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Psychology themes and variations 10th edition chapter 3 pdf online pdf downloadindicate your choice (by letter) in the spaces on the left. Examples of material that might be found in your unconscious include a forgotten trauma from childhood, hidden feelings of hostility toward a parent, and repressed sexual desires. Visual illusion An apparently inexplicable discrepancy between the appearance of a visual stimulus and its physicalreality. The cause of RBD appears to be deterioration in the brainstem structures that are normally responsible for immobilization during REM periods (Chen et al., 2013). Orange Line Media/Shutterstock.com C o n Ce p t C H eC K 13.1 TabLE 13.1 Social readjustment rating Scale Life Event Mean Value Mean Value Life Event Death of a spouse100 son or daughter leaving home 29 Divorce 73 trouble with in-laws 29 Marital separation 65 outstanding personal achievement 28 Jail term 63 spouse begins or stops work 26 Death of a close family member 63 Begin or end school 26 Personal injury or illness 53 change in living conditions 25 Marriage 50 revision of personal habits 24 Fired at work47 trouble with boss 23 Marital reconciliation 45 change in work hours or conditions 20 retirement 45 change in residence 20 change in health of family member 44 change in school 20 Pregnancy 40 change in recreation 19 sex difficulties 39 change in church activities 19 gain of a new family member 39 change in social activities 18 Businessreadjustment 39 Mortgage or loan for lesser purchase (car, tV, etc.) 17 change in financial state 38 change in sleeping habits 16 Death of a close friend 37 change in number of family get-togethers 15 change to a different line of work 36 change in eating habits 15 change in number of arguments with spouse 35 Vacation 13 Mortgage or loan formajor purchase (home, etc.) 31 christmas 12 Foreclosure of mortgage or loan 30 Minor violations of the law 11 change in responsibilities at work 29 Source: Adapted from Holmes, T. Develop tolerance to higher doses Other Sleep Problems Although insomnia is the most common difficulty associated with sleep, people are plagued by many other typesof sleep problems, as well. Gotlib & C. A., Heuschmann, P. And we have worked to increase the pedagogical value of the photos by pairing each one with an explanatory caption and eliminating photos that were largely decorative. J., Brown, G. Because of economic pressures in mental health care, the use of group therapy appears likely to grow infuture years (Burlingame & Baldwin, 2011). The citations and references are a necessary part of a book’s scholarly and scientific foundation. As you’ll see throughout the chapter, the study of personality is an area in psychology that has a long history of “dueling theories.” We’ll divide these diverse personality theories into four broad groups that eachshare certain assumptions, emphases, and interests: (1) psychodynamic perspectives, (2) behavioral perspectives, (3) humanistic perspectives, and (4) biological perspectives. Andresr/Shutterstock.com 10.8 cause of father absence? However, the syndromes also differ in crucial ways. Asians prefer implicit social support, whereas Americansprefer explicit social support. Researchers have found that IQ measured in childhood correlates with longevity decades later. How many of these people can be expected to have unlisted phone numbers? Feature analysis assumes that form perception involves bottom-up processing, a progression from individual elements to the whole (see Figure4.16). Bounded rationality See Theory of bounded rationality. H.M. was unable to remember what he ate a few minutes ago, let alone what he had done in the years since his surgery. Kempton, M. This conclusion is based on several lines of research. Eating disorders mostly emerge during adolescence, as these data for anorexia nervosa show. E.,Dyck, I. Meditation refers to a family of practices that train attention to heighten awareness and bring mental processes under greater voluntary control. E., Sexton, H. That is, you go back and forth, beset by indecision. prison door. Weiner (Eds.), Handbook of psychology Vol. When Nancy Andreasen studied thirty accomplished writers who hadbeen invited as visiting faculty to the prestigious Iowa Writers Workshop, she found that 80% of her sample had suffered a mood disorder at some point in their lives (Andreasen, 1987, 2005). Psychological Bulletin, 67, 1–11. PTSD 9. Does the source of the definition seem legitimate? The prevalences of diabetes, heart disease, muscle pain, andhypertension increase as BMI goes up, suggesting that obesity is a significant health risk. Instructors select what students see and when they see it. Obviously, being poor can contribute to unhappiness. In higher-order conditioning, new conditioned responses are built on the foundation of already established conditioned responses. The messengers inthis communication network are called hormones. Further permissions questions can be e-mailed to [email protected] Text and Cover