Transcription
Notes for EECS 120, Sp 2002Pravin VaraiyaJanuary 27, 2002
Chapter 1Communication eceivedsignaltransmittedsignalcarrier ndsignalchannel XT(ω) M(ω) ω ωcωcωFigure 1.1: Basic components of a communication system.Figure 1.1 indicates the basic components of a communication system. The source signal m ContSignals is a baseband signal. The modulator transforms this signal into the signal xm ContSignals whose frequency spectrum is centered around the carrier frequency ωc rad/sec. Thepower amplifier boosts the amplitude of xm to a level sufficient for transmission. The transmittedsignal xT propagates through the channel. The output of the channel is the received signal yR . Thereceiver amplifies this signal to ym . The demodulator processes it and the final received signal is y.A well-designed communication system should have y m.The FCC assigns a particular part of the electromagnetic spectrum—called a channel—to eachstation. The modulator transforms the baseband signal x into the signal xm whose spectrum Xmfits inside the station’s channel, as shown in the lower part of the figure.For example, the AM station KCBS is assigned the 10 kHz-wide channel, 740 5 kHz, while theFM station KQED is assigned the 200 kHz-wide channel 88.5 0.1 MHz. KRON TV is assignedthe 6 MHz-wide channel, 66-72 MHz, called channel # 4.3
4CHAPTER 1. COMMUNICATION SYSTEMThe FCC also assigns a portion of the spectrum to each cellphone company, e.g., Cingular, Verizon,ATT wireless. That spectrum is shared by the carrier’s subscribers when they make a call.1.1 Radio, TV and cellular phonesThe FCC imposes standards on AM and FM broadcast radio, and broadcast TV. AM channels are 10kHz wide, FM channels are 200 kHz wide, broadcast TV channels are 6 MHz wide. Some featuresof the standards are shown in Tables 1.1 and 1.2.The oldest cellular telephone system is AMPS, described in Table 1.3. In the AMPS system, thecarrier uses a modulation scheme to divide its assigned spectrum among a number of 30 kHz-widechannels. A voice connection between a mobile and the base station occupies two 30 kHz channels,one for uplink, the other for downlink. The voice signal is modulated at the mobile and at the basestation so that the modulated signal fits in the assigned channel. Digital control channels are usedby the mobile to request the base station for a voice channel and by the base station to assign a voicechannel.The voice signal in AMPS is analog. Newer cellular systems digitize voice, and the voice channelsare narrower than 30 kHz. As a result, newer systems can carry a larger number of voice calls inthe same spectrum as the AMPS system. One says that the newer systems have greater spectralefficiency than AMPS.Appendix 1 is a chart that shows the FCC’s allocation of the radio spectrum (3 kHz–300 GHz) todifferent uses. The chart in Appendix 2 focuses on wireless radio. Appendix 3 is a primer on theelectromagnetic spectrum. Appendix 4 is a brief history of the telegraph and broadcast media.
