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2/21/2019Physical Wounds of WarService related medical issues: Loss of limbAuditory lossMobility issues – joint pain, back painBurnsRespiratory problemsAutoimmune disorderLight sensitivity55565719

2/21/2019Toxic Exposure‐ OIF/OEF Exposed reported higher levels of respiratory conditions, including COPD, chronic bronchitis, or emphysemathan non‐exposed Exposed reported higher levels of cardiovascular conditions, mostly high blood pressure than non‐exposed Burn Pit exposure reported higher levels of liver conditions, neurological problems, insomnia and immunesystem problems*Exposure to toxins, chemicals makes long term extent of health damage unknownOther exposure: Agent Orange (Vietnam). Gulf War Illness (1990‐present), illness linked to radiation58Other OIF/OEF/OND Exposures Infectious Disease ‐ Nine infectious diseases associated with Southwest Asia and Afghanistan military serviceToxic Embedded Fragments ‐ Shrapnel and other metals that remain in the body after injuryTraumatic Brain Injury ‐ Concussions and brain injury often caused by explosionsMefloquine ‐ Lariam ‐ Round, white pill taken to prevent and treat malariaCold Injuries ‐ Possible health problems from cold, mountainous climateDepleted Uranium ‐ Uranium used in military tank armor and some bulletsNoise ‐ Harmful sounds from guns, equipment, and machinery that is often experienced during serviceRabies ‐ Disease transmitted by bite or saliva from an infected warm‐blooded animalHeat Injuries ‐ Health problems that could be caused by extremely hot temperaturesOccupational Injuries ‐ Exposures from working with chemicals, paints, and machinery during serviceSulfur Fire ‐ Sulfur plant burned almost a month in June 2003; large amounts of sulfur dioxide released into the airChemical Warfare Agents ‐ Exposure to mustard or nerve agents from demolishing or handling explosive ordinanceChromium (Qarmat Ali) ‐ Hexavalent chromium in contaminated sodium dichromate dust; water treatment plant in 200359Health Hazards for Older Generations: Persian Gulf (August 2, 1990 to present), includes Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm Vaccinations ‐ Including anthrax and botulinum toxoid Chemical and Biological Weapons ‐ Ammunitions storage depot containing warfare agents that wasdemolished CARC Paint ‐ Chemical Agent Resistant Coating (CARC) used on military vehicles to resist corrosion andchemical agents Pyridostigmine Bromide (PB) ‐ Round, white tablet used as pre‐treatment drug to protect against nerve agent Korea War (June 25, 1950‐July 27, 1953) Exposure Occupational Hazards Noise related inuries Vietnam (Nov. 1, 1965‐April 30, 1975) Agent Orange and Other Herbicides ‐ Herbicides used to destroy foliage and crops Hepatitis C ‐ Vietnam‐era Veterans are at risk for hepatitis C6020

2/21/2019Psychological/Emotional Wounds of War Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)Posttraumatic Stress DisorderSubstance abuseDepressionAnxietySuicidal ideation Replacing the high with riskybehavior/ legal troubleSleep disturbancesSurvivor’s guiltMoral injuryMilitary Sexual Trauma61Moral Injury:Events are considered morally injurious if they "transgress deeplyheld moral beliefs and expectations"Things I saw/experienced in the war left me feelingbetrayed or let‐down by military/political leadersI did things in the war that betrayed my personal valuesThere were times in the war that I saw/engaged inrevenge/retribution for things that happenedI had an encounter(s) with the enemy that made him/herseem more “human” and made my job more difficultI saw/was involved in the death(s) of an innocent in thewarI feel guilt over failing to save the life of someone in thewarI had to make decisions in the war at times when I didn’tknow the right thing to doI saw/was involved in the death(s) of childrenI experienced tragic war‐zone events that were chaoticand beyond my controlI sometimes treated civilians more harshly than wasnecessaryI felt betrayed or let down by trusted civilians during thewarI destroyed civilian property unnecessarily during the warI made mistakes in the war zone that led to injury ordeath(Currier, Drescher, Holland and Foy, 2015)62Military Sexual TraumaAssault or serious harassment – 15.7% of military personnel and veteransreport MST (3.9% of men, 38.4% of women) Forced or coerced sexual encountersSexual encounters perpetrated while a person is unwilling or unable to give consentInappropriate sexual jokes or lewd remarksUnwanted physical contact that makes you uncomfortableRepeated sexual advancesOffers of something in exchange for sexual favors(Wilson, 2016)6321