Designer: Liz Harasymczuk Cover Images: Blue door on green background digifuture/123RF, Yellow and orange peaked door sowari/123RF, Magenta doors with cross windows Sergey Novikov/123RF, Limegreen doors edomor/Fotolia.com, Bright orange doors nuttakit/Shutterstock.com, Blue door with mail slot iolab/Shutterstock .com, Rustic red door LesPalenik/ Shutterstock.com, Vintage blue doors with pattern Chamille White/ Shutterstock.com Compositor: Graphic World, Inc. Images are projected on one side of the screen to presentstimuli to just one hemisphere. Sex Roles, 64, 768–787. F., & Dussias, P. C., Watson, J. 1 & 2). It monitors key indicators of autonomic arousal, typically heart rate; blood pressure; respiration rate; and galvanic skin response (GSR), which is an increase in the electrical conductivity of the skin that occurs when sweat glands increase their activity.Consistent with their theory, they found that subjects exposed to a red cover on an IQ test scored significantly lower on the test than those exposed to green or white covers. Dissimilarity does not foster attraction. Coren, S. Baumrind, D. You might have noticed this interaction when you ate a favorite meal while enduring a severe head cold. E., &Root, L. Copyright 1974 The Benjamin-Cummings Publishing Co. Adapted by permission of Howard H. Thanks to their mothers’ drug abuse, more than 13,000 babies in the United States are born addicted to narcotics each year (Patrick et al., 2012). The middle ear depends on the vibration of movable bones. visual C. Obviously, if a goal is readilyattainable, there isn’t a problem. Beck asserts that most disorders are caused by irrational, rigid, negative thinking. The occupational impact of sleep quality and insomnia symptoms. M., Kisamore, J. Whatever you think about, try to avoid ruminating about the current stresses and problems in your life. Salespeople using the reciprocity principledistribute free samples to prospective customers. Stereotypes Widely held beliefs that people have certain characteristics because of their membership in a particular group. Stimulants: Drugs that increase CNS activation, such as cocaine and amphetamines Drug effects also depend on the potency of the drug, the method of administration, and theuser’s tolerance. At first, the dog or rat runs only when shocked (escape learning). Perspectives on Psychological Science, 8, 591–612. Thus, they often specialize in family, marital, or career counseling. In recognition of this landmark event, historians have christened 1879 as psychology’s “date of birth.” Soon after, in 1881, Wundt established the firstjournal devoted to publishing research on psychology. American girls 358 Chapter 10 Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. Neutral Views held by individual group members Group average Example 2 Neutral Views held by individual group members Neutral Views held by individual group members groupthink In contrast with group polarization, whichis a normal process in group dynamics, groupthink is more like a “disease” that can infect decision making in groups. For example, a genetically influenced trait, such as a young child’s surly, sour temperament, might evoke a particular style of parenting. Psychological Bulletin, 125, 507–523. But the life depicted on her Facebook profile is a carefullycrafted one. Although they’re meant to be engaging and fun, they do check conceptual understanding, and some are challenging. A general introduction to psychoanalysis. Thus, in analyzing the validity of a definition, you need to look not only at the definition itself but at where it came from. doi:10.1016 /j.maturitas.2012.09.012 Griffin, D.Relationships among general mental ability, physical attractiveness, core self-evaluations, and income. Fournier, J. Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine, 15, 831–853. Accordingly, I have taken great care to ensure that the book’s content, organization, writing, illustrations, and pedagogical aids work in harmony to facilitate instruction and learning.These outcomes are presented as the only possible ones, when in reality many other outcomes are possible, including some that lie between the extremes depicted in the false dichotomy. One influential meta-analysis concluded that antidepressants lead to a slight elevation in the risk of suicidal behavior (Bridge et al., 2007). Does a fitness factorcontribute to the association between intelligence and health outcomes? Thus, the discipline that had begun its life a few decades earlier as the study of the mind gradually found itself heavily involved in the study of simple responses made by lab animals. Sam’s wife always wears the same black nightgown whenever she is in the mood for sexualrelations. parents clearly are important, as children grow older, their peer groups may become more influential than parents and other authority figures (Killen, Hitti, & Mulvey, 2015). These subjects usually got a decent amount of sleep in non-REM stages, but they were selectively deprived of REM sleep. decreases; decreases 9. In popular