WIXLIB

UNCLASSIFIEDINTRODUCTIONI.One Italian 105mm H.E, projectile was received at the Naval ProvingGround for complete physical, chemical and metallurgical examination.The following is a report of this investigation in accordance with thedirectives.EXAMINATICNII.'PHYSICALFigure I shows the projectile as received and disassembled.plug isprovided with a threaded hole inA nosethe end for a detonating fuze.The projectile was received with a shipping plug screwed into the fuzehole.The markings found on the projectile and itsidentifying coloring are shown inthe drawing of Figure 2.Thereisno opening inbase of the projectile and only a very narrow rotating band istheprovided.CHEMICALA chemical analysis ofgiven incarbon,the table below.the projectile body and itscomponentsisSteel analyses are spectrochemical exceptingphosphorus and sulphur which have been obtained by standard wetchemical d99.86NTrNo TraceSSiNiCrMoCu.074,20 .08NTrNTr,18.049.20,16 .08 01.14oZnSnFeP.024.0470049.019The nose plug was manufacturedto SAE 1030 whilethe body offrom a plain carbon steel correspondingthe projectilewas mademachining high manganese steel similar to SAE X 1345.isfrom a freeThe rotating bandcopper.METKT.ALURGICALThe projectile body was sectioned longitudinally with an abrasivecut-off wheel and deep etched to reveal the flow lines.The deep etchedsection is shown in Figure 3.The distribution and direction of theflow lines indicate that the projectile was upset forged and pierced toSect.III,Page I

NPGPUIP, . 18%51 2)As recel val and di3sass embledP- v, ew of'I iCom o1, Tp20je,,tUlie 2No. 3437.15 .ay 1V45iŽ Uf WL' f-TjkEu

,2:MV,')NPQOJEGTIL[q ?1'ARUnpaflted2''A926LRL-C-*hitL 3 mO49911.930N PGMat, !5.Ph oto945No 2 442lAPLiAll Mofk ngs\

DISTRIBUTIONHARDNESS120mmOF ITALIANHardne s4'4429!69An m I456-5.549'-21'NtmI -[E ch-t.6359 54SI345543550-NPGPhotoMay 15,1945No.2551IAPL)MACROSECTIONANDPROJECTILECOMMON k-2 IISIn'I,Porrt 5LKmid-IP

Fi ,urew 4MTCROSTRUCrJRBS OFTILIANT105mm HE PIROJ3OCTILEBODY Pearlite andFerriteJ jorW Hardnessjo.99 Rbly'agnification20EtchaPicral - 250X-9WNOSE PLUGtPearlite andHardnessRbY 'WMagnifticationEtcrh-78-250XGL-PicralNPG. Photo No. 2652 (AýPL)15 June 1945 - . - -ra

UNCLASSIFIEDIvEXAMINATION OF ONE ITALIAN120mm COMMON PROJECTILECEE NO. 3437SUMMARYThis projectile was manufactured from a 0.47% carbon nickel-chromesteel bya forging operation. It was uniformly hardened and then basedrawn.The complete hardness pattern is given and the chemical composition of all its components was determined.Sect.IV, Page i

UNCLASSIFIEDCONTENTSPageI.INTRODUCTION .II.EXAMINATION-III.DISCUSSION .Physical, Chemical,1Metallurgical1.2LIST OF FIGURESOppositePageFig.Fig.Fig.123NPG Photo No. 1852 (APL)As Received and Disassembled View .1NPG Photo No. 2442 (APL) Markings onProjectile .1NPG Photo No. 2551 (APL) HardnessDistribution .1.Fig.4NPG Photo No.2444 (APL)Base PlugFig.5NPG Photo No.2653(APL)Microstructures.2Fig.6NPG Photo ection IV,Pageii

UNCLASSIFIEDform the cavity.The nose was shaped by forging and then finishmachined.A hardness of approximately 99 Rb was obtained onthe surfaceof the projectile body.In Figure 4 is shown the microstructure of thenose plug and body, both consist of icrrite and pearlite,the amount ofpearlite present being in proportion to the carboncontent of the steel.The nose plug had a uniform hardness of 78 Rb.IIIDISCUSSIONA high manganese,free machining,steel has been used in the manufacture of this projectile.It has been manufactured by forging andpiercing and has not received any special heattreatment.The microstructure indicatcs tha't it was normalized byheating to above thecriticaltemperature and cooling in air.Thie microstructure, heattreatment and hardness are similar to U.S. Navyprojectiles of thistype and size.Sect.TIX,rage. 2

