrepresentthe history of a speciesthe manner in which one species gradually evolves into a more advanced onea current theory of how mass extinctionsoccurhow punctuated evolution can occur(D)(E)they were struck by a large meteoritetheir food supply was eliminateda more dominant species invaded theirenvironment and destroyed themthe earth’s temperature increased dramatically after the impact of a meteoritea sudden ice age destroyed theirenvironment(C)(D)(E)providing evidencesecondaryemotionally STOPwas no longer dominated by the dinosaurswas characterized by the rise of Homoerectuswas characterized by a greater diversityof life than that in the late Paleozoic erawas far colder than the late Paleozoic eracontained far fewer species than the latePaleozoic era didAustralopithecus developed a larger brainHomo erectus developed better means ofhunting and social interactionHomo erectus invaded and took over theenvironment of AustralopithecusAustralopithecus developed large teeth,which enabled it to eat a wider variety offoodsa natural catastrophe, perhaps a meteor,destroyed many species that were competing with the hominidsGiven the information in the passage as awhole, how would the author most likely answer the opening question of the passage?In line 60, “supportive” most nearly means(A)(B)(C)(D)(E)3According to the passage, “the pace of hominidevolution sped up around 18 million yearsago” (lines 62–63) most likely because(A)(B)24.3According to the passage, the early Mesozoicera differed from the late Paleozoic era chieflyin that the early Mesozoic era(A)(B)According to the passage, the dinosaurs mostlikely became extinct because(A)(B)(C)21.3how some species have come todominate othershow life first arose on earththe gradual nature of evolutionthe divisions in the scientific communityover the manner in which evolution occurshow barriers arise between speciesThe example of the two “sea species” (line 18)described in the second paragraph is intendedto demonstrate(A)20.3The passage suggests that the existence of“transitional forms” (line 9) would demonstrate(A)19.765The gaps in the fossil record indicateclearly that all organisms evolve in punctuated equilibrium.The example of Homo erectus demonstrates that no species can remain stablefor very long.The rapidity with which species evolvedepends on many factors, so evolution canoccur gradually or in a punctuated manner.Only occasional mass extinctions interrupt the gradual evolution of species.The father of evolution, Charles Darwin,was correct in believing that all speciesevolve gradually over long periods of time.If you finish before time is called, you maycheck your work on this section only. Do notturn to any other section of the test.

766McGRAW-HILL’S 12 SAT PRACTICE TESTS AND PSAT444444SECTION 4Time—25 minutes35 questionsTurn to Section 4 of your answer sheet to answer the questions in this section.Directions: For each question in this section, select the best answer from among the choices given andfill in the corresponding circle on the answer sheet.The following sentences test correctness andeffectiveness of expression. Part of each sentence or the entire sentence is underlined;beneath each sentence are five ways of phrasing the underlined material. Choice A repeatsthe original phrasing; the other four choicesare different. If you think the original phrasingproduces a better sentence than any of thealternatives, select choice A; if not, select oneof the other choices.In making your selection, follow the requirements of standard written English; that is, payattention to grammar, choice of words, sentenceconstruction, and punctuation. Your selectionshould result in the most effective sentence—clear and precise, without awkwardness orambiguity.EXAMPLE:The children couldn’t hardly believe their eyes.(A)(B)(C)(D)(E)couldn’t hardly believe their eyescould hardly believe their eyeswould not hardly believe their eyescouldn’t nearly believe their eyescouldn’t hardly believe his or her eyes1.Renowned for his skills on the trumpet, LouisArmstrong also thrilling listeners with hisremarkable and unique singing voice.(A)(B)(C)(D)(E)2.thrilling listeners with his remarkableand unique singing voicethrilled listeners with his remarkable andunique singing voicewith his remarkable and unique singingvoice thrilled listenersthrilled listeners remarkably with hissinging voice that was uniquethrilling listeners, his remarkable andunique singing voiceLike children, cats often develop a love for certain toys, creating games and diversions thatcan occupy them for hours.(A)(B)(C)(D)(E)toys, creating games and diversionstoys and creating games and divertingtoys and in creating games anddiversionstoys; and these create games anddiversionstoys, the creation of games anddiversionsA B C D EGO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE

PRACTICE TEST eving his speech to be superior to theother candidatesBelieving his speech superior to theother candidatesOf the belief that his speech was superiorto the other candidatesBelieving his speech to be superior tothose of the other candidatesOf the belief that his speech was superiorover the other candidatesUndeterred by her parents’ opposition, Rachelchanged her major from economics to Frenchliterature.(A)(B)(C)(D)(E)(B)Undeterred by her parents’ oppositionUndeterred with the opposition of herparentsUndeterred in that her parents opposed herHer parents’ opposition, which did notdeter herBeing undeterred that her parentsopposed her(C)(D)(E)as well as lacking discipline andbecoming demoralizedlacking discipline, and becomingdemoralizedundisciplined, and demoralizedbeing undisciplined and demoralizedwere undisciplined, and weredemoralizedrather their ability to memorize and usea set of test-taking tricksinstead it tests your ability to memorizeand use test-taking tricksalso the ability to memorize and use a setof test-taking tricksrather the ability to memorize and use aset of test-taking tricksinstead the ability of memorizing andusing a set of test-taking tricksMuhammad Ali, known almost as much for hiscontroversies outside the ring as for his glorywithin it, becoming a great American icon.(A)(B)(C)(D)(E)10.4Standardized tests, some argue, do not indicatea student’s academic skill but rather their abilityto memorize and use a set of test-taking tricks.(A)9.4The field commanders felt that they were losing control of their troops, who w

758 McGRAW-HILL’S 12 SAT PRACTICE TESTS AND PSAT 2 2 222 2 GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE 15. If five distinct lines lie in a plane, then at most how many distinct points can lie on two or more of these lines? (A) 6 (B) 7 (C) 8 (D) 9 (E) 10 16. A pile of playing cards consists of