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Phrases1. The PhrasePhrases2.3.4.5.1. The Noun Phrase (NP)2. The Adjective Phrase (AdjP) and Adverb Phrase(AdvP)3. The Verb Phrase (VP)4. The Prepositional Phrase (PP)Phrases in the SentenceCoordination of PhrasesFinding PhrasesBuilding Trees2Phrase StructurePhrase Structure Rules A phrase is a syntactic unit headed by alexical category such as Noun, Adjective,Adverb,, Verb,, or Preposition.p Phrases are named for their heads: are generative. give different analyses ofsyntacticallyt ti ll ambiguousbisentences.t have a hierarchical structure. allow recursion.NPVPAdjPAdvPPP34PhrasesPhrases VP NP ate the cake sat in the yard seemed very quiet The new student from Hungary AdjP PP so beautiful in the yard with glasses under the apple tree AdvP quite happily S They left. She bit her tongue.561
Phrase Structure Rulesare GenerativePhrase Structureand Ambiguity Use a finite set of rules and elements toproduce an infinite set of grammaticalsentences. E.g., NP (D) N (PP) PP P NP (PP) Routine, family, fishing The president, a member, the contenders Time with family, the University of Wisconsin,a budget for the State of Wisconsin1. The journalist interviewed the actor ina tuxedo.2 The journalist interviewed2.[NP the actor in a tuxedo].3. The journalist interviewed[NP the actor] [PP in a tuxedo].4. The journalist interviewed[NP the actor [PP in a tuxedo]].7Phrase Structure Rules areHierarchical8Phrase Structure Rules areHierarchical In (3), the VPinterviewed theactor in a tuxedo isth mothertheth off ththe PPin a tuxedo. In (4) the N’ actor ina tuxedo is themother of the PP ina tuxedo. The PP in a tuxedois the daughter ofthe VP interviewedthe actor. The PP in a tuxedois the daughter ofthe N’ actor in atuxedo.9Phrase Structure Rules areHierarchical10Phrase Structure Rules areHierarchical In (3), the VP isinterviewed theactor in a tuxedo. In (4), the NP is theactor in a tuxedo. The NP actor andthe PP in a tuxedoare sisters. The V’ interviewedthe actor and the PPin a tuxedo aresisters.11122
Phrase Structure Rules AllowRecursionPhrase Structure Rules AllowRecursion The frogs NP (D) N (PP) The frogs on the log PP P NP (PP)( ) The frogs on the bump on the log The frogs on the bump on the log in the pond The frogs on the bump on the log in the middle ofthe pond13Phrase Structure Rules AllowRecursion14Phrase Structure Rules AllowRecursion The frogs S NP VP VP V S The jury decided thedefendant wasguilty. The frogs [PP on the log] The frogs [PP on the bump [PP on the log]] The frogs [PP on the bump [PP on the log [PP in thepond]]] The frogs [PP on the bump [PP on the log [PP in themiddle [PP of the pond]]]]1516Three Tests for PhrasesTests for Phrases1. Pronominalization2. Coordination3. Movement183
PronominalizationPronominalization1. Many people I know likearmadillos.4. But my next-doorneighbors haven’ttold the otherpeople on thestreet about thethree-toed slothasleep in theirmaple tree.2 My next2.next-doordoor neighborskeep an armadillo as apet.3. The other people on thestreet think that my nextdoor neighbors are weird.19Pronominalization20Pronominalization1. Many people I knowlike armadillos.4. But [NP my nextdoor neighbors]haven’t told [NP theother people onthe street] about[NP the three-toedsloth asleep intheir maple tree].2 My next2.next-doordoorneighbors keep [NP anarmadillo] as a pet.3. The other people onthe street think that [NPmy next-doorneighbors] are weird.21Three Tests for Phrases22Coordination Coordination is the process by whichtwo words or phrases are connected bya conjunction.conjunction9 Pronominalization2. Coordination Conjunctions: FANBOYS For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So3. Movement23244