UNCLASSIFIEDINTRODCTIONSOne Italian l20mM Common' projectile was received at the Naval ProvingGround for complete physical, chemical and metallurgical examination.The following is a report of this investigation in accordance with thedirectives.II.EXAMINATIONPHYSICALFigure 1 shows the projectile as received and disassembled.It isprovided with a windshield crimped to the ogive, a base plug and basedetonating fuze.Two rotating bands are used.The markings found onthe projectile and itsidentifying colors are given inFigure2.CHEMICALA chemicalgiven inanalysis of the projectile body and itsthe table below.components isSteel analyses are spectrochemical exceptingcarbon, phosphorus and sulphur which have been obtained by standard wetCMnWindshield.06.38Body.45Base .011NiCrMoCuNTr .08NTrNTr.18.014.78.55.81NTr.18.024.25 .08NTrNTrNTrFe.082P.106No TraceThe windshield of this projectile has been manufactured from a lowcarbon rimmed steel similar to that used for thin sheet to be processedby deep drawing.The projectile body ismade from a fairly high carbonnickel-chromeSAE 1050.steel and the base plug is plain carbon steel similar toThe rotating bands are copper.METALLURGICALThe projectile body was sectioned longitudinally with an abrasive cutoff wheel and itshardness distribution determined over theentirecross section Figure 3 shows the results of the hardness survey togethe1 with the etched section of the splitprojectile.A maximumhardness of approximately 600 VPN (55Rc) has been obtained onS. iEDSect.IV.,, Page I

2 4.24 (4.1NPC ?:iQTýD NO0Bottom, view and deep etc iedItalian i2Ormrn Commrori arojectLie15 Fay 1945fcet b:.7LEJ.3460'U"""'S" IEL

Uj;L S iF!Figure 5baICRO3TRUCTURES OFITALIAN 12Onmm CObNON 'O JECTILESPROJECTILE NOSE Yartensitewith Baint NeedlesHardness - 600 VPNMagnification - 100OXEtch -PicralNita!Mi. 95A",Aci,35 4A MartnsfioteoEtchA, 0O-Picral*m496 INTPG Photo No., 2653 (APL)JS I"Li

Figure 6MICROSTRUCTURES OFITALIAN 120mm COWONFROJECTILESpherodizedBASE PLUGYea rilte Hardness. ' '*" -92 Rb"MagnificationEtch - Picral-500X.M4979""r'/'k", - / 'p'Etchi, )----- Nital LPhoto No.NPG', /andHardness - 68 Rb 250XMagnification--N ',S.FerriteS1,WINDSHIELDTraces or Pearlite ,15, 265June 194 5(A)

UN LA 5ýTID the nose of the projectile.'loseThe hardnes!drops off uniformlyto the middle of the body at which point itVPN (36Rc).Flow lines infrom thelevels off at about 350the etch section indicate that the projectilewas produced by a forging operation.In Figure 4 isshown a bottom viewand deep etched section of the base plug, which also has been producedby forging.The cap seen covering the fuze hole has been machined frombaf stock as indicated by the straight flow lines running through it.The base plug had a uniform hardness of 92 Rb.Photomicrog'rhphs 'fthe projectile body are given inFigure 5.Boththe nose and base are quenched and tempered structures consisting ofcar'bides and tempered martensite.The microstr'icture of the base plugand wind-shield are shown in Figure 6. The base plug has a structureconsisting of spheroidizedferriteIIIpearlite and the windshikldislargelywith traces of pearlite.DISCUSSIONThis projectile has been forgedchrome steel.from a fairly high carbon nickel-A maximum hardness of approximately 600 VPN (55Rc)hasbeen obtained on the nose and the base has a uniform hardness of approximately 350 VPN (36Rc),hardness ispracticallyItisinteresting to note thatthe same as that of the US.projectile Mk. 46 but the base is somewhat harder.a base hardnescof between280 and 300 VPN (27.5From the photomicrographsand etch sectionthe noseNavy 5"commonThe Mk., 46 hasto 30Rc)-itappearsthat thisprojectile has been heat treatedto a uniform hardness of 600 VPN andthen base drawn,that itItpenetrative qualitiesisprobablewould havefairly good platefor the size of cavity used.Sect.IV,Page 2

UNCLASSIFIEDVEXAMINATION OF ONE ITALIAN 149mm H.E.CEE NO. 3648PROJECTILESUMMARYMetallurgical date and chemical analyses of the principal componentsof this projectile are presented together with the probable method ofmanufacture of the body and nose piece.The nature of the cavity indicates that this projectile is a chemicaltype.Sect. V, Page i

UNCLASSIFIEDCONTENTSPageI.INTRODUCTION .II.EXAMINATIONIII.DISCUSSION .-Physical,.1.Metallurgical, Chemical.1.2LIST OF FIGURESOppositePageFig.1NPG Photo No. 2793 (APL). .As Received and DisassembledFig.2NPG Photo No.2549 (APL)Drawing .Fig.3NPG Photo No.2596 (APL)Macro Etch Section.Fig.4NPG Photo No.2666Photomicrographs.(APL)1.1.2UFLr ASS IF!EDSectionV,Pajeii