2/21/2019Suicidal IdeationRisk for suicide was 22% higher for veteransthan non‐veterans in 2015, after accounting forsex and age (US Dept. of VA)Veterans describe physical ailments, disabilitiesand their complications as important factorsleading to consideration of suicide.Veterans stress the role of perceivedburdensomeness in decisions to considersuicide.Social isolation and lack of community/othersupport is seen by veterans as directly relatedto suicide.Risk Factors Social IsolationTraumatic stressLoss of meaning, mission, & purposeMoral injuryUnmet mental health needSubstance abuseHigh‐risk activitiesUnemploymentRelationship difficultiesAccess to firearmsProtective Factors Social connectionsHealthy peer relationshipsFamily supportMeaningful workHaving a mission and purposeHelping others / serviceOpen communication re: challenges(Hardiman, Matteson Turner, 2018)64Psychological/Emotional Wounds of War ‐Impact on DependentsChildrenChild Maltreatment Historically, half the rate of civilian families Active duty parent most likely to be theperpetratorSpouses24% of military spouses have been diagnosedwith depression. 50% higher than nationalaverage (Blue Star Families, 2017) Increases when one parent is deployed, withstay at home parent committing the offense Rates of domestic violence and alcohol abuse arehigher in military populations, both are linked tochild maltreatment656622

2/21/2019Diversity within the Military Military culture is heterogeneous Service Member, Veteran or family member can have many differentexperiences depending on own subculture, branch, job, unit atmosphere Gender, sexual orientation, race and ethnicity also intersect Military culture is voluntary. The extent that one takes on this identity isfluid.67Diversity within theMilitary68WomenOn CampusIn the Military Women work really hard to be seen as aservice member firstGenitourinary health issues – bladder/UTIFit of gear Women are underrepresented in themilitary but overrepresented as militarystudents Nationally: Represent 27% of StudentVeterans compared to 16.5% of themilitary (According to SVA Spotlight,2016) New Paltz: Women represent 26% ofour Student Veterans They are leading, active, and engaged6923

2/21/2019LGBTQ LGBT military service members find themselves living in two different worlds.In the MilitaryDon’t Ask Don’t Tell repealedTransgender policies inconsistentEst. 1 million veterans identify as LGBEst. 66,000 serve on active duty or reserveMay have delayed mental or physicalhealthcare in the military for fear ofdiscrimination less prevention, screeningand treatment On Campus Small percentage of higher educationinstitutions have nondiscriminationpolicies inclusive of sexual orientationand gender identity Higher levels of all mental healthsymptoms and diagnoses reported byservice member and veteran LGBpopulation compared to heterosexualmilitary student population(Pelts & Albright, 2015)70Race and EthnicityIn the Military Asian, Hispanic service members slightlyunderrepresented in military serviceOn Campus Very little research Black populations are slightly overrepresented Are MORE overrepresented in lower ranks Experience of racial harassment Black service members more likely to bedisciplined in military (Protect our Defenders,2017)71DemographicsVet Student Population: Nationally (According to SVASpotlight, 2016) White/Caucasian – 70.86%Hispanic/Latino – 8.58%African‐American – 8.06%Bi‐/Multi‐ Racial – 6.78%Asian – 2.48%Native American/American Indian/Alaska Native – 1.13%Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander – 0.60%Middle Eastern – 0.23%Other, not listed – 1.28%What about your institution?SUNY New Paltz White/Caucasian – 69% Hispanic/Latino – 15% African‐American – 6% Asian – 3% Bi‐/Multi‐Racial – 3% Preferred not to answer – 4%7224