Coordinated ClausesCoordinated VPs I talked to the mechanic and I took a closelook at the car. I listened to him and kicked the tires.25Coordinated NPs26Coordinated PPs The car didn’t have tail lights or windshieldwipers. The owner hadn’t parked it in a garage buton the street.27Coordination28Coordination Is this coordination? What’s wrong with the coordination inthis sentence? The car was in such bad shape that I decidednot to buy it. In my view Alaska pipeline is not going tobe a solution to the US shortage of oil,because of many things such as highcosts, earthquake, and it takes a long time 29305
Ambiguous CoordinationAmbiguous Coordination Old men and women Old men and women31Ambiguous Coordination32Ambiguous women33Three Tests for PhrasesNandwomen34Movement9 Pronominalization9 Coordination3. Movement35366
MovementMovement What are the noun phrases? Passive movement Algernon was driving the Toyota Land Cruiser. [NP Algernon] was driving [NP the Toyota LandCruiser]Cruiser]. The Toyota Land Cruiser [NP The Toyota Land Cruiser] The Toyota Land Cruiser was being driven [NP The Toyota Land Cruiser] was being driven The Toyota Land Cruiser was being driven by Algernon. [NP The Toyota Land Cruiser] was being drivenby [NP Algernon].3738Movement MovementUse passive movement to identify theNPs in these sentences. 1.2.3.4.The police arrested Algernon.They charged him with DUI.Tawanda D. Lane will defend him.The judge might suspend Algernon’slicense for 12 months.5. What can you say about his chances?Use passive movement to identify theNPs in these sentences.1.2.3.4.The police arrested Algernon.They charged him with DUI.Tawanda D. Lane will defend him.The judge might suspend Algernon’slicense for 12 months.5. What can you say about his chances?39Movement40Movement Particle shift Particle shift She looked up [the word] in the dictionary. She looked [the word] up in the dictionary.dictionary She looked up [the word ‘antecedent’] inthe dictionary. She looked [the word ‘antecedent’] up inthe dictionary.41 Algernon’s attorney straightened out thecharge of driving under the influence tothe judge’s satisfaction. Algernon’s attorney straightened [thecharge of driving under the influence] outto the judge’s satisfaction.427
Movement MovementIndirect object movement Wh- movement1. I bought my wife a bunch of flowers.2 I gave my son a new Pokemon game2.game.3. I sent my daughter the check.1. I bought my wife a bunch of flowers.2 I gave my son a new Pokemon game2.game.3. I sent my daughter the check.1. I bought a bunch of flowers for my wife.2. I gave a new Pokemon game to my son.3. I sent the check to my daughter.1. Who did you buy a bunch of flowers for?2. Who did you give a new Pokemon gameto?3. Who did you send the check to?4443Wh- MovementWh- Movement3. The other people on the street think thatmy next-door neighbors are weird.1. Many people I know like armadillos.2. My next-door neighbors keep anarmadillodill as a pet.t Your next-door neighbors keep whatas a pet? What do your next-door neighborskeep what as a pet? Who ? Who ?Who ?What ?45Wh- MovementThree Tests for Phrases4. But my next-door neighbors haven’t told theother people on the street about the threetoed sloth asleepp in their maplep tree. 469 Pronominalization9 CoordinationWho ?Who ?What ?9 Movement47488
Summary1. Phrases and Trees2. Phrase Structure Rules are ggenerative (they( y allow recursion)) resolve ambiguity are hierarchical3. Three Tests for Phrases1. Pronominalization2. Coordination3. Movement499
Phrases Phrases 1. The Phrase 1. The Noun Phrase (NP) 2. The Adjective Phrase (AdjP) and Adverb Phrase (AdvP) 2 3. The Verb Phrase (VP) 4. The Prepositional Phrase (PP) 2. Phrases in the Sentence 3. Coordination of Phrases 4. Finding Phrases 5. Building Trees Phrase Structure A phrase is a syntactic unit headed by a lexical category such as Noun, Adjective,File Size: 954KBPage Count: 9