N-G6'c'ýO No . 2793(A-PL).-.s receivýTed and disassembled view-ES.projectile,GEE No. 3648.15 945May-44a.- Itallrm-----11,9

E2ONMARKINGSHE149 mm*ITALIANPROJECTILEZEE 3648StnciledZdGreyteiIeSt en ci ed149/13WhiteNPG Photo No. 2549 (APL)Moy 15, ;945UNCLASSIH "

1d,3rL3NPG Photo No. 2596 (AFL).Deep etched section off Italiian 149mm H.E. projectile.CEE No. 3648.15 MAY 1945AlW E

UNCLASSIFIEDI.INTRODUCTIONOne JIt4jian high explosive 149mm projectile wvs examined in accordance wit'hi the directive.A report of the examination followe.II.EXAMINATIONPHYSICALFigure 1 showsprojectilethe projectile asreceived and disassembled.body has a large cavity which isdivided about midway by atrpnsverse threaded steel disk having 4 vent holes.suggests that the projectile carried a dual loading,as a burster and the rear charge as a smoke,TheThis constructionthe forward chargeincendiary,or gas filling.The body isisthreaded at the forward end to take a large nose piece whichitself threaded to provide for a nose fuze.A single narrow rotating band was attached inthe usual way.Figure2 shows the details of painting and marking.CHEMICAL ANALYSISThe chemical analyses of the important components are given below.Steel analyses are spectrochemical, except for the elements carbonphosphorus,and sulfur which were obtained by the usual wet chemicalmethods.CMnPSSiBody.73.94.034.074.08.13 .08NTr.18Nose.48.59.088.053.17NTrNT rNTr.08ZnFeCuBand99.91Sn.030.032NiCrMoCu.017The body is made of a steel similar to SAE 1075 with high sulfur content, and the nose is made of a steel similar to SAE 1045 with highphosphorus content.The copper of the rotating band is of high purity.The etch pattern of the nose section and of the body are shown in Figure3.Flow lines indicate that the body was pierced and the nose sectionforged.Both body and the nose section were uniform inNose Hardness94 Rockwell "BIBody Hardness98 Rockwellhardness.'B"tAS ST, PEaeD'Section V. Page I

Figure 4MICROSTRUCTURES OFITALIAN 1491m HE PROEECTILEBODYPearliteHardness - 98 RbMagnification250X"Etch - PicralNOSE SECTIONand Ferrite PearliteHardness - 94 RbMagnification - 250XEtch - PicralMl'501NPG Photo No.2666 (APL)15 June 1945lICD

UNCLASSIFIEDBothThe microstructure of the nose and body are shown in Figure 4,nose and body are normalized structures, the microstructure of the bodyconsisting of pearlite, and that of the nose consitiiigniof peasrJite andferrite.The probable steps inthe manufacture, of this projectile are This projectile was probably satisfactory for its intended purpose.TheThe prime considerati3n in its heat treatment was machinability.exact nature of the loading is unknown, but it was probably of thechemicaltype,smoke,incendiary or gas.Z.7Section V,Page 2

UNCLASSIFIEDVIEXAMINATION OF ONE ITALIAN 6' H,E.CEE NO. 3435PROJECTILESUMMARYMetallurgical data and chemical analyses of the principal componentsof this projectile are presented together with the probable methods ofmanufacture of the body and base plug.The projectile body and base plug are made of plain carbon steel.Section VI.Pale i

UNCLASSIFIEDCONTENTSPageI.INTRODUCTION .1Metallurgical.LIST.I.2OF FIGURESOpposite- -Page--Fig.1NPGAsPhoto No.1385 (APL)Received and ig.3NPGPhoto No.2558(APL)BaseFig.4NPG Photo No.2561 (APL)Deep EtchedSectionof Body .Fig.Table5NPGA:Photo ysesCLASS, :I ELSectionVI,Page ii

Table AUNCLASSWL[DCHEMICAL ANALYSES OF ITALIAN 60 H.E.MnNiCr.033.21.69-- .08.032.051.12.57 rojectile Body:.35.013;ase Plug:.54kotating Band:3ealing Section V1

A9i-1 A-I.:I I'1Li' ',, .4,-' l0"SI --- Ili-t/'S0iH-C)0

MARKINGS6"ON I' V ,AfNPHviJECTILEHEIFILlýt lSt 4hUnpoinlsd9391.-G- N-AT-C-1- 3517R dTAR-9432/4-5- SE4 - 3953*WefNo Bond Mok,ýg,I---All5090C 0Uollol"ng.Slo?.ped(09 seNPGPtholoNo2556 (APL)May 15, 1945A.mSIL

