Book II : Magickal Formulary Spellbook Companion

Transcription

MagickalFormularySpellbook\‘KiiWe}‘A companion volumeto the Magickal Formulary, , to assist in the devising .of spells and rites. EditedbyHerman Slater

vg Oe;:tiape

Book II:A MagickalFormularySpellbookCompanionHerman Slater

Library of Congress #86-064006ISBN #0-939708- 10-8Layout and Design by Kathy Frank

Table of Contents[tireerieues entene2. adeides: The ter. 1FENCING Swet Vaose:aisesiyedlty h. iteen Shy, 2 4Questions and Answers. "4Classical voodoo Hommulasmeac tan aves 16Herbs & Their Magickal Meaning. 5]ny IGUAL Efeio Seeeeee eeHow to MakeIncensesae73. 95Lippi ([PaSSiGiale)scase a hk prenatenscamny 96LiOMENROMANUGases Gena,Sak Koes oe 100Love (Soothing of Problems). 102Love (Controlling Infidelity). 104Miscellaneous Accessories. 107specetiay Candiesmia,so:.chete cntahs telatppecialincense Recipes itedxi en, itBilvialdertlOriasiCe ie. eesti ndbkes 3Candleburning & Other Rituals . 118Basie eC sige ereeeTo'Gowmol lnfidelityeseeeee 120e188, .0ha &: akTp Brig baGs a OV ell aiige sss". dete 124To BringBackaLover2.4,.7. (VasBawyceeslouay ta) tet, 2 Oe 126Peace Toa Troubled Home . 127Keeping a Lover Faithful. 128Dealing With an Unwanted Lover . . 128Hiniiaricis Roiianice . oo.LaProtectiamot LOMG@ si tare kee130131loging NOlme . 2pWmehee«doh 8as acai 133Recommended Reading. lsh

Speefe.alaeue insoMthi?- Ore* OP eeaimory.a‘’72be-‘i iaaa? ie kh bP aes v wt 2a ie‘-‘ghee. toeoCyen- amldce0-tensTe‘4* 1% ote’{ee

This book basically contains 3sections. The first partconsists of a listing of the various occult oils, incenses, powders, floorwashes, and baths that are made at the MagickalChilde and the second section of the book includes a listing ofseveral common and easily obtainable herbs along with their“magickal uses.”While many people are familiar with the fact that herbsare very helpful natural medicines, not everyone is aware thattradition and folklore also ascribe alleged ‘‘magickal powers”’to various herbs.The potions and herbs are used in a form of magickalpractice called ‘‘voodoo”’ or “hoodoo”’ in this country. Butdo not get scared and imagine that voodoo is what you haveseen in the movies or on television. Media depictions ofvoodoo are slanted, uninformed, and generally grotesque.Voodoo is used in the United States to work primarily in theareas of love, luck, success, and money. Like many Africanderived religions, voodoo focuses more on practica!, realworld considerations than it does on metaphysical or philosophical pie-in-the-sky. The central focus of voodoo is always“Be Here Now.” The belief is that if you have a love, luck,money, or other problem that instead of sitting back like ahelpless victim, you should take action to change your lotin life.Magick is very frightening to many people because itchallenges an entire way of thinking and while the techniquesof magick will one day be incorporated into science, as of yetmagick is sort of a poor second-cousin to science and is nothighly regarded. Imagine how upsetting it would be for theaverage individual if he discovered that magick could, indeed,make things happen for him! Government and organizedreligions have frequently been quite threatened by magickand have sought to repress it, unsuccessfully, for centuries.But we could go on for pages describing magick’s role inlife and the scope of this short book is merely to explain toyou what to do with the various herbs and potions listedherein.Essentials of the Art. Basically there are FIVE varietiesof potions:(1) Oils, (2) Incenses, (3) Powders, (4) Floor-washes, and (5) Baths. Each of these individual componentsplays an important part in just about any ritual. While theuses of the potions are obvious to the trained practitioner,most of us have never heard of the products listed herein.So, assuming you know nothing, let’s start at the beginning!Oils are used to anoint (or dress) candles and to anointoneself, talismans, charm bags, voodoo dolls, etc. Forinstance,if were seeking luck, might get some “Fast Luck Oil,”use it to anoint a green candle, and possibly rub some on myhands before playing cards with my friends. One might obtaina luck talisman of some sort (there are dozens on the market)