mediaportrayals, the syndrome is often mistakenly called schizophrenia. For instance, a shy, inhibited person might develop a flamboyant, extraverted alternate personality. Sylvia occasionally hears voices talking to her. The process of getting acquainted has become information-rich in unprecedented ways, as potential partners typically learn a great dealabout each other before meeting face-to-face. doi:10.1111/bdi.12211 Akerstedt, T., Hume, K., Minors, D., & Waterhouse, J. RefeRences Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. This total is an index of the amount of change-related stress the person has recently experienced. Burke, M., Marlow, C., & Lento, T. If she is out and about when a thunderstormhits, she goes into a panic. For example, his analysis of free will was often misconstrued as an attack on the concept of a free society—which it was not. Interestingly, this bias grows stronger as time passes after an event, so that people tend to take progressively more credit for their successes and less blame for their failures (Burger, 1986).doi:10.1037/14187-008 Draganski, B., Gaser, C., Busch, V., Schuierer, G., Bogdahn, U., & May, A. Baddeley proposed a more complex model of STM called working memory. Fraternal (dizygotic) twins emerge from two separate zygotes, so their genetic relatedness is only 50%. However, the cones’ adaptation, which is plotted in purple, soon reachesits limit, and further improvement comes from the rods’ adaptation, which is plotted in red. Psychological Review, 111, 880–913. S., Pinto, A. The vast majority of color-blind people are dichromats, who cannot see certain colors. For example, entrepreneurs starting new companies ignore the high failure rate for new businesses, and burglarsunderestimate the likelihood that they will end up in jail. A variety of other studies have also demonstrated that, to some extent, we have a tendency to see what we want to see (Dunning & Balcetis, 2013). Risky decision making Making choices under conditions of uncertainty. Some of this diversity exists because different theories attempt to explaindifferent facets of behavior. This bias pays off for good-looking people because they tend to secure better jobs and earn higher salaries than less-attractive individuals (Senior et al., 2007). Is there a link between adult neurogenesis and learning? The nonhumorous control cartoons were created by taking an amusing cartoon and changing the text so itwas no longer funny (see example at top). M., Hyde, J., & Linn, M. she should do the research. However, more recent studies have provided new evidence favoring the linguistic relativity hypothesis (Davidoff, 2001, 2004; Roberson et al., 2005). Thus, Asian and American conceptions of self appear to be noticeably different. But people quickly learnedthat they could grind it up and snort or inject it for a powerful high. Caverly (Eds.), Handbook of college reading and study strategy research. Car dealers aren’t the only ones who use this technique, which is a surprisingly effective strategy (Cialdini & Griskevicius, 2010). Courchesne, E., Mouton, P. For example, Baumrind (1964) asserted thatsubjects who agree to participate in a scientific study expect to obey orders from an experimenter. The most common inconsistency is that a clear factor for the trait of openness to experience does not emerge in some cultures (Saucier & Srivastava, 2015). a researcher is interested in how heart rate and blood pressure are affected by viewing aviolent film sequence as opposed to a nonviolent film sequence. Thus, ence with spatial activities appears to Silverman and Eals (1992) hypothesized enhance spatial skills (Feng, Spence, & that females ought to be superior to males Pratt, 2007). E., & Kemp, I. Another problem is that when people abruptly discontinue regularly their sleep medication,they can experience unpleasant withdrawal symptoms (Lee-Chiong & Sateia, 2006). The inability to control overeating has become so common that some theorists are coming around to the view that highly processed, high-fat, high-sugar foods may literally be addictive (Ahmed, 2012; Gearhardt & Corbin, 2012). After seventy volunteers were given anextensive battery of tests and interviews, the researchers chose twenty-four students who appeared to be physically healthy and psychologically stable to be the subjects. For example, a nonassertive client may begin by working on making requests of friends. For instance, after her accident, the injured gymnast might suffer impaired ability toremember people she meets, where she has parked her car, and so on. DECISION MAKING Common heuristics and flaws Simon’s theory of bounded rationality asserts that people tend to use simple decision strategies that often yield seemingly irrational results because they can only juggle so much information at once. How Happy are People? Theroom contains numerous artifacts from other cultures—and the original psychoanalytic couch. Appetite, 46(1), 26–30. 