1.1. RADIO, TV AND CELLULAR PHONESItemAssigned frequency, fcChannel bandwidthCarrier frequency stability% modulationNoise and carrier humMax power licensedDescriptionIn 10-kHz increments from 540 to 1700 kHz10 kHz 20 HzMaintain 85-95%; max: 100% neg; 125% posAt least 45 db below 100% modulation in the band 30 Hzto 20 Hz50 kWTable 1.1: FCC restrictions on AM broadcast radio.ItemAssigned frequency, fcChannel bandwidthCarrier frequency stability100% modulationModulation indexFM noiseMax power licensedDescriptionIn 200-kHz increments from 88.1 MHz to 107.9 MHz200 kHz 200 Hz F 75 kHz5 ( F 75kHz, B 200kHz)At least 60 db below 100% modulation at 400 Hz100 kWTable 1.2: FCC restrictions on FM broadcast radio.ItemChannel bandwidthVisual carrier frequencyAural carrier frequencyChrominance subcarrier frequencyAspect ratio (width-to-height)Modulation visualAural modulationDescription6 MHz1.25 MHz 1000 Hz above lower boundary of channel4.5 MHz 1000 Hz above visual carrier3.579545 MHz 10 Hz4:3AM with negative polarity, i.e. decrease in light levelcauses increases in amplitudeFM with 100% modulation being F 25 kHz.Table 1.3: FCC restrictions on broadcast TV.5
CHAPTER 1. COMMUNICATION SYSTEM6ItemBase station transmit bandsMobile transmit bandsMobile max powerChannel bandwidthVoice modulationControl channelDescription869–896 MHz824–8513 Watts30 kHzFM, 12-kHz peak deviationFSK, 8-kHz peak deviation, 10 kbpsTable 1.4: AMPS cellular telephone.1.2 Channel modelsThe transmitted signal xT is an electromagnetic wave, which propagates or travels through thechannel at the speed of light. The received signal is xR . See figure 1.1. A channel has three formsof propagation media, free space, copper, and optical fiber (glass): Broadcast signals (radio, TV, cellphone) are transmitted freely through space; Point-to-point transmission is over copper (twisted pair local loop or CATV coax cable) oroptical fiber (high-speed Ethernet or long-distance telephony)As the signal propagates through a channel, it degrades through attenuation, dispersion, powerpRFigure 1.2: The signal is attenuated as it propagates through the channelIn free space the attenuation isc 2PR) GR , GT (PT4πf d(1.1)where GT , GR are the transmit and receive antenna gains, c 3 105 km/s is the speed of light, dkm is the distance between transmitter and receiver, and f Hz is the carrier frequency.It is standard in communications and control to express power and attenuation in db (decibels). (PWatts equals 10 log10 P db.) So, taking GT GR 1 for illustration, the free space attenuation is10 log10PR3 105. 20 log 10PT4πf d(1.2)
1.2. CHANNEL MODELS7Thus attenuation gets worse as f and d increase. A ten-fold increase in f or d decreases attenuationby 20 db.Example 1.1: At a distance of 10 km, the attenuation for KCBS-AM with f 740kHz is3 10520 log10 50 db.4π 740 103 10For KQED-FM, also at d 10 km, but f 88.5 MHz, nearly 100 times the carrierfrequency of KCBS, the attenuation will be 1002 or 40 db worse,3 105 90 db.4π 88.5 106 10For a PCS cellphone in the 2 GHz band, if the distance between the base station andmobile is 1 km, the attenuation is20 log 1020 log 103 105 100 db.4π 2 109When the signal is transferred over a waveguide, like coax cable or optical fiber, the signal is confined to the waveguide, and attenuation is caused by power dissipation in the medium. So attenuationis expressed in db/km.Example 1.2: For one coax cable (LMR-195), the attenuation is given in the followingtable.Frequency (MHz)Attenuation (db/km)1-1210-37100-1181000-385By contrast, the attenuation of light in single-mode optical fiber is -0.2 db/km for wavelengths near 1.55 µm.To explore the consequences of attenuation, refer again to figure1.1. The received power PR mustexceed a minimum level so that the demodulated signal y is close to the original signal x. Thisminimum level is called the receiver sensitivity.For illustration suppose your FM radio receiver sensitivity is -50 db or 10 µW. The transmit powerof KQED-FM is 100,000 W or 50 db. Thus your radio can receive the KQED broadcast at a distanceof d km ifPR 100 70 20 log10 d,10 log 10PTor d 14 km.For optical receivers the sensitivity is -75 db (0.03 µW). The laser transmit power is small, PT 30 db (1 mW). So the maximum distance d of the optical fiber (with attenuation of -0.2 db/km) is10 log 10 PR 10 log10 PT 0.2d,so 75 30 0.2d or d 225 km. Thus signals can travel through optical fiber for 225 kmbefore they need to be amplified.
