Transcription
OECD BenchmarkDefinition of ForeignDirect InvestmentFOURTH EDITION 2008
OECDBenchmark Definitionof Foreign DirectInvestmentFOURTH EDITION2008Vol. XX, Edition, AuthorCorps 14 Caecilia Roman, Inter 16 ptsEmpagement 152 199 mm Top 25 mm Left 19 mm
ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATIONAND DEVELOPMENTThe OECD is a unique forum where the governments of 30 democracies work together toaddress the economic, social and environmental challenges of globalisation. The OECD is also atthe forefront of efforts to understand and to help governments respond to new developments andconcerns, such as corporate governance, the information economy and the challenges of anageing population. The Organisation provides a setting where governments can compare policyexperiences, seek answers to common problems, identify good practice and work to co-ordinatedomestic and international policies.The OECD member countries are: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, the Czech Republic,Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea,Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, the Slovak Republic,Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States. The Commission ofthe European Communities takes part in the work of the OECD.OECD Publishing disseminates widely the results of the Organisation’s statistics gathering andresearch on economic, social and environmental issues, as well as the conventions, guidelines andstandards agreed by its members.This work is published on the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. Theopinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the officialviews of the Organisation or of the governments of its member countries.Also available in French under the title:Définition de référence de l’OCDE des investissements directs internationauxQUATRIÈME ÉDITIONPhoto credits: Cover Peggy Ford-Fyffe KingCorrigenda to OECD publications may be found on line at: www.oecd.org/publishing/corrigenda. OECD 2008You can copy, download or print OECD content for your own use, and you can include excerpts from OECD publications, databases and multimediaproducts in your own documents, presentations, blogs, websites and teaching materials, provided that suitable acknowledgment of OECD as sourceand copyright owner is given. All requests for public or commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to rights@oecd.org. Requests forpermission to photocopy portions of this material for public or commercial use shall be addressed directly to the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC)at info@copyright.com or the Centre français d'exploitation du droit de copie (CFC) contact@cfcopies.com.
FOREWORDForewordForeign direct investment (FDI) is a key driver of international economic integration. With theright policy framework, FDI can provide financial stability, promote economic development andenhance the well being of societies.Reliable FDI statistics have always been essential for policy makers faced with the challenges ofattracting and making the most of international investment. In the early 1980s, the OECDrecognised that traditional reporting models could not account for the removal of regulatory barriersfor cross-border investments, the evolution of multinational enterprises and the increasingcomplexity of their financing through offshore tax juridisctions and other arrangements. As a result,in 1983, the OECD adopted a new "Benchmark Definition of Foreign Direct Investment" whichprovided a comprehensive set of rules to improve statistical measures of foreign direct investment.However, the financing structures of multinational enterprises and other business combinationshave continued to evolve in an increasingly globalised market. To adapt the statistical measures tochanging economic and financial realities, the OECD adopted in 2008 the 4th edition of theBenchmark Definition of Foreign Direct Investment which sets the world standard for FDI statistics.This 4th edition introduces new techniques in financial measures of direct investment. Asexamples, distinguishing financial flows via special purpose entities to reduce the effects of roundtripping of funds; distinguishing FDI by type of transaction (such as mergers and acquisitions); andidentifying FDI according to the ultimate investor. This revised Benchmark Definition includesindicators on economic activities of multinational enterprises and a new section for users. Theannexes elaborate further specific topics and include practical examples. The 4th editon of theBenchmark Definition will serve as a single point of reference for all that is related to FDI and itsmeasurement.This publication is the result of the work by the Working Group on International InvestmentStatistics, representing the international community of FDI statisticians [and chaired by Mr. RogerDe Boeck]. The work was undertaken at the request of the OECD Investment Committee and in cooperation with the IMF and other partner international organisations. It was supported by materialprepared by the Secretariat of the Working Group, Ayse Bertrand, Senior Statisician in the OECDInvestment Division headed by Pierre Poret in the Directorate for Financial and Enterprise Affairs.OECD BENCHMARK DEFINITION OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT: FOURTH EDITION – ISBN 978-92-64-04573-6 – OECD 20083
TABLE OF CONTENTSTable of ContentsAcronyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10Recommendation of the Council on the OECD Benchmark Definitionof Foreign Direct Investment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12Chapter 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.1. Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.2. Purpose of the Benchmark Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.3. Revision of the Benchmark Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.4. An overview of foreign direct investment concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.5. Organisation of the Benchmark Definition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .131414161718Chapter 2. Uses of FDI Statistics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.1. Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.2. Why measure FDI?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.3. Understanding the main features of FDI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.3.1. FDI in the context of economic accounts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.3.2. FDI Equity ownership: the critical determinant. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.4. Analytical FDI breakdowns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.4.1. Standard (core) FDI series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.4.2. Supplemental FDI series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.5. Interpreting FDI series and globalisation indicators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.5.1. FDI series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.5.2. Globalisation indicators related to FDI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .192020212122262831323234Chapter 3. Main Concepts and Definitions of Foreign Direct Investment . . . . . . . . . . . .3.1. Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.2. Statistical units. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.2.1. Economic territory and the concept of residence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.2.2. Institutional units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.2.3. Institutional sectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.3. Foreign direct investment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.4. The direct investment relationship. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.4.1. Foreign direct investor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.4.2. Foreign direct investment enterprise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.4.3. Framework for Direct Investment Relationships (FDIR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.4.4. The debtor/creditor principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.4.5. The Asset/Liability principle and the Directional principle . . . . . . . . . . .39404040424848494950505656Chapter 4. FDI Components, Accounts and Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.1. Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.2. FDI components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.3. FDI accounts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.3.1. FDI positions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5960606365OECD BENCHMARK DEFINITION OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT: FOURTH EDITION – ISBN 978-92-64-04573-6 – OECD 20085
