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Lignin ApplicationsBrief Overview
Lignin Applications: ConcreteLow levelsl l off ligninlandd modifiedd f d llignin can yieldld High performance concrete strength aid Concrete grinding aid Reduce damage of building external wall caused bymoisture and acid rain Set retarder for a cement compositionp Sulfonated lignin contributes higher adsorptionproperties and zeta potential to cement particles, andhence shows better dispersion effect to the cementmatrix. Select lignins can improve the compressive strengthof cement pastes
Lignin Applications: Antioxidant Lignini i acts as freefradicaldi l scavengers Lignin provides thermal protection to: Styrene /butadiene/rubber polymer RubberR bb Polypropylene polycaprolactam Lignin’s natural antioxidant properties provides use incosmetic and topical formulations. Lignin sulfonate‐containing cosmetic compositions havebeen developed for decorative use on skin
Lignin Applications: Asphalt CrackC k fillifilling compositioni i involvingi l i quaternary ammoniumisalt, aliphatic amine, lignin amine, imidazoline, and amide. Water stability of an asphalt mixture can be improved byaddingddi 00.3%3% ligninli i fibersfib Asphalt‐emulsifying agent containing SW Na lignin salt withan av. mol. wt. of 200‐100,000 (Na lignosulfonate or Nalignophosphate and the lignin is that broad‐leaflignophosphate,broad leaf pine orneedle‐leaf pine) has the proper HLB value, slowdemulsification speed, proper frothing ability, and strongfoam stability.stability Lignin amine additive has been shown to provide a warmmix additive that can modify the combination state ofasphalt and stone material surface; modifying the fluidity;and decrease production cost of the asphalt mixtures
Lignin Applications: Carbon Fiberand Related Native lignin or industrial lignin can be used for carbon fibers Carbon nanotubes have been made from lignin/lignosulfonates. Lignin‐basedLi i b d activatedid carbonb fibfibers hhave bbeen prepareddbbyinitial synthesis of lignin‐phenol‐formaldehyde (LPF) resins withvaried lignin contents, 8‐20%, resp., and then the melt spinningand thermal treatments.treatments Kraft lignin has been found to undergo strong adsorption onmulti walled carbon nanotubesmulti‐walled
Lignin Applications Board Binder Ligningalongg with a diisocyanateyused for pproduction offiberboards, strawboards, particleboards, oriented strand boards,wood fiber insulation boards, etc. Grafted lignin or lignosulfonate component, and resin. Binder yieldslow cost composite materials with having a reasonable wet strength A lignin based modifier has been added to formaldehyde basedbinder systems such as phenol formaldehyde (PF), urea‐formaldehyde (UF), melamine formaldehyde (MF), resorcinolformaldehyde (RF) and/or tannin formaldehyde resins. The ligninbased modifier may used for panel boards such as plywood, hardboard, medium density fiberboard or particleboards
Lignin Applications Foams –Plastics/Polymers/ Ligningbased rigidg ppolyurethaneyExcellent in flame retardance Epoxy resin comprises an epoxy resin and a curing agent, whereinthe curingg agentgis a lignin‐derivedgacid anhydridey S‐free lignin has been used for automotive brakes and epoxy resinsfor printed circuit boards. Polyphenylene oxide‐based polymers and lignin esters blendsexhibit modulus of elasticity, tensile strength, and elongation atbreak values that are comparable or greater than the polyphenyleneoxide‐based polymer alone. The blends provide propertiescomparable to the polyphenylene oxide‐based polymers, yet utilizeless polymer. Lignin can act as a water absorption inhibitor and as fluidizationagentst whenh usedd withith polyamidelid whenh mixedi d ini solidlid or meltlt fformand processed by injection molding, blow molding, extrusion, orblow extrusion to fabricate articles. The use of alkali lignin poly(propylene carbonate) improves thermalstability and mechanical properties
Lignin Applications – Dust Control Lignin,g , glyceringyin water appliedppuponp the surfaces of dust‐yieldingygsituations like coal mines, coal transportation by rail car, and stock yards,etc. Select Ca lignin sulfonate powders have been shown to stabilizewidespread contamination following a nuclear accident, field studiesdemonstrate a dependence on the weather conditions and the benefitsis a short‐term corrective action. Dust movement can be controlled by spraying a road surface with anemulsion of asphalt, lignosulfonic and water
Lignin Applications ‐ Paper Lignin as a sizing agent Polymerization of acrylamide and hydroxymethylated shown toenhance tensile strength of paper by about 40% Phenolic resin for wet curtain paper Packaging laminate comprising a barrier layer of lignin andoligo‐ or polysaccharides, where the lignin and oligo‐ orpolysaccharides are at least partly covalently bonded to eachother in a matrix
Lignin Applications – ChemicalsPhenols prepared by taking lignin reacting with a H‐supplyingsolvent at elevated temperature/pressureLigin depolymerization provides routes to: Cresols Catechols Resorsinolsl Quinones Vanillin GuaiacolsG i l
Lignin Applications – BatteryLignini i enhanceshperformancefoff energystorage devices.LigninLii formsfa thithin layerlon theth graphitehitpowder surface which prevents the graphitepowder from decreasing H overvoltage anddoes not affect condition of the graphitepowder.Lignin can suppress generation of 4PbO.PbSO44PbO PbSO4during the drying and drying time isshortened.
