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Disease Control Priorities in Developing CountriesSECOND EDITION

Disease ControlPriorities inDeveloping CountriesSECOND EDITIONEditorsDean T. JamisonJoel G. BremanAnthony R. MeashamGeorge AlleyneMariam ClaesonDavid B. EvansPrabhat JhaAnne MillsPhilip MusgroveA copublication of Oxford University Press and The World Bank

2006 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank1818 H Street NWWashington DC 20433Telephone: 202-473-1000Internet: www.worldbank.orgE-mail: feedback@worldbank.orgAll rights reserved1 2 3 4 09 08 07 06A copublication of The World Bank and Oxford University Press.Oxford University Press165 Madison AvenueNew York NY 10016This volume was funded in part by a grant from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and is a product of thestaff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / the World Bank, the World HealthOrganization, and the Fogarty International Center of the National Institutes of Health. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this volume do not necessarily reflect the views of the executive directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent, the World Health Organization, or the FogartyInternational Center of the National Institutes of Health.The World Bank, the World Health Organization, and the Fogarty International Center of the NationalInstitutes of Health do not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors,denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgement on thepart of the World Bank, the World Health Organization, or the Fogarty International Center of the NationalInstitutes of Health concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of suchboundaries.Rights and PermissionsThe material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this workwithout permission may be a violation of applicable law. The International Bank for Reconstruction andDevelopment / The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission toreproduce portions of the work promptly.For permission to photocopy or reprint any part of this work, please send a request with complete information to the Copyright Clearance Center Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA; telephone:978-750-8400; fax: 978-750-4470; Internet: www.copyright.com. All other queries on rights and licenses,including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to the Office of the Publisher, The World Bank, 1818 H StreetNW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2422; e-mail: pubrights@worldbank.org.ISBN-10: 0-8213-0821361791ISBN-13: 978-0-821-36179-5eISBN:0-8213-6180-5Library of Congress Cataloguing-in-Publication Data has been applied for.

DedicationThis book is dedicated to Bill and Melinda Gates, whose vision,leadership, and financing over the past decade have catalyzed globalsupport for transforming the lives of the world’s poor throughinexpensive but powerful health interventions.

ContentsForeword by Jaime SepúlvedaxiiiPrefacexviiEditorsxixAdvisory Committee to the EditorsContributorsDisease Control Priorities Project ions and AcronymsxxxixPart One Summary and Cross-Cutting Themes1SummaryChapter 1Investing in Health3Dean T. JamisonChapter 2Intervention Cost-Effectiveness: Overview of Main Messages35Ramanan Laxminarayan, Jeffrey Chow, and Sonbol A. Shahid-SallesChapter 3Strengthening Health Systems87Anne Mills, Fawzia Rasheed, and Stephen TollmanCross-Cutting ThemesChapter 4Priorities for Global Research and Development of Interventions103Barry R. Bloom, Catherine M. Michaud, John R. La Montagne, and Lone SimonsenChapter 5Science and Technology for Disease Control: Past, Present, and Future119David Weatherall, Brian Greenwood, Heng Leng Chee, and Prawase WasiChapter 6Product Development Priorities139Adel Mahmoud, Patricia M. Danzon, John H. Barton, and Roy D. MugerwaChapter 7Economic Approaches to Valuing Global Health Research157David MeltzerChapter 8Improving the Health of Populations: Lessons of Experience165Carol Ann Medlin, Mushtaque Chowdhury, Dean T. Jamison, and Anthony R. Meashamvii

