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Emergency Medical ServicesEmergency Medical Services (EMS) is a system of coordinated response, involving multiple people andagencies that provide prehospital emergency medical care. EMS practitioners may provide both basicand advanced medical care at the scene of an emergency and enroute to a hospital. The organizationalstructure of EMS, as well as who provides and finances the services, varies significantly from communityto community. Prehospital services can be based in a fire department, hospital, independent governmentagency (i.e., public health agency), or nonprofit corporation (e.g., Rescue Squad) or can be provided bycommercial for-profit companies. Regardless of the provider, the essential components of an EMS systemremain the same.2%21,280EMS Agencies81,290EMS Vehicles826,000EMS Professionals28 millionTimes EMS annually transports someone37 millionAnnual EMS calls for serviceAdapted from 2011 National EMS Assessment6%Emergency Medical DispatchOther EMS Agency6%Hospital Based1%TribalTypesof EMSAgencies21%State and LocalGovernment, NotFire Based40%Fire DepartmentBased25%Private,Not Hospital Based% of all EMSprofessionalsEmergency Medical Responder (EMR)The lowest level of responder, the EMR possesses simple skills to provide immediate lifesavingcare for critical patients. The EMR can render on-scene interventions while awaiting additionalresources and may serve on a transport crew, but generally will not be the primary caregiver.6%Emergency Medical Technician (EMT)The EMT conducts basic, noninvasive interventions to reduce the morbidity and mortality ofacute out-of-hospital emergencies. They have all the EMR’s capabilities, plus additional skillsassociated with patient transport. In many places, EMTs provide the majority of out-of-hospitalcare, and in some places, the highest level.64%Advanced EMT (AEMT)The AEMT has all the skills of the EMR and EMT, but can also conduct limited advanced andpharmacological interventions. This level allows provision of high-benefit, lower-risk advancedskills by systems that cannot support paramedic-level care. In some jurisdictions, AEMTs mayrepresent the highest level of out-of-hospital care.6%ParamedicsThe paramedic is an allied health professional who can conduct invasive and pharmacologicalinterventions. Possessing all the skills of the lower-level providers, paramedics can alsoconduct a broader range of interventions based on skills that are harder to maintain and posegreater risk to patients if done incorrectly. Paramedic care is based on advanced assessmentand formulating a field impression.Numbers and descriptions from National Highway Traffic Safety Administration24%November 2017

Public WorksThe United States has approximately 19,400 municipalities of varying sizes. In each community, thereare common needs that must be met through the provision of public works services (e.g., drinkingwater, utilities, trash collection, etc.). Public Works may be defined as the combination of physicalassets, management practices, policies, and personnel necessary for government to provide and sustainstructures and services essential to the welfare and acceptable quality of life for its citizens. Froman emergency management perspective, Public Works is an integral component of a jurisdiction’semergency planning and response efforts.Public Works plays a central role in incident management (both pre- and post-event) by providing much ofthe engineering and technical expertise required to plan, construct, operate, and restore most of a community’s protective andlifeline facilities. During an incident, Public Works may act as the lead agency for debris management, restoration of criticalinfrastructure, and damage assessment.Flood controlRestoration of utility services and communication facilitiesDebris clearance, removal, disposalAssess damage to public structuresUnique Function of Public Works in EmergenciesCommunity Protective and Lifeline FacilitiesCommunicationFacilities(telephone, cabletelevision)Drainage andFlood houses,town halls)(water, sewer,electric, gas)Transportation(streets, highways,bridges, airports,terminals, harbors)Repair damage to roads, bridges, tunnelsEmergency traffic operationsPublic Works Specialized ngineeringand TechnologyFacilitiesFleetServicesGrounds andUrban ForestrySolid WasteManagement2%9%641,870employees in thePublic Works professionTransportationMangementWaterUtility and PublicManagementRight-of-Way1%Emergency Managersand PlannersTraffic Control andTransportation SpecialistsInspectors10%Equipment OperatorsTypes ofPublicWorks jobsand Mechanics12%Facility Workers andGrounds Keepers28%Highway Maintenance andConstruction Workers22%16%Facility and TreatmentPlant OperatorsEngineersNumbers from U.S. Department of LaborNovember 2017