Lignin Applications – FuelOxygenate Fuel Additive Alkaline fragmented/purified lignin mixed with diesel usingsurfactants/emulsifiers Hydroliquefaction comprising successive hydroconversionstages under high H pressure Hydroconversion occurrs with supported catalyst and asuspension of lignin and a H donor solvent Polymetalliclll catalystslsupportedd on at leastlslightlyl h l basicbmaterials and hydrogen convert lignin to hydrocarbons Catalytic conversion of lignin to green gasoline/diesel by acombinationbi ti off pyrolysis,l i ththermall cracking,ki hydrocracking,h dkicatalytic cracking, or hydrotreatment Lignin catalytic hydrogen reduction of carbon‐oxygen bondsand the catalytic disproportionation of carboncarbon‐oxygenoxygen orcarbon‐carbon bonds. The catalysts may be formed from ametal precursor such as ruthenium or vanadium and abidentate ligand.ligand
Lignin Applications – HeatArtificial fire log using cellulosic materials and non‐nonpetroleum based wax using lignin and 1,3‐propanediolderived from a renewable resource. with improvedflame properties.propertiesIndulin AT lignin when added to wood pellets producesbetter quality pellets and had higher fuel value.
Lignin Applications – GreaseCa lignin sulfonate, mol. wt. of 10,000 g/mol, has beenused to thickened base grease to form a lubricating greaseA grease with a wax/lignin had improved corrosion protectionproperties.Wear resistance off theh toolsl is increasedd byb using a greasecontaining hydrolytic lignin.LigninLii sulfonatelft providesid antifrictiontif i ti propertiesti tto greaseproviding longer lubrication life.
Lignin Applications – DispersantsDye dispersant is prepared from sulfate/sulfite pulping liquors,y pproducts exhibits ggoodcrosslinked with sulfite/formaldehyde,dispersion, property, heat‐resistant stability, high temp. dispersionproperty, fiber staining property and azo dye reducing propertyChemically modified lignin has been used as a dispersing agentsagents,complexing agent, flocculent, thickener or auxiliary agents forcoatings, paints or adhesives.Oil Well Drilling MudsCoal‐water slurry dispersantA lignin‐derived material has been reported to be a good as adispersant for soils and applications shown for cleaning and/or laundrydetergent compoundsA mixture including polycarboxylic acid, and lignin sulfonic acid hasbeen used for cleaning aluminum plates to prevent calcium scalingLignin sulfonates have been used as biodegradable and nontoxicemulsifiers or dispersants for emulsion or dispersion polymerizationJet printing ink was prepared including sulfonated lignin
Lignin Applications – Agriculture Slow‐release urea is composed of 90‐99% urea1‐10 lignin wt.% Lignin is used either directly or chemically modified, as ab d dbinder,dispersant agent forf pesticides/herbicides,d /h b demulsifier, and as a heavy metal sequestrate LigninLi i nutrientt i t mediumdihhas beenbappliedli d as an additivedditi fforrestoring vegetation on road slope and bare mountain Oxidized and pulverized lignin when blended with otherchemicals has be used as a soil water retention agent inacidic dry land or desert soil, or as a binder for fertilizer.
SummaryAdvent of Biorefinery has developed several newsources of ligninNew Translation Applications are growing everyDay!ay
adding 03%0.3% li ilignin fibers Asphalt‐emulsifying agent containing SW Na lignin salt with an av. mol. wt. of 200‐100,000 (Na lignosulfonate or Na lignophosphate, and the lignin is that broad‐leaf pine or needle‐leaf pine) has the proper HLB value, slow