2CompanionBook II: A Formulary Spellbookand anoint it withFast Luck Oil to “charge” the talisman(that is, “get it working’’).Incenses are used to fill the air in your “temple” withmyfragrances relevant to a particular ritual. Forinstance, in“Fast Luck Ritual” above, in addition to my green candletowhich I’ve anointed with Fast Luck Oil, might also wantburn an incense to lend greater power to my ritual—greaterpower is seen as a function of the elaborateness of a ritual.Incenses are usually available in powder form and are burnedby using a quick-lighting incense charcoal briquette which youcan obtain at any good occult store.Powders are used both to sprinkle on your altar and alsoto sprinkle on people, places, and things. Powders are thesneakiest of the Voodoo implements because they are theagents which connect your altar to the outside world. Let uscontinue our “Fast Luck’? example. Let us suppose that inaddition to my green candle and incense that want luckbasically on my job. While my candle is burning on my altar, might want to go to my place of employment and sprinklesome “Fast Luck Powder” around my desk, office, etc. toconnect the psychic power being generated on my altar tomy actual place of employment. Or, might sprinkle FastLuck Powder on my money, credit cards, check book, in mymail box.the possibilities are only as limited as my imagination.Floorwashes and Baths are employed for purposes ofcleansing, purifying and dedicating. The floorwash is addedto your mop bucket and is used to wash down the floors ofyour “temple.”’ By temple, of course, we mean any roomor portion of a room you use in a ritual. If you have carpeting in the area, then instead of a floorwash you may electto use a “spray.’’ A spray is really nothing more than a perfume which you spray into the air surrounding your altar.While we have not indicated sprays in the potion list, anyitem marked “O” is also available as a spray. Baths are usedto cleanse you prior to any ritual. To neglect the bath andfloorwash because they are a bummer or require too mucheffort is to sacrifice a great deal of ritual efficacy.Candles. Now that you have a basic idea of the variousforms of the voodoo potions, you should learn somethingabout candles and their colors. Within a voodoo service, yourcandles are the primary signals to the spiritual planes of yourintent and each color has a meaning. Your selection of properae oils, and incenses, largely dictates the results of yourritual.In general, the meanings of the candle colors are as follows and while there is no widespread concensus on colors,this list represents a relatively comprehensive discussion ofgenerally agreed-upon attributions:

Book II: A Formulary Spellbook Companion3White—White is the color of the spirit. Any ritual shouldhave at least one white candle (preferably two) incorporatedwithin it to indicate that one wishes the magick to be workedthrough the auspices of white spirits. White is the color usedin uncrossing (unhexing)procedures and it is also used inhealing and prayer rituals.Red—Red is the color of love, but more in the passionatethan romantic sense. Red is also the color of vitality andenergy and therefore it is also used in healing rituals.;Pink—Being a lighter shade of red, pink is more romanticin nature and has more to do with friendship and the gentlerside of love. Pink is said to attract good vibes and to create awarm and hospitable energy wherever they are burned.Blue—Blue is the color of peace and protection. Burningblue candles will tend to bring tranquillity and mellowness tootherwise chaotic surroundings.Yellow—Yellow is the color of joy and happiness andhence is frequently used when one is lacking in those twoqualities. Many practitioners, forinstance, when finding themselves depressed, will light a yellow candle anointed withJoy Oil or some other equivalent oil, to snap themselves outof their mood.Green—Money, fertility, and growth are the qualitiesassociated with the color green. It is frequently used in luck,money, and fertility rituals.Purple—Purple is associated magickally with power andforce. It is the color of royalty and it is, indeed, the mostkingly of the candle colors. Purple can be added to just aboutany sort of ritual to lend greater force and power. Oils suchas Commanding Oil, Obeah Oil, etc., are used on purple candles.Orange—Essentially orange is a mixture of red andyellow and basically means vitality and happiness. It can alsobe used when a love affair is having serious problems becauseit is said to be healing in that regard.Brown—Within Voodoo, brown candles are consideredto be symbolic of the materialization process—that is, ofbringing your wish into reality. Consequently, brown candlesare frequently employed in luck or material world ritualswhere they are felt to help speed the materialization. Browncandles have no real spiritual function and therefore shouldnot be used in spiritually-oriented rituals (healing, psychicdevelopment, etc.). For instance, a brown candle is very appropriate for a success ritual, but it would not be appropriatein a love ritual because it would bring too much force to bearon the situation and love has nothing to do with force.Black—Black candles have a great deal of evil connotation associated with them, not all of which is correct. Ingeneral, however, you should avoid black candles because forthe most part they are used in hexing and dark magickalpractices. It is beyond the scope of this book to outline

