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Totalitarianism-total control of citizenspublic and private lives Totalitarian government started in Italy during the1920’s and other countries followed suit People accepted these governments because theypromised help and a strong country again when peoplewere in the midst of suffering economic depression Democracies worldwide were weak and people neededstrong leadership Totalitarian governments use six principles to controltheir citizens and maintain absolute power:

Principles of Totalitarianismsecret police -use of fear and force to intimidate and controlcitizensindoctrination – brainwashing or using tactics to mindcontrol citizens into believing the leader/political party is thebestpropoganda- use of advertisements or media to promoteonly good things about a leader or party. Ex-billboardsshowing Hitler reading to children, books about Hitler’sheroics in WWI, radio broadcasts about a leader ornewspapers that only report good things about thegovernment

Principles of Totalitarianismcensorship -limiting information that people see throughthe media-newspapers, tv, radio, internet, cell phones. Youblock access to differing opinions or other ways ofpersecution -discriminating or killing off of a religious groupor, you allow no religion at all. The leader and country mustcome above all elsescapegoat-singling out one or more ethnic groups who donot match up with a supreme race. Ex. The Jews in NaziGermany were separated from society in Ghettos andeventually killed.

Rise of Totalitarian Governments Dictators will take over in Italy, Germany,Russia and Japan The rest of Chapter 16 explains howtotalitarianism rises in each country Italy-Fascism Germany-Nazism Russia-communism Japan-Militarism-control by the head ofmilitary officials

Chapter 16 Section 3Fascism in Italy

Terms and People Benito BlackMussolini – Fascist leader of ItalyShirts – Fascist party militants Marchon Rome – a rally of tens ofthousands of Fascists who marched onRome in 1922 to demand governmentchanges totalitarianstate – a one-partydictatorship that regulates every aspect ofthe lives ofits citizens

Terms and People (continued) fascism– any centralized,authoritarian government that is notcommunist whose policies glorify thestate over the individualand are destructive to basic humanrights

How and why didfascism rise in Italy?

Fascism Rises in Europe Many people lost faith in democraticgovernments during the world widedepression People favored an extreme form ofgovernment to take control and solveproblems Fascism -a new, militant politicalmovement that emphasized loyalty tothe state and obedience to its leader.

Characteristics of Fascism-Section 3 Extreme nationalism Pledge loyalty to your leader Fascist wore uniforms of a certain color, hadspecial salutes, held mass rallies No belief in equality, every class had apurpose Most fascists were aristocrats andindustrialists, war veterans and lower middleclass Government controls economy Government uses, censorship,

Problems for Italy Post WWI Citizens were angry with Treaty of Versailleswanted more territory in the Balkan Regionbut this went to make up Yugoslavia People felt like they fought in WWI for noreason Inflation was high Trade was low and the economy suffering Violence and strikes were breaking out Veterans of WWI were especially angry

Rise of FascismItaly Dictator Benito Mussolini created the first fascistgovernment (fascist party founded in 1919) The Italian democratic government was not solving thecountry’s problems-corruption rampant Benito Mussolini promised the people to rescue theeconomy and make Italy strong. Mussolini began gathering follower(WWI vets and middleclass businessmen) Created the Fascist party-Latin for bundle of sticks wrappedaround an ax-fasces-symbol of magistry and priestly authority

Rise of Fascism cont Mussolini created the Black Shirts whichwere party militants who used violenceto control parts of Italy Black shirts crushed political rallies,destroyed press that they did not agreewith (socialist or leftist), rigged electionsand used fear and intimidation to controlpeople/elections

Mussolini takes control October 1922 30,000 fascists marched on Rome King Victor Emmanuel III put Mussolini in charge ofgovernment in an attempt to save his position as themonarch Mussolini “legally took power” Mussolini was called Il Duce, meaning leader Took away democracy and outlawed all politicalparties Opponents were jailed Radio and newspapers were censored Economy was directed by him by allying

Mussolini preserved capitalism,but took controlof the state. He favored thewealthy at the expense of the Men were urged to beworkers.selfless warriors fighting foItaly.To Fascists,the glorious Women were pushed out ostate waspaying jobs to bear moreall-important.children. Childrenwere taught toobey strict military

For many in Italy, fascismpromised a strong stablegovernment and an end to thepolitical feuding.Mussoliniprojected asense of powerand confidencethat waswelcome amidthe disorder anddespair ofpostwar Italy.Once Mussoliniembarked onforeign conquest,Westerndemocraciesprotested.