Emergency ManagementEmergency Management is the managerial function charged with creating the framework withinwhich communities reduce vulnerability to hazards and cope with disasters. This managerial functionis typically undertaken by a designated Emergency Manager, who has a working knowledge of all thebasic tenets of emergency management, including mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery, andthe knowledge, skills, and ability to effectively manage a locality’s emergency management program.Emergency Management Specialists and Emergency Management Directors plan for, coordinate, andmanage response efforts.The industries with the highest levels of employment for this occupation include:9,840Emergency ManagementDirectors in the U.S.5,1501,180790350320Local GovernmentState GovernmentGeneral Medical andSurgical HospitalsColleges, Universities,and Professional SchoolsElectric Power Generation,Transmission, andDistributionNumbers from U.S. Department of LaborEmergency Services Sector Specialized CapabilitiesIn addition to foundational capabilities of the disciplines, Federal, SLTT, and private sector assets, networks, and systems alsoprovide specialized emergency services through individual personnel and teams. These specialized capabilities may be found inone or more various disciplines, depending on the jurisdiction.Tactical TeamsTeams of personnel withspecialized training andequipment to handle high-risksituations (e.g., hostage rescue,counterterrorism operations, etc.).While traditionally a LE capability,such as special weapons and tactics(SWAT) teams, cross-training withfire and rescue and EMS personnelhas recently increased.Canine (K-9)/Explosives DetectionCanine (EDC) UnitsUtilized for search and rescue,evidence search and detection(e.g. presence of narcotics,explosives, tobacco products,etc.), and suspect apprehension.2,031full-time SWATpersonnel247883466full-time bombtechscollateralduty asbomb techFBI accreditedBomb Squadsthroughoutthe USduty9,525 collateralSWAT personnelduty2,045 collateralbomb techsEDC752 full-timehandlers163260 full-timedivers114duty360 collateralEDC handlers2,263 collateralduty diversEDC handlerswith collateralduty as bombtechsHazardous Devices/Public Safety BombDisposal TeamsPersonnel specially trainedin the investigation anddisarming of suspectedexplosive devices. (Note:Some bomb squads andbomb techs are assigned tofire departments).Public Safety Dive Teamsdivers withcollateralduty asbomb techTeams of personnel withspecialized training andequipment for underwaterrescue, investigation, andrecovery of evidence. Personnelmay be part of LE, fire andrescue, or EMS organizations.Search and Rescue (SAR) UnitsSpecialized teams of personnel trained in the location, rescue, and initial medical stabilization of distressed individuals. ManyStates and local jurisdictions maintain SAR capabilities. Per the Emergency Support Function #9 Search and Rescue Annex,Federal SAR roles and responsibilities are divided amongst the following primary agencies: Urban SAR (FEMA); Maritime/Coastal/Waterborne SAR (U.S. Coast Guard); and Land SAR (U.S. Department of the Interior and Department of Defense).Search and RescueUnits (SAR)FEMA – Establishes policy and leadsthe coordination of the National UrbanSearch and Rescue Response SystemNumbers from DHS National Counter-Improvised Explosive Device Capabilities Analysis Database; numbers do not include DOD resources28Urban SAR Task Forces spread throughoutthe U.S. trained and equipped by FEMA tohandle structural collapseNovember 2017

Hazardous Materials Response Units (HMRU)Personnel trained and equipped to perform work to control actual or potential leaks, spills, discharges, or releases of hazardousmaterials (HAZMAT). Capability often associated with fire departments, LE organizations, and some federal department andagencies with HAZMAT related responsibilities (e.g. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, U.S. Coast Guard, FBI, etc.).17.5%HazardousMaterials ResponseUnits (HMRU)of registered fire departmentsprovide this specialized serviceEPA Environmental Response Team (ERT)and Radiological Response Team (RERT)FBI Technical Hazardous Response Unit(THRU)Numbers from USFA National Fire Department RegistryPublic Safety Answering Points (PSAP)A facility that has been designated to receive 9-1-1calls and route them to emergency services personnel.Sometimes known as a Public Safety CommunicationsCenter, a PSAP may act as a dispatch center.5,874primary and secondaryPSAPs in the United States240 millioncalls are made to 911 in theUnited States each yearLaw Enforcement911Someonecalls 911PSAP receives call,collects information,and sends todispatcherDispatchercontactsEMSFire & RescueNumbers from National Emergency Number AssociationNational Guard WMD-Civil Support TeamsFusion CentersSpecialized teams that provide support to civil authoritiesduring a domestic Chemical, Biological, Radiological,Nuclear and high-yield Explosives (CBRNE) incident. CivilSupport Teams (CSTs) provide assistance by identifyingchemical, biological, radiological and nuclear agents andsubstances, assessing current or projected consequences,advising on response measures, and assisting with requestsfor additional support. A CST is typically employed by a state’sAdjutant General under the direction of the state’s governor.A State government-designated facility that providesinformation sharing and analysis for an entire State ormajor urban area. Other names include “InformationAnalysis Center,” “Counter Terrorism Information Center,”and “Regional Intelligence Center.”Sector 1Sector 4Sector 2Sector 5Sector 3Sector 6Information from National Guard Bureau78Fusion Centers in theUnited States57WMD-CSTs in the United States,Territories, and the District of ColumbiaAdapted from National Fusion Center Association “Fusion Centers” 2017November 2017

Fire Marshals' duties vary by jurisdiction and may include fire code enforcement, property inspections, investigation of the cause and origin of fires, and dissemination of fire safety education information. Specialized Services Provided by Fire Departments. November 2017. 13% 31% 21% 35% re departments registered with the United States Fire