4Book II: A Formulary Spellbook Companionwhite magickal procedures which may be performed withblack candles because they are too tricky for beginners. Butperhaps in another book we can deal with this topic.So now you have a basic idea of the five different formsof the potions and of the candles. Of course, there are dozensof other items one might add to a ritual—charm bags, herbor root bags, voodoo dolls, talismans, specially-anointedroots, seals, statues, etc. But these additional items largelyhave to do with the preferences of the individual operatorof a ritual. There are several other books available whichtell you how to incorporate these items into your rituals, sorather than repeat them, let me refer you to the books ofAima.Herbooks PerfumeOils, Candles,Sealsand Incenseand Ritual Book of Herbal Spells are authentic and informative in this regard. See also Voodoo & Hoodoo by Dr. JimHaskins and the books of Anna Riva for further information.We can also recommend The Magical Virtues of Candles,Herbs, Incense and Perfumes by lkady Sara. While LadySara’s book is not voodoo in its classic sense, the candleburning techniques she outlines are excellent although theoils she specifies are basically of her own creation and haveno real tradition behind them. However, we have heard verypositive things about her book. Another helpful book isHelping Yourself with White Witchcraft by Al Manning.Again, Manning’s Book is sort of watered-down voodoo, butit is very helpful for beginners. Finally, another excellent bookof authentic folk spells is The Book of Legendary Spells byE. Wright. And, of course, The Magickal Formulary 1 by H. Slater.Example Rituals. For the sake of clarity, let’s look ata few sample rituals so that you may get an idea of what todo with the various potions, candles, and colors.

Book II: A Formulary Spellbook Companion5(Diagram 1)Diagrammarked1 represents a simple love ritual. The candles(1) are white candles and the candle marked (2) isa red candle. The white candles, as we have pointed out,are your spirit candles and the red candle represents the goalof your ritual. Selecting proper oils for anointing the candlesis a difficult task, primarily because there are so many tochoose from! Hence, you must read through the list of potionshereinafter to select just the right items to meet your needs.In general, however, the white altar candles use either VanVan Oil or High Altar Brand Oil. Van Van Oil is used formaterial world rituals while High Altar Oil is used for spiritualrituals. In other words, Van Van would be used in any ritualfor success, love, luck, etc., while High Altar would be usedfor healing, psychic evolution, prophetic dreams, etc.The choice of the oil for Candle (2) above largely depends upon the nature of the relationship. You may wish touse Come To Me Oil to bring someone to you or you maywish to use Love Breaker Oil to keep someone away fromyou! Either way, the altar arrangement stays the same—butthe variation of an oil can change your ritual completely!But let’s look at another altar arrangement:(Diagram 2)

6Book II: A Formulary Spellbook CompanionAltar Diagram 2 is for a success ritual. The candlesdenoted as (1) are the white altar candles, and since this is amaterial world ritual, we would use Van Van Oil on them.Candle (2) is a purple candle and on this we might use any oneof several commanding or compelling oils (Bend-Over, Com-manding Oil, Obeah, Power, etc.). Candle (3) is a green candleand for this one we might select either a luck or a moneydrawing oil. Basically you will notice that the altar arrangement in Diagram 2 is basically the same as the altar arrangement for Diagram 1 with the exception of one additionalcandle. Also notice that the candle nearest the front of thealtar is always the candle symbolizing your primary objective. This is an important point to keep in mind in arrangingyour candles.Altar Diagram 2 could be used in other sorts of rituals.Forinstance,in anuncrossingprocedure,wemightanointthe white candles denoted as (1) with High Altar Oil, anointa purple candle denoted as (2) with Obeah or CommandingOil, and a white candle denoted as (3) with Uncrossing Oil.Now let’s look at a slightly more complex situation.Altar Diagram 3 represents the layout for a full-scale uncross-O Ono OO(Diagram 3)The candles denoted as (1) are the white altar candles andbecause this is a highly spiritual ritual, the oil of preferencefor them would be High Altar. Candle (2) is also a white can-dle and on this one we would use Uncrossing Oil. The fourcandles marked (3) are purple candles which are anointedwith Obeah, or another of the protective oils.As you can see from the two layouts for uncrossingprocedures, there is no one way of accomplishing thesamegoal! Either layout should be effective.From these brief examples, think you can get a basicidea of altar layouts and correct symbolization of yourgoal.A good approach to designing a ritual is to think likea childwho has just learned the alphabet. The potions,candlespowders, etc., are the “letters’’ with which you “‘spell’’outdifferent things by combining them in different ways.While