CHAPTER 1. COMMUNICATION SYSTEM8DispersionyR Σ a(n)h(t-nT)xT Σ a(n)δ(t-nT)nTchannelFigure 1.3: The sequence of impulses xT is spread out by the channel. If T is too small, theresponses of the impulses overlap and lead to errors.Dispersion is best appreciated in the context of digital communication. Suppose a binary signala : Integers {0, 1} is encoded into a sequence of very narrow pulses T seconds apart. Ideallythese pulses are δ functions, so t Reals,xT (t) a(n)δ(t nT ).n Thus a ‘1’ is encoded into the presence of an impulse and a ‘0’ into the absence of an impulse.The channel is an LTI system with impulse response h so the received signal is t Reals,yT (t) a(n)h(t nT ).n Typically, h is spread out or dispersed as shown in figure 1.3, and the response to adjacent δ functions will overlap if T is very small. The smaller is T , i.e. the larger is the bit rate 1/T , the larger isthe overlap. This overlap is called inter-symbol interference. If the overlap is too great, the receiverwill make an error in detecting whether an impulse is present or absent. Thus dispersion places alimit on the bit rate. See exercise ?.As we will see, dispersion can be partially compensated by equalization.NoiseThe third source of signal degradation is noise. Noise may arise from the channel itself or from thereceiver amplifier. In broadcast channels, noise may arise from other broadcast signals that are inthe same frequency band (this is called co-channel interference and is common in cellular phones),or from reflection and scattering. In copper wires noise may arise from electromagnetic radiationfrom adjacent wires (this is called cross-talk). The receiver amplifier always produces noise calledthermal noise. The effect of noise is mitigated by appropriate filtering.
NADMINISTRATIO NNAOMTIONAL TELECMUNTIOERCU.S.ENT OF COMMRTMPAEDEICRMATIONS & INF OAMarch 1996SERVICEEXAMPLEDESCRIPTIONPrimaryFIXEDCapital LettersSecondaryMobile1st Capital with lower case lettersPermitted/BROADCASTING/Capital Letters between oblique strokesALLOCATION USAGE DESIGNATIONU.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCEMOBILEFIXED** EXCEPT AERO MOBILE‡‡ BAND TO BE DESIGNATED FOR MIXED TELLITEWAVELENGTHBANDDESIGNATIONSFREQUENCY 0FIXEDSATELLITE(E-S)3 x 10 7m# BAND ALLOCATED TO PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS SERVICES (PCS)ACTIVITIESInfra-sonics10 HzFIXED3 x 10 6m100 Hz1 kHzNational Telecommunications and Information AdministrationOffice of Spectrum Management3 kHz3 x 10 5m30,000 mVERY LOW FREQUENCY (VLF)Audible RangeSonics10 ESPACERESEARCH(Passive)FIXED30 GHz3,000 mLF100 kHzINTERSATELLITEMFAM BroadcastUltra-sonics1 MHzRADIOLOCATIONMOBILE300 mMOBILEFIXED10 ONAVIGATIONSATELLITE30 mHFMOBILEMobileEARTHEXPLORATIONSAT. (Passive)FM Broadcast100 MHzMAGNIFIED