2007) propose that dreams are side effects of the neural activation that produces the beta brain waves during REM sleep that are associated with wakefulness. mental illness, the revolving Door, and homelessness Most of the peoplecaught in the mental health system’s revolving door suffer from chronic, severe disorders (usually schizophrenia) that often require hospitalization (Machado, Leonidas, & Santos, 2012). In S. Feeling she’d been wrong, she apologized to him the next day at school. Case studies are particularly well suited for investigating certain phenomena, especiallythe roots of psychological disorders and the efficacy of selected therapeutic practices (Fishman, 2007). Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. Prevalence of child physical and sexual abuse in the community: Results from the Ontario health supplement. doi:10.1111/j.14678721.2009.01639.x Johnston, J. They gave participants definitions of obscure words andasked them to think of the words. Although a majority of participants sought assistance for the student, the tendency to seek help declined with increasing group size. You’ve been trying not to think about it. More and more of our social interactions are migrating onto the Internet. Soma The cell body of a neuron; it contains the nucleus and much ofthe chemical machinery common to most cells. doi:10.1001 /archgenpsychiatry.2011.60 Kendzerska, T., Mollayeva, T., Gershon, A. People who are high in openness also tend to be tolerant of ambiguity (McCrae & Sutin, 2009). Many behavioral adaptations are designed to improve organisms’ chances of reproductive success. As you can see, thevarious approaches were fairly similar in their overall effectiveness. Unconditioned stimulus (US) A stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning. Parental investment What each sex invests—in terms of time, energy, survival risk, and forgone opportunities—to produce and nurture offspring. Klein & R. P., Laurence, J.,& Lynn, S. Receptive fields in the retina come in a variety of shapes and sizes. Are there any fallacies in the chain of reasoning? 21–38). The more people present, the more food people tend to eat (de Castro, 2010). Which do you suppose leads to longer-lasting effects: being reinforced every time you emit a response, or being reinforced only some ofthe time? Gradually, over a number of therapy sessions, the client progresses through the hierarchy, unlearning troublesome anxiety responses. Head photo (all): Robert Kneschke/Shutterstock.com SenSation and perCeption 137 Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. As a general rule, people’s beliefs about what they should fear tend to besurprisingly inconsistent with actual probabilities (Glassner, 1999). The first two—attention and retention—highlight the importance of cognition in this type of learning: Attention. Thus, we might speculate that human Development aCross the life span 359 Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. Advertisers routinely pair their products with likablecelebrities in the hope that their products will come to elicit pleasant emotional responses. 550 9. Chapman, C. American Journal of Psychiatry, 167(1), 47–55. xii To The insTrucTor Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. The behavioral component of an attitude consists of predispositions to act in certain ways toward an attitudinal object.Deinstitutionalization has been blamed for contributing to the growing population of homeless people. Distributed practice in verbal recall tasks: A review and quantitative synthesis. A correlation may be either positive or negative, depending on the nature of the association between the variables measured. Replicating Milgram: Would people stillobey today? They therefore try to figure out how to use this information before they even consider whether it’s relevant. Illustrated Overview The Five Major Senses STIMULUS The Visual System HEARING The Auditory System ELEMENT OF THE STIMULUS TASTE Sound waves are vibrations of molecules, which means that they must travelthrough some physical medium, such as air. Sternberg, & S. (1938). Absent grief or the resilient pattern is characterized by low levels of depression before and after the spouse’s death. In one test of this hypothesis, Masuda and Nisbett (2001) presented computer-animated scenes of fish and other underwater objects to Japanese and Americanparticipants and asked them to report what they had seen. All eight stages in Erikson’s theory are charted in Figure 10.5. We describe the first four childhood stages here and discuss the remaining stages in the upcoming sections on adolescence and adulthood. Optimists also enjoy greater social support than pessimists, in part because they workharder on their relationships (Carver & Scheier, 2014). Why did he emphasize sex and aggression? The same card shown to a person high in impulsiveness might elicit a story about how the boy is planning to sneak out the door to go dirt-bike riding with friends. Theme 5: People’s behavior is shaped by their cultural heritage. Melzack and Wallsuggested that this imaginary gate can be closed by signals from peripheral receptors