Book II: A Formulary Spellbook Companion7you can read book after book about this, essentially you willlearn most from actual practice. So long as you avoid thehexing potions and procedures, you need not worry too muchabout getting into hot water through experimentation. might mention to those who are curious about the black artsthat in several years have yet to see a situation which couldnot be best handled by white magick as opposed to blackmagick.In the examples above did not mention the use of anincense or a powder, but think it is obvious that you selectan incense based upon its relevancy to your ritual. In otherwords, if you are working a love ritual, don’t burn MoneyDrawing Incense! Suit your incense to your ritual’s basicfunction. So too with powders. Using Altar Diagram 3 above, might wish to add a powder on the altar for greater protection, so might sprinkle Fiery Wall of Protection Powderin a circle around Candle (2) or around the four purple can-dles (3) to provide a circle of defense. Or, using Diagram 1, might wish to sprinkle a little Come To Me Powder intothe flame of the red candle each day. The uses of the potionsare limited only by your own imagination.Most voodoo rituals are constructed to last for sevendays. The candles used in these rituals are called ‘Seven DayCandles’’ and they are large enough to burn continuously forseven or more days. These candles come in glass jars and areabout 12” tall. To be authentic, the candle must be removablefrom the jar so that you can anoint it thoroughly and thenreinsert it. In the case of Seven Day Candles, once they arelighted, leave them burning until they go out. If you don’twish to use Seven Day Candles (or can’t find them), then useanything you can get your hands on, but be sure to paceyour ritual so that the candles last for seven days. In general,when conducting a ritual, it is a good idea to spend half anhour to an hour a day with the candles. During this period‘you should see to it that you are undisturbed. Take the phoneoff the hook and don’t answer the door.Another important point to keep in mind is that youshould set up your altar someplace where you will not have todisassemble your ritual each day. It is a lousy idea to moveyour candles when a ritual is in process. So plan for this.Also, if you live in a place where there are others around whomight touch the altar or in some way interfere with yourwork, we suggest that you find someplace else to work yourritual. While this can create hardships, it is worth the extraeffort.Questions and Answers. When we teach these arts,there are certain questions which recur, so this section ofthe book is devoted to answering some of the commonestqueries.

8Book II: A Formulary Spellbook CompanionWhat happens if a candle goes out? This is highly inauspicious and our best advice is to stop the ritual immediately;dispose of the candles, and forget your objective. If you wish,you can try again so as not to be labeled a “quitter,” but inmagick, if things don’t go nicely, it is generally advised towithdraw from the objective until a later time. Another possible reason for a candle going out is that you have not plannedyour ritual well. Perhaps you are using the wrong oil or perhaps there are contradictory elements in your ritual. One manonce said that planning a ritual was somewhat analagous toprogramming a computer—what you put in is exactly whatyou get back. So if you do get a bad omen like a candle burning out, before you do pack it it, make absolutely certainthat your ritual is clear, to the point, and consistent with yourdesired objective!Does candleburning involve devil worship? No. Thesepractices are actually less a religion than they are a psychicart. They really have nothing to do with organized religionin any orthodox sense. Nor are practitioners of these artsanti-Christian, anti-establishment, or anti-anything! In fact,it has been our observation that those who follow traditionalreligions who become involved in these arts find their faith isstrengthened, not destroyed. It is interesting to note alsothat most of the herbal magickal knowledge of voodoo isderived from the Bible. The herbs used by Moses and theother great Magi of antiquity are all part of the Witch Doctor’s repertoire. The morality of voodoo basically comesdown to observance of the Ten Commandments and theGolden Rule. Since karma is recognized within voodoo practice, it does not make sense to use these arts for purposes ofevil.What do do with my leftovers when am finished withmy ritual? To be authentic, you have three alternatives. Firstget an orange, cut it in half, and put both halves in a brownpaper bag. Then put all of your used supplies into the bagwith the orange—candle stubs, leftover ashes, etc. You maykeep leftover oils and incenses and powders if you wish, butanything that has been used on the altar should be discarded.Then, take the bag and do one of the following: (1) bury it;(2) leave it on the front doorstep of a church; or (3) take itto a river and toss it in. Any one of these procedures willadequately dispose of the used ingredients according to traditional sources. Of course, many modern practitioners aremore casual and throw their supplies out along with theirregular garbage. While this is permissible, make sure that yoursupplies are separate from the rest of your garbage (put themin a paper bag or some other container before putting them in