ABOVEMOBILEVHFPLSFIXEDSATELLITE(E-S)3mX1 GHz30 cmUHF3 cmCSHF10 GHzRADIOLOCATION0.3 cmEHFRadarRadarBands100 GHzTHE RADIO SPECTRUM300 GHz0.03 cmMicrowaves1 THz3 x 10 ve)RADIOASTRONOMY1014Hz3 x 10 4ÅRADIONAVIGATIONSATELLITEMOBILESATELLITEMOBILE3 x 10 3ÅVISIBLEVisible1015Hz1016Hz3 x 10 2Å 013 x 10Å 0ULTRAVIOLET1017HzISM – 61.25 .250 GHz59-64 GHz IS DESIGNATED FORUNLICENSED DEVICESx1 3Å0Infrared1018HzRADIOASTRONOMY1Ultravioletx3 x 10 -1Å3 0X-RAY1019HzxFIXED1 0 ED-6Å10 24HzISM – 122.5 .500 GHzCOSMIC-RAYCosmic-rayX-ray10 Passive)RADIOASTRONOMYAMATEUREARTH EXPLORATIONSATELLITE (Passive)AMATEUR SATELLITESPACE RES. (Passive)ISM – 245.0 1GHz* EXCEPT AERO MOBILE (R)3 x 10-7ÅPLEASE NOTE: THE SPACING ALLOTED THE SERVICES IN THESPECTRUM SEGMENTS SHOWN IS NOT PROPORTIONAL TO THEACTUAL AMOUNT OF SPECTRUM OCCUPIED.MOBILESATELLITEMOBILERADIORADIONAVIGATION iolocation3000300FIXEDAMATEURFIXEDLAND MOBILEFIXEDMOBILEAMATEUR SATELLITEMOBILE**RADIO ASTRONOMYBROADCASTINGMARITIME MOBILELAND MOBILEMOBILE**FIXEDFIXEDMOBILE**FIXEDMOBILE**LAND MOBILEFIXEDMOBILEFIXEDLAND MOBILEMARITIME MOBILELAND .024.8924.9925.00522.85523.023.223.35MARITIME MOBILE (TELEPHONY)MOBILE (DISTRESS AND CALLING)MARITIME MOBILE (TELEPHONY)MOBILESpace ResearchSTANDARD FREQ. AND TIME SIGNALSTANDARD FREQ.STANDARD FREQ. AND TIME SIGNAL(2500kHz)AERONAUTICALMOBILE RSTANDARD FREQ. AND TIME SIGNAL(25,000 kHz)Space ResearchSTANDARD FREQ.AMATEUR SATELLITEFIXEDFIXEDFIXEDMobile*AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (OR)MARITIME IO IGATIONMOBILE SATELLITE 652000AeronauticalRadionavigation(Radio Beacons)MaritimeRadionavigation(Radio Beacons)AeronauticalMobileFIXED SATELLITE (E-S)MOBILEAmateurISM – 13.560 .007 MHz300.0275.0ISM – 24.125 0.125 IXED27.0269026552500LandMobileTRAVELERS INFORMATION SERVICE AT 1610 kHzEarthExplorationSatellite (S-S)SPACE ROADCASTINGSATELLITEEARTHEXPLORATIONSAT. (Passive)EarthSpaceExploration RadioSat.Astronomy Research(Passive)(Passive)FIXED137-139 SPACE RESEARCH (SPACE TO 9024002402241724502360FixedFIXEDMARITIME MOBILE 51615kHzMOBILERADIOLOCATIONSATELLITE (E-S)RadiolocationRadiolocationAmateurFixedMOBILE SATELLITE (S-E)MOBILERADIODETERMINATION SAT. (S-E)FIXEDAMATEURAmateurAMATEURRADIOLOCATIONLAND MOBILEAMATEURMARITIME XEDRADIONAVIGATION INTER-SATELLITEEarthStandardExploration Frequency andFIXEDSatelliteTime Signal(S-S)Satellite 90BROADCASTINGFIXEDAERONAUTICAL MOBILE (R)AMATEUR BILERADIOLOCATIONAMATEUR SATELLITEEARTH EXPL.SAT. 00520.010RadiolocationBROADCASTINGBROADCASTINGLAND MOBILEEarth Expl.Satellite (Active)AMATEURRADIOASTRONOMYSPACE FIXEDRadio- FixedlocationMOBILE(LOS)SPACE RESEARCH(s-E) (deep space only)FIXED(LOS)EARTHSPACESPACERESEARCH OPERATION EXPLORATION(s-E)(s-s)(s-E)(s-s) SAT. (s-E)(s-s)MOBILES)2150MARITIME MOBILEFIXEDSpace ResearchSTAND. FREQ. & TIME SIG.STANDARD FREQUENCY & TIME SIGNAL (20,000 KHZ)Space ResearchSTANDARD 8.0241.0238.0235.0ISM – 5.8 .075 GHzAmateurRadiolocationEARTH EXPL.SAT. (Passive)Radiolocation231.0SPACERADIORESEARCH EARTH EXPL.MOBILE** ASTRONOMY(Passive) SAT. (Passive) 22.522.022.211850-1910 AND 1930-1990 MHzARE ALLOCA TED TO PCS; 1910-1930 MHzIS DESIGNATED FOR UNLICENSED PCS DEVICESAmateur SatelliteMOBILEFIXEDSATELLITE (S-E)FIXEDSPACE RES.SATELLITE(S-E) (Passive)FIXEDSATELLITE SATELLITE(E-S)MOBILE* DCASTING(TV CHANNELS 7-13)FIXEDFIXEDEARTH EXPL.SAT. (Passive)FIXED173.2173.4174.0AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (R)AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (OR)FIXEDAMATEURAMATEUR SATELLITEMobileFIXEDMARITIME RADIONAVIGATIONSPACE RES.(Passive)MOBILESATELLITE(S-E)21101990Land STANDARD FREQ. AND TIME SIGNAL(15,000 kHz)Space ResearchSTANDARD FREQ.AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (OR)Mobile*AMATEUR SATELLITEAMATEURFIXED217.0202.0StandardFrequency andTime SignalSatellite (S-E)FIXEDMOBILEFIXED17551710170016751670MARITIME MOBILEMARITIME MOBILEMARITIME MOBILELAND MOBILEMARITIME MOBILELAND MOBILEMARITIME MOBILELAND MOBILEMOBILEMOBILEMOBILE SATELLITE (E-S)AMATEUR SATELLITEFIXEDAMATEURSTANDARD FREQ. AND TIME SIGNAL (60 kHz)MARITIMEMOBILEFIXEDEARTHEXPLORATION SAT.(Passive)20.219.7MOBILE †† (1999/2004)FIXED †† (1999/2004)FIXED #MARITIMEMOBILEMOBILERADIONAVIGATIONSATELLITESPACE RES.(Passive)MOBILESATELLITE (S-E)MOBILEMETEOROLOGICALAIDS (Radiosonde)METEOROLOGICALAIDS (RADIOSONDE)METEOROLOGICALAIDS (Radiosonde) ††AERO. MOBILE SAT. (R) (E-S)SPACE RESEARCH (Passive)FIXEDAMATEURRADIONAVIGATION SATELLITEFIXEDMOBILE SATELLITE BILEFIXEDFIXED SATELLITE E (s-E)Mobile Satellite (E-s)MOBILE SATELLITE (R) 61613.81626.51645.51549.51545AERONAUTICALMOBILE (R)MET. SAT. (S-E)MET. SAT. (S-E)MET. SAT. (S-E)MET. SAT. (S-E)AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (OR)AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (R)RADIO XEDSAT. (S-E)18.617.717.8METEOROLOGICALSATELLITE (s-E) ††RADIO ASTRONOMYRADIO ASTRONOMYRADIO ASTRONOMYAERONAUTICAL MOBILE SATELLITE (R) (E-s)AERONAUTICAL MOBILE SATELLITE (R) (E-s)MET. SAT.(s-E)INTERSATELLITEFIXED17.317.217.116.6MOBILE SATELLITE (E-s)MOBILE SATELLITE (E-S)MARITIME MOBILE SATELLITE (E-s)AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATIONRADIONAV. SATELLITE (Space to Earth)AERO. RADIONAVIGATION RADIO DET. SAT. (E-S)MOBILE SAT. (S-E)AERO. RADIONAV. RADIO DET. SAT. (E-S) MOBILE SAT. (E-S) RADIO ASTRONOMYMobile Sat. (S-E)AERO. RADIONAV. RADIO DET. SAT. (E-S) MOBILE SAT. (E-S)FIXEDSPACEEARTH EXPL. RESEARCHSAT. (Passive) (Passive)MOBILEMOBILEFIXED SAT. (E-S) ocation15.415.715.3515.1365Fixed185.0182.0Space Res.