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Solar Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration IntroductionHans-Martin HenningFraunhofer-Institut für Solare Energiesysteme ISE,Freiburg/GermanyWorkshop “Solar Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration”April 25, 2007Aix-les-Bains, FRANCEslide 1Task 38Solar Air-Conditioningand RefrigerationRESTMACOverview Introduction Technologies Status, Examples Outlookslide 2RESTMACTask 38Solar Air-Conditioningand Refrigeration1
Introduction Introduction Technologies Status, Examples Outlookslide 3Task 38Solar Air-Conditioningand RefrigerationRESTMACRAC unit sales (in Mio. units)World market for air-conditioning50.000Japan40.000Asia (excl.Japan)Middle East30.000EuropeNorth America20.000Central & SouthAmerica10.000AfricaOceania0.0001998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006slide 4RESTMACTask 38Solar Air-Conditioningand Refrigeration2
total installed electric capacity in GWResulting increase in electric capacity500Japan400Asia (excl.Japan)Middle East300EuropeNorth America200Central & SouthAmerica100AfricaOceania01998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006slide 5Task 38Solar Air-Conditioningand RefrigerationRESTMACWhy solar heat for cooling / air-conditioning? Coincidence of solargains and cooling loads Reduce electric peakloads created by airconditioning High use of solar gainsduring the entire year Reduce summer surplussolar gains in solarsystems designed forheating application 9101112slide 6RESTMACTask 38Solar Air-Conditioningand Refrigeration3
Why solar heat for cooling / air-conditioning? Coincidence of solargains and cooling loads Reduce electric peakloads created by airconditioning High use of solar gainsduring the entire year Reduce summersurplus solar gains insolar systems designedfor heating application(solar combi-systems)COP useful coolingdriving heat 0.7HeatingDHWSolar123456789CoolingTotal101112slide 7Task 38Solar Air-Conditioningand RefrigerationRESTMACBasic system gcoolingdrivenprocessprocessconditionedairslide 8RESTMACTask 38Solar Air-Conditioningand Refrigeration4
Technologies Introduction Technologies Status, Examples Outlookslide 9Task 38Solar Air-Conditioningand RefrigerationRESTMACheat storageheat distr.cold productioncold storagecold distr.building, loadsolarcollectorheat drivenchillerchilled watersolar collector fieldheatchilledceilingheatingcond. airair handling unithot waterother heat sourcesfancoilsdesiccant airhandling unitRESTMACslide 10Task 38Solar Air-Conditioningand Refrigeration5
Small thermally driven water chillers – new productsentering the marketslide 11RESTMACEAWTask 38Solar Air-Conditioningand RefrigerationSK SonnenKlima GmbHDesiccant systems Air handling units using heat driven air dehumidificationSystem using desiccant wheelSystem using liquid desiccantslide 12RESTMACTask 38Solar Air-Conditioningand Refrigeration6
Desiccant system difierambientsupplydesiccant rotorheat recoveryslide 13Task 38Solar Air-Conditioningand RefrigerationRESTMACTemperature needs Desiccant systems: 50 – 80 CGlasabdeckung Solar air collectors, flat plate collectorsIsolierungAbsorber mitLuftkanälenKollektorrahmen Adsorption: 65 – 85 C Flat plate collectors, evacuated r mitFluidkanälen Single-effect absorption (comfort airconditioning): 70 – 100 C Flat plate collectors, evacuated tubes,optical concentration without trackingGlasabdeckungR eflektorFolieIsolierungAbsorber mitFluidkanalK ollektorrahmenslide 14 Double-effect absorption: 130-160 C High efficient evacuated tubes, opticalconcentration with trackingRESTMACTask 38Solar Air-Conditioningand Refrigeration7
Status, Examples Introduction Technologies Status, Examples Outlookslide 15Task 38Solar Air-Conditioningand RefrigerationRESTMACStatus in Europe Approx. 120installations8.7%GermanyGreece Approx. 20 MWcoldinstalled Specific 2/kW 3cold forchilled waterproduction 10 m2 per 1000m3/h for sorptiveair handling unitsSpainNetherlandsIsraelTurkeySerbia .9%slide 16RESTMACTask 38Solar Air-Conditioningand Refrigeration8