Propaganda SlogansBelieve! Obey! Fight!“Win the battle ofmotherhood!”Women who had 14 ormore children werepersonally awarded amedal by Mussolini

FascistsCommunistsPursued nationalistgoalsWorked for internationalchangeSupported a societywith defined classesSpoke of creating aclassless societyBlind devotion to thestateBlind devotion to thestateUsed terror for power Used terror for powerFlourished in economic Flourished in economichard timeshard timesRule by an eliteRule by an elite

Summary Mussolini rose to power during a chaotic time inItaly Citizens were angry over the treaty of Versailles Many revolutions occurred-communists, socialist Mussolini formed a party and had force throughthe Black Shirts They were extreme nationalists who took overItalian government by 1922. The King of Italy granted Mussolini the power b/che feared civil war if not

The next totalitarian leader torise to power was Joseph Stalin beforeUSSR

Hitler and Stalin, the rise of evil https://www.youtube.com/watch?v 5ealHMCGZwU https://www.youtube.com/watch?v 8OetedJuu4k

The Soviet Union Under StalinChapter 16 Section 4

Objectives Describe the effects of Stalin’s fiveyear plans. Explain how Stalin tried to controlhow people thought in the SovietUnion. List communist changes to Sovietsociety. Outline Soviet foreign policy underStalin.

Terms and People commandeconomy – an economyin which government officials makeall basic economic decisions collectives– large farms owned andoperated by peasants as a group kulaks Gulag– wealthy farmers– brutal labor camp

Terms and People (continued) socialistrealism – an attempt to showSoviet life in a positive light andpromote hope in the communist future russification– making a nationality’sculture more Russian atheismgod– the belief that there is no Comintern– a communist groupwhose purpose was to encourageworldwide revolution

How did Stalin transform theSoviet Union into a totalitarianstate?After the death of Lenin in 1924, Stalinbegan his plan to ruthlessly control theSoviet Union and its people.Through a series of five-year plans,forced labor, and forced collectivization,Stalin transformed the Russiancommunist vision to that of a totalitarianstate.

The Soviet Union under Stalinbecame a totalitarian statecontrolled by a powerful andcomplex bureaucracy.In 1928, heimposed thefirst of several“Five YearPlans” to: Buildup heavyindustry Improvetransportation Increaseoutputfarm

Stalin increased government controlBy bringing all economic activityunder government control, Stalincreated a command economy.By contrast, in a capitalist system, thefree market determines mosteconomic decisions.

Between 1928 and 1939, theSoviet Union experiencedtremendous growth in industry.The government: Builtlarge factories Builthydroelectricpower stations Createdhugeindustrialcomplexes Improvedoil, coal, Expandedminingand steelproduction Builtnew railroads

Although Stalin’s five-year plansbuilt industry, overall the standardof living remained low.Central planningwas ofteninefficient,causingshortagesin some areasand surpluses inothers. Consumerproductswere scarce. Wageswere low. Workerswereforbidden to strike. Workers’movements wererestricted.

Stalin also broughtagriculture under his control,but at a terrible cost. Leninhad allowed peasants to keepsmall plots of land. UnderStalin, peasants had to farm onstate-owned collectives. They kepttheir houses and belongings, but thelivestock and tools belonged to thestate. Thestate set prices and controlledsupplies.

The peasants rebelled, causingStalin to respond with brutalforce. Hebelieved thekulaks, wealthyfarmers, wereresponsible for theresistance. Hetried to eliminatethe kulaks by takingtheir land andsending them tolabor camps.Holodomor - the Hunger

The government’s efforts toeliminate peasant resistance led tothe Terror Famine of 1932.Peasantsresisted Stalin’spolicies bygrowing onlyenough grain tofeed themselves.The governmentseized all of thegrain to meetindustrial standards,leaving the peasantsto starve.Between five and eight millionpeople died in the Ukraine alone.