(Active)FIXED SATELLITE (E-S)Earth Expl.Satellite (Active)RADIOLOCATIONSpace Research(E-S) (deep AUTICAL RADIONAVIGATIONRADIOLOCATION14.7145AERONAUTICAL MOBILE SATELLITE (R) (space to Earth)MOBILE SATELLITE(Space to Earth)Mobile Satellite (S- E)Space Operations(S-E)SPACE RES. (S-E) SPACE OPN. (S-E)SPACE RES. (S-E) SPACE OPN. (S-E)SPACE RES. (S-E) SPACE OPN. (S-E)SPACE RES. (S-E) SPACE OPN. (S-E)Met. E RESEARCHEXPLORATION(Passive)SATELLITE (Passive)INTERSATELLITESpace ResearchMobileEARTH EXPL. SAT.(Passive)Space ResearchFixedRESEARCHRADIO ASTRONOMY SPACE(Passive)FIXEDMOBILEFIXEDFIXEDLand Mobile 14.4SAT. (E-S) Satellite (E-S) 14.5SpaceMobileResearchMOBILE SATELLITE (S-E)AERONAUTICAL MOBILE SATELLITE (R)(space to Earth)AERONAUTICAL MOBILE SATELLITE (R)(space to Earth)154415351530Space Research(S-E)MOB. SAT. (S-E)Mob. Sat. (S-E)MOB. SAT. (S-E)Mob. Sat. (S-E)AERONAUTICALMOBILE (R)AERONAUTICAL MOBILE ixedMobileLand Mobile Satellite (E-S)14.2MobileMOBILE SAT.MARITIME MOBILE SAT.(Aero. TLM)(Space to Earth)(Space to Earth)MARITIME MOBILE SATELLITEMOBILE SATELLITE (S-E)(space to Earth)1429143214351427RADIONAVIGATION ER- EXPLORATIONRESEARCH(Passive) SATELLITE SAT. (Passive)MOBILEMOBILESPACE DIOASTRONOMYEARTHRES.EXPL. SAT. SPACE(Passive)(Passive)FIXEDSATELLITE (S-E)149.0FIXED SATELLITE (E-S)Land MobileSatellite (E-S)14.0Fixed (TLM) Land Mobile (TLM & TLC)MOBILE(AERONAUTICAL TELEMETERING)MOBILELand Mobile(TLM & TLC)Fixed (TLM) Land Mobile (TLM & TLC)FixedAERONAUTICALMOBILE (R)12.2312.05MARITIME MOBILEFIXEDMOBILEMOBILEAmateur SatelliteFIXEDSAT. (E-S)RadiolocationFIXEDFIXED † (1999) MOBILE † 7511.27511.4STANDARD FREQ. AND TIME SIGNAL (20 IXEDRADIOASTRONOMYSPACEOPERATION(E-S) ITE AUTICAL MOBILE (OR)AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (R)BROADCASTING(AM RADIO)FIXEDINTERSATELLITESpaceResearchAERONAUTICAL RADIONAV.StandardFreq. andSpaceResearchTime SignalSatellite (E-S)FIXEDSpace Research (E-S)ISM – 915.0 13 ELLITE (Passive)SPACERESEARCH (Passive)FIXEDSATELLITE MOBILE(E-S)12.75RADIOLOCATION † (1999)MOBILE † (1999)FIXED † (1999)1390ISM – 40.68 .02 MHzMARITIMEMOBILEFIXEDEARTHEXPLORATIONSATELLITE (Passive)SPACERESEARCH (S-E)(Deep MOBILE (R)AERONAUTICAL MOBILEAERONAUTICAL MOBILEISM – 6.78 .015 MEMOBILE142.0AMATEUR SATELLITE 144.0Mobile LITE IXEDSTANDARD FREQ. AND TIME SIGNAL(10,000 kHz)Space ResearchSTANDARD FREQ.AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (R)AMATEURBROADCASTINGMobile*FIXEDSATELLITE (E-S)FIXEDEARTH EXPL.SATELLITE (Passive)AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (OR)AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (R)FIXEDBROADCASTINGSATELLITESPACERESEARCH (Passive)88.0AERONAUTICALRADIONAVIGATION(RADIO BEACONS)AERONAUTICALRADIONAVIGATION(RADIO ONOMYFIXEDEARTH EXPL.SAT. 0BROADCASTING(FM RADIO)116.0105.0SPACE eur10.0FIXEDLAND MOBILEFIXEDLAND EMOBILE(SHIPS ONLY)MARITIME MOBILEMOBILE (DISTRESS AND CALLING)435415405MARITIME