or by signals from the brain. Bandura’s theory PSYCHODYNAMIC PERSPECTIVES Bandura’s social cognitive theory emphasizes how cognitive factors shape personality. de Zwaan, & H. If the manuscript is accepted, the author may incorporate suggestions forimprovement from the reviews, make final revisions, and resubmit the article to the journal editor. W., & Beevers, C. In contrast, relatively slow motor development has been found in some cultures that discourage motor exploration FiGuRE 10.2 Prone, chest up, arm support Rolls over Bears some weight on legs Sits without support Stands holding onPulls self to stand Walks, holding on to furniture Stands well alone Walks well alone Walks up steps 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Left, Monkey Business Images/Shutterstock.com; center, Lichtmeister/ Shutterstock.com; right, Gelpi/Shutterstock.com Prone, lifts head Milestones in motor development. In contrast, visiting teams who flew eastward the daybefore won only 37% of their games, presumably because flying east and shortening one’s day creates greater jet lag. Good grades, tasty meals, paychecks, scholarships, promotions, nice clothes, nifty cars, attention, and flattery are all positive reinforcers. M., & Markman, H. A., Wager, T. Create stimulus photo of moderately attractive woman withneutral look wearing a form-fitting blouse. Los Angeles, CA: The Williams Institute, UCLA School of Law. However, these classic tongue maps were based on a misinterpretation of early research data. The consequences of the hindsight bias in medical decision making. More recently, scientists have learned that enriched environments also promotethe newly discovered process of neurogenesis in the brain (Nithianantharajah & Hannan, 2006). plicate this strength of the experiment. The footin-the-door technique involves getting people to agree to a small request to increase the chances they will agree to a larger request later. Stricker, I. doi:10.1177/0020764010348442 Hambrick, D. Whenyou’re introduced to people, you’re often busy sizing them up and thinking about what you’re going to say. If you wait until the urge to study strikes you, you may still be waiting when the exam rolls around. Trends in childrearing practices have been shaped by the ideas of John B. Dementia is an abnormal condition marked by multiple cognitivedeficits that revolve around memory impairment. Which of the following statements about emotional experience is true? Systematic desensitization involves three steps. Assumptions are premises for which no proof or evidence is offered. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 66, 3–11. E., & Berger, S. Kendler. Will money increase subjectivewell-being? the BiologiCal Bases of Behavior 101 Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. If you were to take a recall test on a list of twenty-five words you had memorized, you would simply be told to write down on a blank sheet of paper as many of the words as you could remember. In DSM-5, OCD was removed from the anxiety disorders category andput in its own special category with other compulsive problems, such as hoarding disorder. According to Rogers, unconditional love during childhood fosters congruence, while conditional love fosters incongruence. Weiner (Eds.), Attribution: Perceiving the causes of behavior. A., Bromet, E. Piaget called this stage sensorimotor because infantsSensorimotor period human Development aCross the life span 351 Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. People vary considerably in their ability to successfully carry out prospective memory tasks. Is there a biological basis for homosexuality? To some extent, this finding undermines analyses that attribute the gender gap in mating preferences to howmales’ and females’ brains have been wired by evolution. 330 pp. Individuals troubled by insomnia should avoid panic, pursue relaxation, and try distracting themselves. The specialization of the right and left halves of the brain is a burgeoning area of research that has broad implications, which we will discuss further in the Personal Application.Eventually, Logan apologized, but it was “an online apology. The five key processes involved in communication at synapses are (1) synthesis and storage, (2) release, (3) binding, (4) inactivation or removal, and (5) reuptake of neurotransmitters. Intermediate processing Phonemic encoding: emphasizes what a word sounds like Does the word rhymewith weight? And in the long run, alcohol and various recreational drugs can elevate one’s risk for infectious diseases; respiratory, pulmonary, and cardiovascular diseases; liver disease; gastrointestinal problems; cancer; neurological disorders; and pregnancy complications (see Chapter 5). In the third step, the client tries to work through thehierarchy, learning to remain relaxed while imagining each stimulus. F., Denckla, C. her problem escalated gradually until she was absent from work so often that she was fired. Stanley Hall in 1892 with just 31 members (Wertheimer, 2012). D., & Gilbert, D. doi:10.1007/s11199-011-9987-3 Bussey, K., & Bandura, A. The voters who are actuallysurveyed constitute the sample. Epigenetic dynamics in psychiatric disorders: Environmental programming of neurodevelopmental processes. that view, together with its associated practices, must be reexamined when a scientific analysis reveals unsuspected controlling relations between behavior and environment.” 