Under Stalin, the Communist partyused secret police, torture, andviolent purges toensure obedience. Policespies opened private letters. Therewas no free press. Protestswere forbidden. Criticswere sent to the gulags, asystem of brutal labor camps.Even then, Stalin was still fearful that arival party was plotting against him.

In 1934, Stalin launched theGreat Purge.He staged aHe targeted formerseriesCommunist armyof spectacularheroes, industrialmanagers, writers, “show trials”to force falseand ordinaryconfessions.citizens.At least four million people werepurged between 1934 and 1938.

Stalin used terror and Gulag laborcamps to control the huge,multinational Soviet Union.But the purgesdeprived theSoviet Union ofmany industrialexperts, writers,thinkers, andmilitary leaders.The Soviet Union,1928–1941

Stalin used propaganda to appearlike a god and build a “cult ofpersonality” around himself.The title below this poster reads: Understanding theLeadership of Stalin - Come Forward With Communism.Radios,loudspeakers,newspapers,and billboardsbombardedcitizens withstories ofcommunistsuccesses andcapitalist evils.

The Soviet government tightlycontrolled the arts. Thegovernment censored books, music,and art. Stalinrequired artists and writers tofollow the style of socialist realism. Itsgoal was to present Soviet life in apositive light and project hopeful visionsof the communist future. Writers,artists, and musicians who failedto conform faced governmentpersecution.

Stalin controlled the culture bypromoting russification anddeclaring war on religion. Although many Soviet republics were notRussian, Stalin ordered that the Russianlanguage had to be used in all schoolsand businesses. Russianswere appointed to high-rankingpositions in non-Russian republics. Catholic,Jewish, and Islamic teachingswere suppressed. Athiesm became anofficial state policy.

Stalin created a society where afew elite groups emerged as a newruling class.General PopulationElitePrivilegesSome privileges they didunavailable to the not have beforerest of thecommunism.population.Children attended freeThey lived in the Communist schools andbest apartments participated in sports,and shopped incultural activities, andspecial stores.political classes.

The Sovietstate providedother benefitsto the generalpopulation. Freemedical care Freeday care Inexpensivehousing PublicrecreationIn addition, women gained access toeducation and a wide range of jobs.Despite some benefits, most people stillhad inadequate food and housing.

Summary Stalin took power in Russia in 1924. He reversed Lenin’s New Economic Policy and thestate created a Command Economy. Industrial production was massively boostedunder the 5 year plan Many peopled starved though due tocollectivization-5-8 million people Stalin used terror and persecuted people-kulaks,Jews, Old Bolsheviks under Lenin Stalin took over all public and private life-religion,schooling, art, jobs

Today Quick review from yesterday-Kahoot Cover Hitler’s rise in Germany Play the Hitler Stalin Video-write down 10interesting similarities between the twoTomorrow Review Hitler/Stalin’s rise to powerCover Japan’s rise to powerGo over study guide questionsPlay a gameFinish Hitler/Stalin Video

Section 4Hitler and the Riseof Nazism

Terms and People chancellor – prime minister Ruhr Valley – a coal-rich valley where Germanworkers protested French occupation Third Reich – official name of the Nazi partyfor its regime in Germany; held power from1933 to 1945 Gestapo – Hitler’s secret police Nuremberg Laws – laws designed by Hitler todeprive Jews of German citizenship by placingsevere restrictions on them

How did Hitler and the Naziparty establish and maintain atotalitarian governmentin Germany?

Nazism Nazism is a fascist type ofgovernment Hitler borrowed Mussolini’s ideasand created his own form of fascismbased on his political party

Moderate German leaders createdthe Weimar Republic, a democraticgovernment, in 1919.The Weimar Republic had: Achancellor, or prime minister Aconstitution Aparliamentary system Abill of rights Aprovision allowing women to vote

The Weimar government cameunder wide attack.Conservativesattacked thegovernmentas too liberal.Communistsdemandedradicalchanges.Germans of all classes hated the Versaillestreaty, which the Weimar government hadsigned.The German people looked for scapegoatsfor their troubles. Many blamed GermanJews.