LERADIONAVIGATIONMARITIME MOBILERADIOLOCATIONRadiolocationSPACE ocation9.29.0890902BROADCASTING(TV CHANNELS 5-6)EARTH EXPL.SATELLITE ATIONFIXEDLAND MOBILEFIXEDSATELLITE(E-S)SPACE RESEARCH (S-E)(deep space only)LAND MOBILE92.086.0SPACE RESEARCH (S-E)FIXEDAMATEURMARITIME MOBILEFIXEDAMATEUR SATELLITEMARITIMEMOBILEFIXEDAmateur84.0300 MHzMOBILEAmateurSatelliteBROADBROADCASTING CASTINGSATELLITEBROADCASTING(TV CHANNELS 38-69)FIXEDMOBILEAMATEURMobileAERONAUTICAL MOBILE (OR)AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (R)MARITIME IXEDBROADCASTINGMOBILE*FIXEDFIXEDMOBILESATELLITE SATELLITE(S-E)(S-E)806MOBILERADIO ASTRONOMYMOBILEFIXEDAERONAUTICAL TING(TV CHANNELS 2-4)76.07.1257.075608.0614.0AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (OR)AERONAUTICAL MOBILE DIONAVIGATIONAeronautical Mobile335325MARITIME MOBILEAMATEUR SATELLITEFIXEDFIXED6.8756.525RADIO ASTRONOMYMOBILEFIXEDSTANDARD FREQ. AND TIME SIGNAL(5000 KHZ)Space ResearchSTANDARD FREQ.FIXEDMOBILE*AERONAUTICAL MOBILE N(RADIO BEACONS)FIXEDAMATEUR75.5RadioFIXED SAT. MOBILESAT. (E-S) FIXED MOBILE Astronomy(E-S)72.91FIXEDMOBILESATELLITE SATELLITE (E-S)FIXEDFIXEDSATELLITE 3 MHz7.19SPACE RESEARCH (E-S)FIXED7.235FIXED7.25MOBILEFIXED SATELLITE (S-E)FixedSATELLITE (S-E)7.30FIXED SATELLITE (S-E)Mobile Satellite (S-E)FIXED7.45FIXEDMobileMET.FIXEDSATELLITE (S-E) SATELLITE (S-E)Satellite (S-E)7.55MobileFIXEDFIXEDSatellite (S-E)SATELLITE (S-E)7.75FIXED7.90FIXEDMOBILEFixedSATELLITE (E-S)SATELLITE (S-E)8.025FIXEDEARTH EXPL.MobileFIXEDSATELLITE (E-S) SATELLITE(S-E)Satellite (E-S)8.175FIXEDMobileMET.EARTH EXPL. SATELLITESATELLITESatellite(E-S)FIXEDSAT. (S-E)(E-S)(E-S)(no airborne) 8.215FIXEDMobile SatelliteEARTH EXPL.SATELLITEFIXEDSATELLITE (S-E)(E-S)(no airborne)(E-S)8.4MOBILEMOBILEFIXEDSATELLITE CAL MOBILE (R)MOBILE*MARITIME .065.0FIXEDFIXEDSATELLITE (E-S)FIXEDSATELLITE G(TV CHANNELS 21-36)64.03 GHz59.058.2BROADCASTING(TV CHANNELS SAT. 0MOBILEMOBILELAND ONSpace Research (Passive)MOBILE4.8MeteorologicalSatellite (S-E)460.0450.0FIXEDRADIO ASTRONOMYLANDMOBILE54.2551.4RADIO ASTRONOMYFIXEDFIXEDMOBILE4.685LAND MOBILELAND MOBILE420.0410.0403.0406.0406.1MOBILELAND MOBILERadio AstronomyLAND MOBILEFIXED36.03.53.4MaritimeRadionavigation(Radio Beacons)300NOT E-S)EARTHEXPLORATIONSATELLITE50.4FI XEDMOBILESATELLITE (E-S) SATELLITE (E-S)SPACERESEARCH50.247.2FIXEDMOBILEEarth Expl. Satellite(E-S)402.0FIXEDAMATEUR SATELLITE47.0FIXEDSATELLITE (S-E)FIXEDSATELLITE (S-E)4.664.5MeteorologicalSatellite (E-S)METEOROLOGICAL AIDS (RADIOSONDE)MOBILE SATELLITE BILE(S-E)MET. OBILE S)MOBILE45.5FIXEDMOBILEMET. SAT.(S-E)LANDMOBILEMOBILEFixedFIXEDSATELLITE (S-E)4.4(S-E)Space Opn.