2. Vocabularyknowledge is a crucial building block for the development of reading comprehension skills (Lervag & Aukrust, 2010). And when insight therapies Therapy session are compared head-to-head against drug therapies, they Figure 15.6 usually show roughly equal efficacy (Arkowitz & Lilienrecovery as a function of number of therapy sessions. The waythese challenges are handled supposedly shapes personality. In contrast, ECT critics maintain that ECT-induced cognitive deficits are often significant and sometimes permanent (Breggin, 1991; Rose et al., 2003). Lynn, J. In sum, research suggests that the brain is not “hard wired” the way a computer is. explain how food availability, culture, andlearning influence hunger. This situation probably explains why a recent review of the evidence on highlighting reported that it appears to have limited value (Dunlosky et al., 2013). Correct movements are reinforced by radio-controlled stimulation of a pleasure center in the rat’s brain. And culture has a dramatic impact on whether people remembertheir dreams and how they interpret and feel about their dreams. Just as the visible spectrum is only a portion of the total spectrum of light, so, too, what people can hear is only a portion of the available range of sounds. They publish their findings so that other experts can subject their methods and conclusions to critical scrutiny. Journal of NeuralTransmission, 120, 1109–1125. That’s a pretty complex definition. For the most part, people don’t notice this asymmetric, “crisscrossed” organization because the two hemispheres are in close communication with each other. Some critics also have argued that psychiatric drugs may be helpful in the short-term but that they disrupt neurotransmittersystems in ways that actually increase patients’ vulnerability to psychological disorders in the long-term picture (Andrews et al., 2011). They have been characterized as feature detectors, neurons that respond selectively to very specific features of more complex stimuli. This adjustment is called dark adaptation—the process in which the eyes becomemore sensitive to light in low illumination. 471 9. The experimenter has also revealed that he has a bias about the outcome of the study. As we discussed in Chapter 1, American psychologists have historically tended to undersample ethnic minorities and people from non-Western cultures. Corsica, J. The invention of language by children. Thepsychology of prejudice: From attitudes to social action. D., Wilson, R. But more recently, almost 70 years after Maslow first proposed his influential pyramid of needs, theorists have proposed a major renovation. The truth about the truth: A meta-analytic review of the truth effect. doi:10.1037/a0035644 Jensen, M. When you shout insults at anotherdriver, your verbal aggression is a behavioral response to the stress at hand. Type A behavior and your heart. And their effects involve intricate, dynamic, reciprocal interactions (Johnson, 2010; Tucker-Drob et al., 2013). Lack of object permanence is characteristic of the sensorimotor period. . remember, you can have the best ideas in the world, but ifyou don’t seem likable, you’re not gonna get elected. DSM-5 as a framework for psychiatric diagnosis. Availability is one such heuristic. Subjects not only have cues to work with, they have the answers right in front of them. Ethical concerns and practical realities preclude experiments on many important questions. This influential behavioristexplained personality development in terms of operant conditioning, especially the process of reinforcement. Changes in prevalence of autism spectrum disorders in 2001–2011: Findings from the Stockholm youth cohort. 18. For example, this method has been used in the treatment of elderly clients with anxiety problems (Brenes, Ingram, &Danhauer, 2012) and veterans suffering from loneliness and depression (Davis, Guyker, & Persky, 2012). A smooth curve would represent a pure tone, such as that produced by a tuning fork. In other words, heredity and environment do not operate independently. Culture and Attachment Separation anxiety emerges in children at about 6–8 monthsand peaks at about 14–18 months in cultures around the world (Grossmann & Grossmann, 1990). sharma constantly complains about minor aches and pains to obtain sympathy from colleagues at work. Evidence for the s

Psychology themes and variations 10th edition chapter 3 pdf online pdf download indicate your choice (by letter) in the spaces on the left. Examples of material that might be found in your unconscious include a forgotten trauma from childhood, hidden feelings of hostility toward a parent, and repressed sexual desires.