Transcription
IEEEStd 149-1979(Revision ofIEEE Std 149-1965)IEEE StandardTest Procedures for AntennasSponsorAntenna Standards Committee
Library of Congress Catalog Number 79-92425@Copyright 1979 byThe Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, IncNo part of this publication may be reproduced in any form,in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise,without the prior written permission of the publisher.December 19. 1979SH07682
Approved December 15, 1977IEEE Standards BoardWilliam R. Kruesi, ChairmanIrvin N. Howell, Jr, Vice ChairmanIvan G. Easton, SecretaryWilliam E. AndrusJean Jacques ArchambaultMark BarberEdward J. CohenWarren H. CookLouis CostrellR. L. CurtisDavid B. DobsonR. 0. DuncanCharles W. FlintJay ForsterRalph I. HauserJoseph L. KoepfingerIrving KolodnyBenjamin J. LeonThomas J. MartinDonald T. MichaelVoss A. MooreWilliam S. MorganWilliam J. NeiswenderRalph M. ShowersRobert A. SoudermanLeonard W. Thomas, SrB. W. Whittington
Foreword(This Foreword is not a part of IEEE Std 149-1979, IEEE Standard Test Procedures for Antennas.)This document is a major revision of IEEE Std 149-1965 which it supersedes. It represents thesecond revision of the standard since the original issuance in 1948 of 48IRE2S2, Standards onAntennas - Methods of Testing. Practically every topic contained in the previous standard has beenexpanded to reflect the great changes that have taken place, since 1965, in metrology and instrumentation technology as applied to antenna measurements.This document contains sections on the design, evaluation, and operation of antenna ranges,electromagnetic radiation hazards, and environmental factors which did not appear in the precedingstandard. The section on the determination of scattering cross-section, which appeared previously,has been omitted since it will appear as a separate standard at a later date.Suggestions for the improvement of this standard will be welcome. They should be sent to:SecretaryIEEE Standards BoardThe Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc345 East 47th StreetNew York, NY 10017This standard was prepared by the Subcommittee 2.11 on Methods of Testing Antennas of theIEEE Antenna Standards Committee. The Subcommittee preparing this revision had the followingmembership :W. H. Kummer, ChairmanA. C. NewellA. F. SeatonG. P. TricolesJ. D. DysonE. S. GillespieT. MukaiharaA. T. VilleneuveMembers of the IEEE Antenna Standards Committee who contributed to this standard documentwere:E. S. Gillespie, ChairmanD. J. LeVineT. MukaihataA. C. NewellD. C. PortsL. J. RicardiA. C. SchellA. F. SeatonC. J. Sletten*P. H. SmithW. T. TilstonG. P. TricolesA. T. VilleneuveC. C. AllenK. G. BalmainP. L. BurgmyerH. V. Cottony*G. A. DeschampsJ. D. DysonE. S. GillespieP. W. HannanH. JasikW. K. KahnE. M. KennaughW. H. KummerM. S. Wheeler*Past chairmen
ContentsSECTIONPAGEScope. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132. Standards References .143. Antenna-Range Measurements of Radiation Patterns .General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.13.2Pattern Cuts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.3Basic Antenna-Range Configurations. .141416174. Antenna-Range Design .General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.14.2 Antenna-Range Design Criteria .General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.2.1Effect of Mutual Coupling Between Source and Test Antennas. .4.2.2Effect of a Transverse Amplitude Taper over the Test Aperture .4.2.3Effect of a Longitudinal Amplitude Taper at the Test Antenna .4.2.4Effect of Phase Variation over the Test Aperture .4.2.5Design of Elevated Ranges. .4.3Elevated Ranges over Flat Surfaces. .4.3.1Elevated Ranges over Irregular Surfaces .4.3.2Estimation of Errors Due to Reflections. .4.3.3Use of Diffraction Fences and Longitudinal Ramps to Redirect Re4.3.4flected Energyy .4.4Design of Ground-Reflection Ranges. .Other Ranges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.5Slant Rangee .4.5.1Compact Rangee .4.5.2Image-Plane Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.5.3Anechoic Chambers. .4.5.41717181818191920202022225. Antenna-Range Instrumentation. . .General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.1Source Antennas for Antenna Ranges. .5.2Transmitting Systems .5.3Receiving Systems. .5.4Positioning Systems. .5.5Antenna Positioners .5.5.1Antenna-Positioner Errors. .5.5.2Antenna-Pattern Recorder. .5.6Data-Processing and Control Computers .5.7323232323437373941451.23252828293030