Air-conditioning of a factory flat plat collector field: 2700 m2 2 adsorptions chillers with 350 kW coolingcapacity each 3 compression chillers with 350 kW each air conditioning of the production facilities of acosmetics factory site: Inofita Viotias (appr. 50 km north-east ofAthens) largest system today interesting system concept: electricity saving bysolar coolingslide 17RESTMACTask 38Solar Air-Conditioningand RefrigerationWine store cooling evacuated tube collector field: 130 m2 single-effect absorption chiller with 52 kW coolingcapacity no back-up system cooling of a wine store (about 3 million bottles)with 3 air handling units (25.000 m3/h air flow) site: Banyuls (south France) one of the oldest systems; operates more than12 years without problems solar autonomous and not buffer storage storage on load sideslide 18RESTMACTask 38Solar Air-Conditioningand Refrigeration9
Air-conditioning of a seminar room solar air collector as only heat source: 100 m2 desiccant cooling system (10.200 m3 per hour) withsilica gel rotor no back-up system air-conditioning of the seminar room and thecafeteria in the building of the chamber for trade& commerce in Freiburg/ Germany simple solar system with simple integration intothe air-conditioning plant no back-up, no storage promising concept for buildings with a high similarityof cooling loads and solar gainsslide 19RESTMACTask 38Solar Air-Conditioningand RefrigerationHotel air-conditioning parabolic trough collector produces heat at 180 C: 180m2 aperture area double effect absorption chiller (cooling capacity 116kW, 4 bar saturated steam; COP 1.2) air-conditioning of a hotel and steam supply for thehotel laundry LPG-fired back-up steam boiler site: Dalaman (mediterranean coast Turkey) first system with double effect chiller high overall conversion efficiency interesting concept for sites with high direct radiationslide 20RESTMACTask 38Solar Air-Conditioningand Refrigeration10
Outlook Introduction Technologies Status, Examples Outlookslide 21RESTMACTask 38Solar Air-Conditioningand RefrigerationStatus Energy saving Primary energy saving for properly designed chilled water systems 40 – 60 % Primary energy saving for properly designed open cycles 20 – 50 % First cost 2 – 2.5 times higher compared to conventional reference systems Overall annual cost 1.2 – 1.5 times higher compared to conventional reference systems Close to break-even with funds in the range of 100 per m2 of collectorslide 22RESTMACTask 38Solar Air-Conditioningand Refrigeration11
Outlook Large potential, in particular in mediterranean countries Potential for cost reduction Higher standardization Less effort in planning and design Lower component costslide 23Task 38Solar Air-Conditioningand RefrigerationRESTMAC thank you foryour attention!slide 24RESTMACTask 38Solar Air-Conditioningand Refrigeration12
Water chillers - market available systemswater chillers produce chilled water which can supply any type of air-conditioningequipment (e.g. air handling units, fan-coils, chilled ceilings,.)single-effect absorptionmany products for cooling power 100 kW;few products 100 kW; refrigerant/sorption pair eitherwater/LiBr or ammonia/waterdouble-effect absorptionseveral manufacturers; often direct fired systems; noproducts 100 kW; refrigerant/ sorption pair in mostcases water/LiBradsorptiona few commercially available systems (Asia);refrigerant/sorption pair water/silica gelsteam jet cycletailor-made sytems for large capacities; refrigerantwaterslide 25RESTMACTask 38Solar Air-Conditioningand RefrigerationDesiccant systems - market available equipment desiccant systems are used for direct airtreatment they consist of a combination of sorptiveair dehumidification and evaporativecooling two major technologies exist systems with desiccant rotors– desiccant rotors available in a broad rangeof sizes from several manufacturers– sorption material either silica gel orlithium-chloride– cycle adjustable to different climaticconditions systems using liquid desiccants– few systems in pilot plant operation– LiCl as desiccant materialRESTMACslide 26Task 38Solar Air-Conditioningand Refrigeration13
Hans-Martin Henning Fraunhofer-Institut für Solare Energiesysteme ISE, Freiburg/Germany . heating heat driven chiller desiccant air handling unit solar collector. 6 slide 11 Task38 Solar Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration RESTMAC Small thermally driven water chillers - new products