2/21/2019Different Era Veteran StudentsPre OIF/OEF Generations Older, non‐traditional students, less common but still present on campusesPost 9/11 generation: More awarenessArguably better post‐service treatmentMore resourcesInflux of veterans at our college campusesWhat will future service members need?73Getting to HigherEducation74GI BillMontgomery GI Bill – Active Duty 36 Academic MonthsPays monthly stipend to studentExpires after 10 yearsMontgomery GI Bill – Selected Reserve 36 Academic MonthsPays monthly stipend to studentExpires after separation from servicePost 9/11 GI Bill (note: shifting toForever GI Bill) 36 Academic MonthsPays monies to both the institution and studentExpires after 15 years of serviceTransferable to spouse and/or child Survivors and DependentsAssistance 48 Academic Months (36 for those who use after 1Aug 18) Pays monthly stipend to student Expires when child turns 26. After 10 years forspouse Vocational Rehabilitation 36 Academic Months Pays monies to both institution and student Requires individualized plan with case manager Tutorial Assistance Monthly rate not to exceed 100 Maximum amount payable is 1,200 VA Work Study Must be utilizing GI Bill benefit Registered for at least ¾ status(Source: https://benefits.va.gov/gibill/)7525

2/21/2019Services Students are Eligible For Education TA Vocational Rehabilitation Program NYS Scholarship through Higher Education Services llege/military‐corner.html) Veterans Tuition Award (VTA) Military Enhanced Recognition Incentive and Tribute (MERIT) NYS Regents Awards for Children of Deceased and Disabled Veterans Recruitment Incentive and Retention Program (RIRP) Financial Aid FAFSA NYS Tap Scholarships76Other Services Students are Eligible For Health CareFive years of coverage post‐service Thereafter, generally need a service connected disability VA Health Care System VA Mental Health Department CHAMPVA (Health Insurance to dependents of permanently disabled veterans)Disability Benefits For those who have a service connected disability Veterans receive health care services for those disabilities 77Military Culture vs.Higher Education7826

2/21/2019BATTLEMIND SkillsBuddies g BehaviorTargetedvs.Inappropriate AggressionTactical Awarenessvs.Hypervigilancevs.Lethally ArmedvsEmotional ControlMission OPSEC (Op. Security)Individual Responsibilityvs.vs.“Locked and Loaded” at homeDetachmentSecretivenessvs.GuiltNon‐Defensive Drivingvs.Aggressive DrivingDiscipline and Orderingvs.Conflict(Walter Reed Army Institute of Research)79Incongruities Between Military &Academic CulturesHigher EducationMilitaryCultural ReferenceStructureStrict chain of commandLoose, collegialAuthorityAbsoluteRelativeResponse to authorityObedience to superiorsCritical assessment of leadershipTeaching & learningTransfer of info thru briefingsConstructed thru experience & discussionCommunity cohesionGroup loyalty & conformityVaried interests & individualitySense of purposeMission given & accomplishedDiscover your own pathSocial normsConservativeLiberalKelley, Fox, and Smith, 201380Video: Transitionhttps://youtu.be/M‐MMp68F a88127

2/21/2019Self Check‐InAdapted from Center for Deployment Psychology Self Awareness Exercise82Self Check‐InI am opposed to warand believe that thereis a peaceful way toresolve a crisisWar is justifiable if it stopsan otherwise unstoppableaggressor while inflictingminimal damage topersons and property83Self Check‐InMilitary familiesare strong andcommittedMilitary familieshave to deal withterrible suffering8428

2/21/2019Self Check‐InPeople who serve in themilitary or lawenforcement have ahigher calling to servePeople who go intoservice or lawenforcement are on apower trip85Self Check‐InPeople who like or arecomfortable aroundfirearms are inherentlydangerousFirearms themselvesare not inherentlydangerous or bad86How might this impact the servicesyou provide?Can impact: How you view the studentHow you view the challengeHow you view the solution8729

2/21/2019Military‐Affiliated Students’ Perceptions of TheirStrengths and ChallengesLearning Objective 288Strengths89Strength: Appreciating EducationValue of Education Service members and vets have a sense that they have earned theireducation; dependents feel like it was a gift (if GI Bill transferred to them)It was a choice, not just the thing you do after high schoolOverall, data suggests better academic performance than other students9030