PAGESECTION6. Antenna-Range Evaluation .General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.1Field-Probe Measurements over Test Aperture .6.26.3 Incident-Field Measurements Near the Range Axis on an Elevated Range. .6.4 Incident-Field Measurements Near the Range Axis on a Ground-ReflectionRange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.5 Wide-Angle Incident-Field Measurements .6.5.1General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Antenna-Pattern-Comparison Method .6.5.2Longitudinal-Field-Probe Method .6.5.36.6Evaluation of Anechoic Chambers. .474747497. Special Measurement Techniques .7.1Modeling Techniques. .Antenna-Focusing Technique . . .7.27.3 Near-Field Probing with Mathematical Transformation .7.4 Swept-Frequency Technique. .7.5Indirect Measurements of Antenna Characteristics .5662638.659. On-Site Measurements of Amplitude Patterns. .6710. Phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 0 . 2 Phase Patternss .10.3 Antenna Phase Center. . .10.4 Phase Measurements .10.4.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10.4.2 Instrumentation .10.4.3 Sources of Error .696970707171747511. Polarization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11.2 Polarization Measurements .11.2.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11.2.2 Measurement of the Polarization Pattern. .11.2.3 Rotating-Source Method. .11.2.4 Multiple-Amplitude-Component Method. .11.2.5 Phase-Amplitude Method .767685858688889012. Measurement of Power Gain and Directivityy .12.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12.2 Gain Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12.2.1 Types of Gain Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12.2.2 Calibration of Gain Standards on a Free-Space Antenna Range. . . . . . . .12.2.3 Calibration of Gain Standards on a Ground-Reflection Antenna Range . .12.2.4 Calibration of Gain Standards on an Extrapolation Antenna Range . . . 565859
SECTIONPAGEGain-Transfer Measurements .12.3.1 Measurement of Linearly Polarized Antennas .12.3.2 Measurement of Circularly and Elliptically Polarized Antennas. .12.3.3 Measurement in the High-Frequency Range (3-30 MHz) .12.4 Measurement of the Power Gain of Electrically Large Antennas. .12.4.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12.4.2 Use of Extraterrestrial Radio Sources for Power-Gain Measurements .12.4.3 Measurement of Absolute Antenna Noise Temperature and Figure ofMerit G/TT .12.4.4 Measurement of the Power Gain of Electrically Large Antennas Usingthe Gain-Transfer Method. .12.5 Errors in Power-Gain Measurements .12.5.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12.5.2 Sources of Error .12.5.3 Estimation of Uncertainty in Gain Measurements .12.6 Directivity Measurements .10010010010110210210313. Determination of Radiation Efficiency. .1121 4 . Special Measurements for Angle-Tracking Antennas .14.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14.2 Conical Scanning Angle Tracking .14.3 Monopulse Angle Tracking .14.4 Electrical Boresight Measurements .11311311411511515. Measurement of the Electrical Properties of Radomes. .15.1 Generali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15.2 Significant Antenna-Radome Parameters. .15.3 Apparatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15.4 Testing of Wet Radomes .11611611611711916. Measurement of Impedances. .16.1 Input-Impedance Measurements .16.2 Mutual-Impedance Measurements .11911912017. Ground-Wave Measurements .12318. Power-Handling Measurements .12519. Electromagnetic Radiation Hazards. .19.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19.2 Safe Radiation Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19.3 Measurement and Instrumentation .12712712712812.310610610710710711011020. Environmental Factors . 12913021. Bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
PAGEFIGURESFig 1Fig 2Fig 3Fig 4Fig 5Fig 6Fig 7Fig 8Fig 9Fig 10Fig 11Fig 12Fig 13Fig 14Fig 15Fig 16Fig 17Fig 18FigFigFigFigFigFigFig19202122232425Coordinate System of Inter-Range Instrumentation Group. .Standard Spherical Coordinate System Used in Antenna Measurements .Calculated Radiation Patterns Illustrating the Effect of Quadratic Phase ErrorsEncountered in Measuring Patterns at the Ranges Indicated .Elevated-Range Geometry. .Possible Error in Measured Relative Pattern Level Due to Coherent ExtraneousSignals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Example Configurations of a 686 Meter Elevated Range with Diffraction Fences . .Example Configuration of a Diffraction Fence with Serrations. .Ground-Reflection-Range Geometry. .Possible Layout for a Ground-Reflection Range .Slant-Range Geometry .Schematic Represe
Suggestions for the improvement of this standard will be welcome. They should be sent to: Secretary IEEE Standards Board The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc 345 East 47th Street New York, NY 10017 This standard was prepared by the Subcommittee 2.11 on Methods of Testing Antennas of the IEEE Antenna Standards Committee. The Subcommittee preparing this revision had the followingFile Size: 2MBPage Count: 141