TABLE OF CONTENTS64.3.2. FDI financial transactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.3.3. Direct Investment Income. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.3.4. Other changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.4. Scope of FDI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.4.1. Standard content of FDI statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.4.2. Supplemental FDI series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.4.3. Banks and other financial intermediaries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.4.4. Financial leases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7074798484868989Chapter 5. FDI Accounting Principles and Valuation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.1. Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.2. Accounting principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.3. Valuation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.3.1. Valuation of foreign direct investment positions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91929293935.3.2. Valuation of FDI financial flows and transfer pricing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .96Chapter 6. Special Entities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.1. Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.2. Special purpose entities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.3. Collective investment institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.4. Land, structures and other immovable objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.5. Construction enterprises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.6. Mobile equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.7. Insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99100100103103105106107Chapter 7. Classification of FDI by Economy and Industry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7.1. Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7.2. Attribution to an economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7.2.1. General principles to identify home and host economies . . . . . . . . . . . .7.2.2. Standard and supplemental geographical presentations. . . . . . . . . . . . .7.3. Industry classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7.3.1. General principles to identify industry allocation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7.3.2. Standard and supplemental industrial activity presentations . . . . . . . .7.3.3. International Standard Industry Classification (ISIC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7.3.4. Holding companies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7.4. Country attribution linked with industry classification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .109110111111112115115116117118120Chapter 8. FDI and Globalisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8.1. Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8.2. FDI statistics as indicators of globalisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8.3. Intersection between FDI and Activities of MultinationalEnterprises (AMNE) statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8.4. Coverage of AMNE statistics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8.4.1. Ownership criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8.4.2. Statistical units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8.5. Attribution of AMNE variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8.5.1. Attribution by country . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8.5.2. Attribution by activity and by product . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8.6. Economic variables for AMNE statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8.6.1. Sales (turnover) and/or output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .121122124126127127128129129131132132OECD BENCHMARK DEFINITION OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT: FOURTH EDITION – ISBN 978-92-64-04573-6 – OECD 2008
TABLE OF CONTENTS8.6.2. Employment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8.6.3. Value added . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8.6.4. Exports and imports of goods and services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8.6.5. Number of enterprises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8.6.6. Other variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8.7. Compilation issues for AMNE statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .133134134135136136AnnexesAnnex 1.Annex 2.Annex 3.Annex 4.Annex 5.Annex 6.Annex 7.Annex 8.Annex 9.Annex 10.Annex 11.Annex 12.Annex 13.Changes from Benchmark Definition of Foreign Direct Investment3rd Edition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Presentations of FDI Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .List of Borderline Cases and Exclusions from FDI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Framework For Direct Investment Relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Valuation of Unlisted Equity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Reinvested Earnings and Reinvestment of Earnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Special Purpose Entities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Collective Investment Institutions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Mergers and Acquisitions (M&A) Type Transactions as a Partof FDI Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Ultimate Investing Country . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Specific Features of FDI Statistics in the Context of Currencyand Economic Unions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Examples of Foreign Direct Investment Data Collectingand Reporting Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Research Agenda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139143157164174180186192197210214218223Foreign Direct Investment Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6.1.6.2.6.3.8.1.A2.1.A3.1.A6.1.Confidentiality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .FDI according to the asset/liability principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .FDI according to the directional principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Fellow Enterprises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Frequently asked user questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .The economic territory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .SNA: Classification of Institutional Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Structures related to enterprises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Direct Investment Relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Financial instruments related to foreign direct investment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Components of M&A transactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Some examples of SPEs: shell companies, conduits and holding companies . .General criteria to assist compilers to identify SPEs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Definition of land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Indicators of globalisation related to FDI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Sign Convention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .SNA: classification of financial corporations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Reinvested earnings on direct investment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .OECD BENCHMARK DEFINITION OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT: FOURTH EDITION – ISBN 978-92-64-04573-6 – OECD 200827293031374143455562881011021041251451631807