(S-E)MET. AIDS SPACE OPN. Met. Satellite Earth Expl.Satellite (E-S)(Radiosonde) Space to Earth(E-S)MOBILE.SAT. (S-E)SPACE avigationFIXEDMOBILESATELLITE(S-E)MOBILEMOBILE SATELLITE (E-S)STD. FREQ. & TIME SIGNAL SAT. (400.1 MHz)MET. IXEDFIXED4.23.73.65RADIONAVIGATION FIXED D cationRADIOSATELLITEASTRONOMY(E-S)AERO. RADIONAV.(Ground)AERO. RADIONAV.(Ground)RadiolocationAERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATIONMOBILEMOBILE*AMATEURMOBILE* OBILE (OR)AERONAUTICAL MOBILE ANDARD FREQUENCYAND TIME SIGNALAERONAUTICALRADIONAVIGATION(RADIO ILESPACE RESEARCHFIXEDMETEOROLOGICALSATELLITE39.5EARTH EXPLORATIONSATELLITEMOBILEFIXEDSATELLITE SATELLITE(S-E)(S-E)SPACE EFIXEDSATELLITE 2.030 GOVERNMENT IONAVIGATION33.033.4MARITIME MOBILESATELLITERADIONAVIGATIONAMATEUR SATELLITELANDMOBILEFIXEDGOVERNMENT/ NON-GOVERNMENT SHAREDLANDMOBILEINTER-SATELLITESTANDARD FREQUENCYAND TIME SIGNAL SATELLITEMOBILE**RADIOLOCATIONGOVERNMENT EXCLUSIVE300RADIONAVIGATIONMOBILE SATELLITEMOBILEMARITIMERADIONAVIGATION(RADIO BEACONS)32.0FIXED SATELLITEAeronauticalRadionavigation(Radio Beacons)RADIONAVIGATIONMOBILEMOBILERADIOLOCATION SATELLITEFIXEDMARITIME SAT. (Passive)LAND GATIONMOBILERADIODETERMINATIONSATELLITEFIXEDLAND MOBILERADIO ASTRONOMYSPACERESEARCH(Passive)AERONAUTICALMOBILE Radiolocation300.0RADIO SERVICES COLOR LEGEND31.03.0THE RADIO SPECTRUMMARITIMERADIONAVIGATION3Stand. Frequencyand Time SignalSatellite (S-E)ACTIVITY XEDSATELLITE(E-S)STATESStandardFrequency andTime SignalSatellite (S-E)Fixed300 kHzMARITIMEMOBILELAND MOBILEFIXED3 MHzISM – 27.12 .163 MHz30 MHzMOBILEMOBILEMOBILE SATELLITEFIXEDFIXED300 MHzISM – 2450.0 50 MHz3 GHz30 GHzMOBILEFIXEDRADIONAVIGATION SATELLITE(E-S)MOBILEFIXEDFIXED300 493
CHEAT SHEETWireless Spectrum for DummiesTO LEARN MORE, GO TOThe electromagnetic spectrum has business opportunities. The U.S. government and the Federalbeen around for as long as the universe, Communications Commission have responded by reallocatingSpectrumbut from all the attention heaped on it huge swaths of spectrum for new uses and auctioning slices to therecently, you’d think it had just surfaced yesterday. New digital highest bidders for prices expected to reach well into the billions.The future of many giant communications companiesand wireless technologies—from cell phones to satellitesrests on the outcome of those auctions. It’s tricky busito high-definition television—are dramatically changing30ness and complex science. Here’s a primer.how we use the airwaves and presenting enormous newMHzwww.ecompany.comAND TYPE INMajor Commercial Wireless Services*Broadcast TVChannels 2-4 (VHF) 54 to 72 MHzChannels 5-6 (VHF) 76
ATT wireless. That spectrum is shared by the carrier's subscribers when they make a call. 1.1 Radio, TV and cellular phones The FCC imposes standards on AM and FM broadcast radio, and broadcast TV. AM channels are 10 kHz wide, FM channels are 200 kHz wide, broadcast TV channels are 6 MHz wide. Some features