I.UNCLASSEFINTRODUCTIONOne Italian high explosive 6N projectile was examined.ing isII.ina report of this examination,The follow-accordance with the directive.EXAMINATIONPHYSICALFigure1 showsThethe projectile as received and disassembled.projectile body is threaded at the nose internally to receive the pointdetonating fuze and externally to receive the cast aluminum windshield.A massive base plug issecured inthe base of the projectile by means ofThis base plug carries an internal tracer."V' threads.behind the point detonating fuze,which isImmediatelyof the impact type,The flash tube, madeflash tube also threaded to the projectile body.a brassleads to the booster enclosed inof plastic with cloth filler,can which apparently was inserted into a cavity inaisthe explosive filler.The projectile was provided with two rotating bands located respectively 2-1/8" and 3-7/81attached to the body inAn unusualwindshield.from the base.These bands were securelythe conventional manner.feature isThe fuze isthe fact thatmade of brass,thefuze iscovered by theand was made bore safe by aclock escapement calculated to delay the arming.Itappearedto beofthe nondelay type.The details of painting and marking are shown inFigure 2.For themost part stenciling was indistinct.CHEMICAL ANALYSISThe chemical analyses of the important components are given in TableA.Steel analyses are spectrochemical except for carbon,phosphorus,and sulfur which were obtained by the usual wet chemical methods.The projectile body and base plug analyses are similar to those ofSAE-1035 and SAE-X 1050 -espectively.The aluminum windshield has a composition approximating that of AlcoaThe 12.5% Si alloy is used extensivelyAlloy 47, a sand casting elloy.in Europe.The rotating bands on this projectile are made of copper which isimpure compared to that used inAmerican practice.Section VI,Page 1

NPG PHOTO NO. 2558 (APL)Figure .Bottom View and Deep Etched Seotion of Base Plug FromItalian 6" HE Projeotile CEE No. 3435.15 May 194.55UNGLASWI[ IEDI"U-.

MPG PHOTO NO. 2561 (APL)6" HS ProjeotileSeotion of Body of ItalianEtohedDeepCIM No. 3435.15 May 1945UI'ACAwoL ,

MvICROSTRUJCTURIE'S OF ITALTANBODYPearlite and Ferriu'eHardness:Mag nif ication1 :Etch:M5 22-4 '"4 I4260 VPN25') XPioralt. INABASE PLUG Pearlite and Ferrite04Hardness:0i . * 15Magnif ication:Etch:45 23R 772.30,XPicrsi.11.PG Photo No.2564 (AI'L)June 1.945UPr(ASS!FIH E;)A

METALLURG ICALUNCLASSIFIEDThe deep etch pattern of the base plug and body are shown in Figures3 and 4 respectively.The etch pattern of the projectile body showsflow itipes indicating that this piece was forged.A small amount ofupsetting is noted at the mouth of the cavity. The etch pattern of thebase plug indicates that this piece was machined from bar stock.01ItsThe projectile body was sectioned and a hardness survey made.hardness was found to be uniform from nose to base. The hardnesses ofthe principal components are given below:Body:Base Plug:260 VPN7/ RbRitating Bands:48-1/2 Rb'Figure 5 illustrates the microstructure of the body and base plug.Both structures consist of pearlite and ferrite.The fineness of thepearlite and the small amount of pro-eutectoid ferrite in the microstructure of the body suggest that this piece was quenched and tempered.This treatment did not result in high hardness since this steel has lowhardenability.The microstructure of the base plug is a typical nornmlized structure.The probable steps in the manufacture of this projectile 'Rre givenbelow as far as is possible, consistent with tne above information:Body:abcdBase:IIIForgingQuench.This may have been from the finish forgingtemperature or a separate operation.Low temperature draw (stress relief)MachiningMachined directly from normalized bar stock.DISCUSSIONThis projectile is probably effectively used against any t, rgetoffering littleresistance to penetration.The presence of an instantaneous point detonating fuze precludes the use of this projectile forpenetrating armor, concrete, or earthworks.The micrastructure of thebody and base plug is not satisfactory for the effective penetration ofarmor plate.U.NLASSIFIEPSection V,Pog. 2

UNCLASSIFIEDVIIEXAMINATION AND BALLISTIC TEST OF ITALIAN 6"COMMON PROJECTILE CEE NO, 3438SUMMARYMetal.urgical data and chemical analysis of the principal componentsof this projectile are presented together with the probable method ofmanufacture of the body and base plug.Results of ballistic tests are presented which show this projectileto be of very poor ballistic quality,SS FI[P']r -AI.)Section VII.PageI\

ON-Physical, Chemical,MetallurgicalIII.BALLISTIC TEST .IV.DISCUSSION .1. .1.2.3LIST OF F

Etch -Picral 7493 15 J une 1945 CA. I ; INTRODUCTION One Italian 47mm II.E. round was received at the Naval Proving Ground for complete physical, chemical, and metallurgical examination. The following is a report of this investigati