TABLE OF loss after financial items. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Net profit/loss for the year. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Calculation of reinvested earnings along a chain of related directinvestment enterprises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .General criteria to assist compilers to identify SPEs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Mergers, acquisitions and divestment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Components of M&A type transactions as a part of FDI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Comparison of M&A type transactions as a part of FDI with M&A statisticsby private sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A4.2.A9.1.A10.1.FDI Positions according to the asset/liability principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .FDI Positions according to the directional principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Foreign affiliate balance sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Overview of transactions/positions included in and excluded from FDI . . . . . .Comparing the three methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Classifying financial transactions and positions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Examples of transactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Foreign direct investment of the united states by immediateand ultimate investor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6566127162170173203Continuation of control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Fellow enterprises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Multiple direct investors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Joint ownership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Positions held via an SPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Example of Immediate Investor Country (IIC) and Ultimate InvestingCountry (UIC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Industry classification of holding companies (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Industry classification of holding companies (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A simple case of round-tripping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A case of round-tripping with many entities in routing economies . . . . . . . . . .A case of round-tripping with many entities in routing and local economies .Subsidiary (example 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Subsidiary (example 2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Associate (example 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Associate (example 2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Associate (example 3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Participation Multiplication Method (example 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Participation Multiplication Method (example 2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Direct Influence/Indirect Control Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Comparing the three methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .FDIR and Enterprise Groups. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Example of a DIE with 75% direct investor holdings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Direct investment positions held via an SPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Examples of chains of SPEs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .The transformation of capital by SPEs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9OECD BENCHMARK DEFINITION OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT: FOURTH EDITION – ISBN 978-92-64-04573-6 – OECD 2008
TABLE OF CONTENTSA7.4.Asset and Liability Positions of country X vis-à-vis direct counterpartcountries reported by resident SPEs of X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A7.5. Linking inward and outward positions of individual resident SPEsof a country X. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A7.6. An origin and destination matrix showing estimated international linkagesvia resident SPEs in country X. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Chart A9.1. Flow chart to identify Mergers and Acquisitions transactions withinFDI – Investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Chart A9.2. Flow chart to identify Mergers and Acquisitions transactions withinFDI – Disinvestments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A9.1. Direct M&A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A9.2. M&A through an operational subsidiary in a third country . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A9.3. Direct statutory merger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A9.4. Direct equity swap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A9.5. Direct M&A with capital procured by a local bank. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A9.6. M&A through an operational subsidiary in the third country with capitalborrowed from a local bank. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A10.1. Utimate investing country . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .OECD BENCHMARK DEFINITION OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT: FOURTH EDITION – ISBN 978-92-64-04573-6 – OECD 20081901911912022022042042052062072082119
ACRONYMSACRONYMSAMNEACPASEANBenchmark DefinitionBPM6COPCActivities of Multinational EnterprisesAfrican, Caribbean and Pacific Group of StatesThe Association of Southeast Asian NationsOECD Benchmark Definition of Foreign Direct InvestmentIMF Balance of Payments and International Investment PositionManual, 6th editionCurrent Operating Performance ConceptDIICDPEFTAEUEU MSFATSFDIRFDIGFSMGlobalisation HandbookICICPFDirect Influence/Indirect Control MethodDirectional PrincipleEuropean Free Trade AssociationEuropean UnionEU Member StatesForeign AffiliaTes StatisticsFramework of direct investment relationshipsForeign Direct InvestmentGovernment Finance Sattistics ManualOECD Handbook on Economic Globalisation IndicatorsInsurance CorporationsInsurance Corporations and Pension MSITSNACEImmediate Investing CountryImmediate Host CountryInternational Standard Industry ClassificationMergers and AcquisitionsAlgeria, Mauritania, Morocco, Lybia and TunisiaTurkey and IsraelSouthern Common MarketMonetary and Financial Statistics ManualMultinational EnterpriseMoney Market FundsManual on Statistics of International Trade in ServicesNomenclature statistique des activités économiques (StatisticalClassification of Economic Activities)North American Free Trade AgreementNewly Industrialised CountriesPension FundsParticipation Multiplication MethodReinvested EarningsNAFTANICsPFPMMRE10OECD BENCHMARK DEFINITION OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT: FOURTH EDITION – ISBN 978-92-64-04573-6 – OECD 2008
ACRONYMSSIMSDISMESNA, 2008SPEUICUHCECBEUROSTATIMFOECDOPECUNCTADSurvey of Implementation of Methodological Standards forDirect InvestmentSmall and Medium-size EnterpriseSystem of National Accounts, 2008Special Purpose EntityUltimate Investing CountryUltimate Host CountryEuropean Central BankStatistical Office of the European CommunitiesInternational Monetary FundOrganisation for Economic Co-operation and DevelopmentOrganisation of the Petroleum Exporting CountriesUnited Nations Conference on Trade and DevelopmentOECD BENCHMARK DEFINITION OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT: FOURTH EDITION – ISBN 978-92-64-04573-6 – OECD 200811
Recommendation of the Councilon the OECD Benchmark Definitionof Foreign Direct Investment(Adopted by the Council at its 1175th session on 22 May 2008)THE COUNCIL,Having regard to Article 5 b) of the Convention on the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development of 14th December 1960;Having regard to the Resolution of the Council on the Terms of Reference of theInvestment Committee;Having regard to the Recommendation of the Council of 27-28 July 1995 concerning theThird Edition of the Benchmark Definition of Foreign Direct Investment;Conside
information about this award-winning service and free trials ask your librarian, or write to us at SourceOECD@oecd.org. ISBN 978-92-64-04573-6 20 2008 03 1 P OECD Benchmark Definition of