Book II: A Formulary Spellbook Companion9with the rest of your trash). While this may seem like a lot ofunnecessary effort, it probably is a good idea to follow theseprocedures since they involve an initiated knowledge of theprotections required for safe disposal. find it hard to believe in this stuff—what should do?So avoid it already! If you don’t believe in it, it will not work,so don’t waste your time or money. However, it is alright to beskeptical or have a “show-me” attitude. But if you are truly anon-believer or are unwilling to give these arts a fair and objective test, then go do something else.Should magick be used to replace a lawyer or doctorin times of difficulty or illness? Absolutely not! Anyone whofails to see a doctor in times of illness is a fool, not a magician. While we see nothing wrong with working rituals tohelp oneself in times of trouble, it is pure folly not to availoneself of counsel. Magick should not be used to avoid themechanisms of society, but rather should be employed toenhance personal growth within society. With magickal skillscomes an awesome responsibility to oneself, one’s community,and to humanity in general.How fast should expect results? There is no answer,and sometimes no results occur at all. Some people seem tobe better at magick than others, just as some people playthe piano better than others, and some people cook betterthan others. Magick is a skill which, like any talent, is thereto be developed. While this ability is not. yet respected inmodern culture, the recent findings by scientists about theaura, ESP, psycho-kinesis, etc., are slowly but surely bringingabout a marriage between science and magick.What is the best timethere is no rule of thumb onof day is less important thatstance, you were working aof day to work a ritual? Whilethis, it is suggested that the timethe ‘Planetary Hour." If, for inlove ritual, you would want tobe at your altar during the ‘‘Hour of Venus.’’ If you areworking a success ritual, you would want to work duringthe “Hour of Jupiter.’’ There are planetary hour tables available in several books which make it easy to work with theplanets. Al Manning’s book Helping Yourself With WhiteWitchcraft contains a planetary hour table.Does magick always work? Yes and no. Like Mick Jag“You can’t always get what you want—butger once wrote:if you try sometimes, you get what you need.’’ Someone elseonce wrote a definition of genius which broke it down to

10Book II: A Formulary Spellbook Companion“5% inspiration; 95% perspiration.” Both of these hold truefor magickal workings. While every ritual should obtainsome result, the result may be the opposite of what yourego might like! But ego has nothing to do with true attainment. If a ritual fails, however, usually you will find outwhy within a matter of days. You must remember that atbest a ritual will attract to you an opportunity of one sortor another—from there it is up to you to take things in handand through work and effort to bring about your objective.Magick merely deals you a hand—it is up to you to play it.How important is the Moon in magickal workings?The Moon is very important. It is best, in general, to workwith the waxing moon (as the Moon moves from new to full)because it is said that effects are stronger then. However,there are several books which go into detail about this. Butit behooves every magickal practitioner to be aware of theMoon in the various signs and phases because as one becomesmore and more sophisticated in his or her magickal work,this factor becomes overriding in importance. However, inthe initial stages of candleburning practice it is not necessaryto be so fanatical about details. One must first learn to readand write before one can produce poetry!What do do if invoke something that decide don't want? Surprisingly, this happens more often than onemight think! For instance, one might invoke success only todiscover that one really isn’t interested in success! One mightinvoke a lover and find that the lover is actually a vampire.One might banish someone from one’s space only to discoverthat the banished individual is actually very important! If youfind that you have changed your mind about something andwish to send it back, merely perform an uncrossing ritual ofsome sort upon yourself. Because of the frequency of turnarounds in rituals, usually advise practitioners to think verycarefully before using magick for any purpose. 99% of thetime magick is not required to make things happen and mybest advice is to use it onlv when all other “real-world”efforts have failed.What should be my attitude while am at the altar?Opinions vary on this. Personally think of the spirits asgood friends and relate to them in that way. find that thespirits do not mind informality at all so long as that informality does not become disrespect! While respect for spirituallevels is of utmost importance, fear and unnecessary formalityare not necessary at all. The most important thing when youare at the altar is to BE YOURSELF. If you find that readingPsalms or sacred poetry is right for you, then do so! If youprefer just to chat with the spirits in your own words, then