Chapter 9Millennium Development Goals for Health: What Will It Take toAccelerate Progress?181Adam Wagstaff, Mariam Claeson, Robert M. Hecht, Pablo Gottret, and Qiu FangChapter 10 Gender Differentials in Health195Mayra Buvinić, André Médici, Elisa Fernández, and Ana Cristina TorresChapter 11 Fiscal Policies for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention211Rachel Nugent and Felicia KnaulChapter 12 Financing Health Systems in the 21st Century225George Schieber, Cristian Baeza, Daniel Kress, and Margaret MaierChapter 13 Recent Trends and Innovations in Development Assistance for Health243Robert M. Hecht and Raj ShahChapter 14 Ethical Issues in Resource Allocation, Research, and New ProductDevelopment259Dan W. Brock and Daniel WiklerChapter 15 Cost-Effectiveness Analysis for Priority Setting271Philip Musgrove and Julia Fox-RushbyPart Two Selecting Interventions287Infectious Disease, Reproductive Health, and UndernutritionChapter 16 Tuberculosis289Christopher Dye and Katherine FloydChapter 17 Sexually Transmitted Infections311Sevgi O. Aral and Mead Over, with Lisa Manhart and King K. HolmesChapter 18 HIV/AIDS Prevention and Treatment331Stefano Bertozzi, Nancy S. Padian, Jeny Wegbreit, Lisa M. DeMaria, Becca Feldman,Helene Gayle, Julian Gold, Robert Grant, and Michael T. IsbellChapter 19 Diarrheal Diseases371Gerald T. Keusch, Olivier Fontaine, Alok Bhargava, Cynthia Boschi-Pinto, Zulfiqar A.Bhutta, Eduardo Gotuzzo, Juan A. Rivera, Jeffrey Chow, Sonbol A. Shahid-Salles,and Ramanan LaxminarayanChapter 20 Vaccine-Preventable Diseases389Logan Brenzel, Lara J. Wolfson, Julia Fox-Rushby, Mark Miller, and Neal A. HalseyChapter 21 Conquering Malaria413Joel G. Breman, Anne Mills, Robert W. Snow, Jo-Ann Mulligan, Christian Lengeler,Kamini Mendis, Brian Sharp, Chantal Morel, Paola Marchesini, Nicholas J. White, Richard W.Steketee, and Ogobara K. DoumboChapter 22 Tropical Diseases Targeted for Elimination: Chagas Disease,Lymphatic Filariasis, Onchocerciasis, and Leprosy433Jan H. F. Remme, Piet Feenstra, P. R. Lever, André Médici, Carlos Morel, MounkailaNoma, K. D. Ramaiah, Frank Richards, A. Seketeli, Gabriel Schmunis, W. H. van Brakel,and Anna VassallChapter 23 Tropical Diseases Lacking Adequate Control Measures: Dengue,Leishmaniasis, and African TrypanosomiasisPierre Cattand, Phillippe Desjeux, M. G. Guzmán, Jean Jannin, A. Kroeger, André Médici,Philip Musgrove, Mike B. Nathan, Alexandra Shaw, and C. J. Schofieldviii Contents451

Chapter 24 Helminth Infections: Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infectionsand Schistosomiasis467Peter J. Hotez, Donald A. P. Bundy, Kathleen Beegle, Simon Brooker, Lesley Drake,Nilanthi de Silva, Antonio Montresor, Dirk Engels, Matthew Jukes, Lester Chitsulo,Jeffrey Chow, Ramanan Laxminarayan, Catherine M. Michaud, Jeff Bethony, RodrigoCorrea-Oliveira, Xiao Shu-Hua, Alan Fenwick, and Lorenzo SavioliChapter 25 Acute Respiratory Infections in Children483Eric A. F. Simoes, Thomas Cherian, Jeffrey Chow, Sonbol A. Shahid-Salles,Ramanan Laxminarayan, and T. Jacob JohnChapter 26 Maternal and Perinatal Conditions499Wendy J. Graham, John Cairns, Sohinee Bhattacharya, Colin H. W. Bullough,Zahidul Quayyum, and Khama RogoChapter 27 Newborn Survival531Joy E. Lawn, Jelka Zupan, Geneviève Begkoyian, and Rudolf KnippenbergChapter 28 Stunting, Wasting, and Micronutrient Deficiency Disorders551Laura E. Caulfield, Stephanie A. Richard, Juan A. Rivera, Philip Musgrove,and Robert E. BlackChapter 29 Health Service Interventions for Cancer Control in Developing Countries569Martin L. Brown, Sue J. Goldie, Gerrit Draisma, Joe Harford, and Joseph LipscombNoncommunicable Disease and InjuryChapter 30 Diabetes: The Pandemic and Potential Solutions591K. M. Venkat Narayan, Ping Zhang, Alka M. Kanaya, Desmond E. Williams,Michael M. Engelgau, Giuseppina Imperatore, and Ambady RamachandranChapter 31 Mental Disorders605Steven Hyman, Dan Chisholm, Ronald Kessler, Vikram Patel, and Harvey WhitefordChapter 32 Neurological Disorders627Vijay Chandra, Rajesh Pandav, Ramanan Laxminarayan, Caroline Tanner, Bala Manyam,Sadanand Rajkumar, Donald Silberberg, Carol Brayne, Jeffrey Chow, Susan Herman,Fleur Hourihan, Scott Kasner, Luis Morillo, Adesola Ogunniyi, William Theodore, andZhen-Xin ZhangChapter 33 Cardiovascular Disease645Thomas A. Gaziano, K. Srinath Reddy, Fred Paccaud, Susan Horton, and Vivek ChaturvediChapter 34 Inherited Disorders of Hemoglobin663David Weatherall, Olu Akinyanju, Suthat Fucharoen, Nancy Olivieri, and Philip MusgroveChapter 35 Respiratory Diseases of Adults681Frank E. Speizer, Susan Horton, Jane Batt, and Arthur S. SlutskyChapter 36 Diseases of the Kidney and the Urinary System695John Dirks, Giuseppe Remuzzi, Susan Horton, Arrigo Schieppati, and S. Adibul Hasan RizviChapter 37 Skin Diseases707Roderick Hay, Sandra E. Bendeck, Suephy Chen, Roberto Estrada, Anne Haddix, Tonya McLeod,and Antoine MahéChapter 38 Oral and Craniofacial Diseases and Disorders723Douglas Bratthall, Poul Erik Petersen, Jayanthi Ramanathan Stjernswärd, and L. Jackson BrownChapter 39 Unintentional Injuries737Robyn Norton, Adnan A. Hyder, David Bishai, and Margie PedenContents ix