In 1923, economic disaster fedthe unrest. Germanyfell behind in reparationpayments, so France occupied theRuhr (roor) Valley Whenworkers in the Ruhr refused to work,the German government continued to paythem by printing huge quantities of money. inflationspiraled out of control and theGerman mark became worthless. Manymiddle-class families saw theirsavings wiped out.

Ruhr Valley in Germany-given toFrance after WWI

Hitler and Nazism After WWI Hitler joined a small right wing politicalgroup The group later became known as the NationalSocialist German Worker’s Party or the Nazi Party The Nazi’s adopted the swastika or hooked crosssymbol and set up a brown shirt army Hitler became leader of the party. The Nazi’s tried to seize power of Germany in 1923and failed They were arrested and jailed. In jail Hitler wrote his bookmeaning (My Struggle)

Mein Kampf Germans or “Aryans” were a “master race” Declared non-Aryans such as Jews, Slavs andGypsies were inferior He declared Germany was overcrowded andneeded more living space. He promised to regain German lands takenaway by the Treaty of Versailles and conquerEastern Europe and Russia.

Rise of the Nazi’s Hitler leaves prison in 1924 Germany’s President Paul von Hindenburg named HitlerChancellor of Germany Once in power legally Hitler turned Germany into atotalitarian state He banned all political parties besides the Nazi party The SS was created (Schutzaffel) a protection squad to takeout and spy on anyone against Hitler and the Nazis Gestapo was created the Nazi secret police Books that taught things against the Nazi party wereburned Churches were controlled School children had to join Nazi youth groups He made war on the Jewish people

Paul VonHindenburg

Threegovernmentalsystemscompeted forinfluence inpostwar Europe.Democracy inBritain andFranceWith the Great Depression and thedifficulties that faced the Westerndemocracies, other nations looked to fascistleaders for guidance.

Other Countries fall to Fascism Spain, Hungary,Poland and Yugoslavia(Albania, Bulgaria,Romania) all fell tofascism Only one democracyremained in Eastern EuropeCzechoslovakia Countries with strongdemocratic traditionsmaintained democracythrough tough economic times Others fell todictatorships, stints ofcommunism andautocracy

Chapter 15 Section 5Japanese Nationalism andMilitarism

Objectives Explain the effects of liberal changesin Japan during the 1920s. Analyze how nationalists reacted toJapan’s problems during the GreatDepression. Describe how the militarists embarkedon a course of aggressive overseasexpansion in the 1930s.

Terms and People Hirohito– the Japaneseemperor who reigned from1926 to 1989 ultranationalist– anextreme nationalist Manchuria– a northernChinese province

How did Japan change inthe 1920s and 1930s?Japan used its strong economy to becomean imperialistic, industrial power,expanding into China and Korea.The 1920s were a period of liberal reformsin Japan. By the 1930s, however, Japanexperienced a backlash against liberalismdueto the combined effects of the GreatDepression and growing militarism.

During World War I, Japan grew intoa major economic and imperial power. Annexed Korea in 1910Japan wasa growingpresence inEast Asia. Sought further rights inChina with the TwentyOne Demands Was awarded formerGerman possessions inEast Asia by the Allies atthe 1919 Paris PeaceConference

In 1926, Hirohito became emperorof Japan. According to Japanesetradition, he was thenation’s supremeauthority and a livinggod. He reigned for 63years, until 1989.

Japanese democracy during the 1920swas fairly liberal, but dominated bypowerful business interests.Strengths Political partiesgrew stronger.Weaknesses Political parties weremanipulated by thezaibatsu, Japan’s Elected members ofpowerful businessthe Diet exercisedleaders.their power. Women did not win All adult men wonthe right to votethe right to vote.until 1945.

As Western powers grew waryof Japan’s aggressi

A rising Christian fundamentalist movement supported traditional values and ideas about the Bible. Under Prohibition, organized crime and speakeasies flourished. The amendment was repealed in 1933. Many Americans favored prohibition. A constitutional amendment in 1919 banned alcohol. Some people reacted against new freedoms and ideas.