2/21/2019Strength: Perspective and PrioritiesPerspective They have a sense of knowing what is “really” hardThey talk about being able to work hard without complainingRespect for authority Priorities Being able to take a 30,000‐foot viewMission Driven: Military affiliated students often see a specific purpose touniversity: Degree Job91Strength: ResilienceThey perceive themselves as able to tolerate thingsother students can’t They have all sorts of sayings and euphemisms from themilitary that highlight the necessity to keep on trucking: Rub some dirt in it Suck it up and drive on Embrace the suck92Strength: Work EthicMaturity and work ethicWork well under pressure Leadership skills Work well in teams 9331

2/21/2019Strength: Cultural ExposureThey view themselves as more cultured and worldly Work with people from all over the nationMay have seen more of the world/experienceBUT usually from a very specific lens ‐ the meaning they make of theexposure can be very different from student to student94Challenges of MilitaryAffiliated Students95Challenge: Transition from ServiceMember/ Vet to StudentExistentially: Can feel like they are starting over, or went backwards in development They had a career Their non‐military friends are having kids, settled in careersFor women, they are renegotiating several life/student roles,including their student status9632

2/21/2019Challenge: Direct needsVA Certifying paperwork Getting funds on timeFinancialHousingChildcare97Challenge: Current Service ConcernsActive Duty Change in routineLess structure in academic life Can get in trouble with “downtime”Disruption in academic activity esp. for foundational classes i.e. “Other students learned this last semester, I learned it last year. I had to relearn it”Guard or Reserves Balancing classwork with drill weekendsFeeling like you are part of two different worlds98Challenge: Relating to OtherCollege StudentsHave difficulty relating to other students Affiliated students may be older Frustration with peers’ perceived lack of respect for education or authority“You got kids walking in with headphones, just listening to it the whole time.We are not going to be doing that.” Perceive peers as having “baby” problems, immature Feel like they have “off‐color/crude/dark” humor9933

2/21/2019Video: On Being Different100Challenge: Other Military PeersMilitary Friends Previous friends may be spread all over after service Lonelier as you move up in rank Can’t fraternize above or below you You may get to a position where there are only one or a few people of same rank in one locationMay feel inadequate compared to previous military generations or other peers. They might feel like they don’t meet expectations of the Greatest Generation Haven’t had it as bad as Vietnam Era vets Self‐comparison to other vets by rank, MOS, station101Challenge: Finding Friends, Camaraderie In the military friends happen as a result of working together, living together Many affiliated students live off campus instead of residence halls Feeling like they don’t have a space. Mimicry of a barracks Try not to hang out on campus10234

2/21/2019Challenges: Stereotypes and Judgment Can feel attacked in classroom for political beliefs and/or service Can be resistant to disclose military/veteran status Especially difficult when they feel judgment is going to come from a professor.Can feel penalized for different belief system Describe themselves as often holding back in classes Often feel group discussions are ill‐informed “Twitterpinions”103”You don’t want to come across as that veteran who’sstill wearing a ‘F Isis’ hat, got his boots on in class,went to Guantanamo Bay for a month and thattaught him all he needs to know about philosophyand the political justice system.”104Barriers to Help‐SeekingLEARNING OBJECTIVE 310535

2/21/2019“One director shared an especially compelling story about a veteran who recentlyarrived on her campus. He was the sole survivor of his Special Forces unit in Iraqand had great difficulty walking because shrapnel had destroyed most of themuscle in one thigh. When the semester began, the student was in such pain thathe could not walk from the parking lots to class without stopping several times.However, he would not use a cane and refused to take pain medicine, because hefeared becoming addicted. It was only after the Director pointed out that theUniversity’s disability parking tags were removable that she was able to convincehim to start using disability parking spaces closer to the classroom buildings”(Shackelford, 2009)106Barriers to Help‐Seeking Barrier 1: Stigma Barrier 2: UnderstandingA) AwarenessB) Confidence Barrier 3: Structural Barriers Barrier 4: Preference for Military Affiliation107Are Students Concerned about Impactof Help‐Seeking on Their Careers?Students in our surveys

2/21/2019 2 4 Map of VA centers and SUNY campuses 5 Learning Objectives 1)Understand military culture, how it differs from the culture of higher education, and the impact of these two different cultures on military students 2)Understand military students' perceptions of their strengths, challenges, and their needs on campus 3)Understand military students' help‐seeking attitudes .