Chapter 40 Interpersonal Violence755Mark L. Rosenberg, Alexander Butchart, James Mercy, Vasant Narasimhan, Hugh Waters,and Maureen S. MarshallRisk FactorsChapter 41 Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene Promotion771Sandy Cairncross and Vivian ValdmanisChapter 42 Indoor Air Pollution793Nigel Bruce, Eva Rehfuess, Sumi Mehta, Guy Hutton, and Kirk SmithChapter 43 Air and Water Pollution: Burden and Strategies for Control817Tord Kjellström, Madhumita Lodh, Tony McMichael, Geetha Ranmuthugala, Rupendra Shrestha,and Sally KingslandChapter 44 Prevention of Chronic Disease by Means of Diet and Lifestyle Changes833Walter C. Willett, Jeffrey P. Koplan, Rachel Nugent, Courtenay Dusenbury, Pekka Puska,and Thomas A. GazianoChapter 45 The Growing Burden of Risk from High Blood Pressure, Cholesterol,and Bodyweight851Anthony Rodgers, Carlene M. M. Lawes, Thomas A. Gaziano, and Theo VosChapter 46 Tobacco Addiction869Prabhat Jha, Frank J. Chaloupka, James Moore, Vendhan Gajalakshmi, Prakash C. Gupta,Richard Peck, Samira Asma, and Witold ZatonskiChapter 47 Alcohol887Jürgen Rehm, Dan Chisholm, Robin Room, and Alan D. LopezChapter 48 Illicit Opiate Abuse907Wayne Hall, Chris Doran, Louisa Degenhardt, and Donald ShepardConsequences of Disease and InjuryChapter 49 Learning and Developmental Disabilities933Maureen S. Durkin, Helen Schneider, Vikram S. Pathania, Karin B. Nelson, Geoffrey C. Solarsh,Nicole Bellows, Richard M. Scheffler, and Karen J. HofmanChapter 50 Loss of Vision and Hearing953Joseph Cook, Kevin D. Frick, Rob Baltussen, Serge Resnikoff, Andrew Smith, Jeffrey Mecaskey,and Peter KilimaChapter 51 Cost-Effectiveness of Interventions for Musculoskeletal Conditions963Luke B. Connelly, Anthony Woolf, and Peter BrooksChapter 52 Pain Control for People with Cancer and AIDS981Kathleen M. Foley, Judith L. Wagner, David E. Joranson, and Hellen GelbandPartThree Strengthening Health Systems995Strengthening Public Health ServicesChapter 53 Public Health Surveillance: A Tool for Targeting andMonitoring InterventionsPeter Nsubuga, Mark E. White, Stephen B. Thacker, Mark A. Anderson, Stephen B. Blount,Claire V. Broome, Tom M. Chiller, Victoria Espitia, Rubina Imtiaz, Dan Sosin, Donna F. Stroup,Robert V. Tauxe, Maya Vijayaraghavan, and Murray Trostlex Contents997