Book II: A Formulary Spellbook Companion11do that! JUST BE WHO YOU ARE. The basic symptoms ofblack magick are to control people and to make false doctrinesto keep them under the thumb of authority through the techniques of guilt and fear. Black magick always prescribes elaborate procedures, rules, guidelines, etc. for its practitioners.White magick, on the other hand, is very much expressive ofthe individual. While there are some general guidelines forthese arts, in general most of it is left up to you. Your ritualswill be as successful as you are creative! There are no hardand-fast rules about where to place your candles, your incenses, etc. You should feel the same creative freedom withthe potions as a child might feel when handed a setof blocksof various shapes and colors. Approach magick with wonderand joy and your results will reflect your attitude. Approachit with fear and terror, and your results will reflect that too!What do you do with people who don’t believe! Saynothing. have learned the hard way, as have most magicians,that to talk overmuch is a major mistake. While it would,indeed, be joyous for everyone to participate magickally inlife, it is impossible for some people to see that magick canwork. One should not hate them for this, because it is merelya form of self-inflicted blindness. For many people, a beliefin magick shatters their reality and merely produces fear andhate! While this sounds absurd, it is all too true. More thanonce have done a favor for someone using magick only tohave that individual turn on me and start persecuting me withvindictive names and indescribable hatred. While this used tosurprise me, now realize that for some people to admit thatmagick works would require admitting that everything theyhave believed all of their lives is false! Best not to break thatveneer of blindness. It is important also to realize that tohave the gifts of magick in your grasp makes you a Servant,not a Master! Your job is to help, not convert. While magickis the highest gift the gods can bestow upon an individual,society is dead-set against the kinds of freedom and creativitythat magick providesWhat is black magick? To some extent we have alreadyanswered this question, but it never hurts to make this distinction clear. Black magick is, in general, any violation ofanother person’s rights or freedom. In Witchcraft, one of thebasic laws is “And ye harm none, do what thou wilt.” Provided that you are positive that no one will be hurt or coercedthrough your procedures, then go right ahead! To use magickto force people to do things or to manipulate reality for thesake of mere ego is considered black magick and is to beavoided at all costs. Remember well the law of karma—what-

12Book II: A Formulary Spellbook Companionever you do will return to you threefold! In other words,any hex you lay on Georgina today will be sitting at yourdoorstep, three times worse, tomorrow!However, there are oceasional situations where someone has wronged you, in which case you should either perform a justice or uncrossing ritual. Either one will produceeffects similar to a hex by lifting the inflicted hex off of youand returning it to the party who sent it.How does magick work? Nobody knows! However,there are two basic explanations, one traditional, the othermore modern. The traditional explanation posits that spiritsrespond to various candles, colors, and fragrances and performthe deeds that they are asked to perform. The modern rationale states that YOU respond to various colors, fragrances, andtechniques and thereby your telepathic abilities become focused through the performance of your ritual and cause thingsto happen. Either explanation is perfectly acceptable and itis quite probable that a third, fourth, and hundredth theorycan be put forth. Science is only now beginning to scratch thesurface of the capacities of the brain and of the parapsychological abilities of humanity. Like anything new, it is ratherscary—but not very long ago the world was flat, the Sunrevolved around the earth, and technology was unheard of!Can I use more than one oil on a candle? Yes. \n fact,very often the simpler you can make a ritual, the more effective it will be in terms of results. For instance, I count anoint agreen candle with both money oil and commanding oil inorder to add greater strength t

Voodoo is used in the United States to work primarily in the areas of love, luck, success, and money. Like many African- derived religions, voodoo focuses more on practica!, real- world considerations than it does on metaphysical or philo- sophical pie-in-the-sky. The central