Transcription
In 1860, the differences that separated the North and the South reached a breakingpoint with the election of Abraham Lincoln as President. Several Southern statesseceded from the Union and formed the Confederate States of America in early 1861.The Confederates immediately seized federal property in their states, particularlymilitary forts. However, South Carolina’s Fort Sumter, on an island in Charlestonharbor, remained in Union hands.The Conflict BeginsSTUDY GUIDE“The Civil War. . .defined us . . . It wasthe crossroads ofour being.”—Shelby FooteCivil War historianAt 4:30 a .m. onApril 12, 1861, the Confederate batteries opened fire on Fort Sumter after itsUnion defenders refused to surrender.The fort’s defenses were no match forthis thunderous assault, and the Uniontroops surrendered late in the afternoonof April 13. The following day, the brandnew Confederate flag flew over the fort.The Civil War had begun.The Confederate artillery rained downmore than 3,300 shells on Fort Sumter.A Costly WarNews of Fort Sumter’s fall spread rapidly. In the South, mostpeople celebrated. The Confederate secretary of war predicted that by May 1the Confederate flag would “float over the dome of the old Capitol in Washington.” Northerners were more subdued, but no less certain of a quick andrelatively painless victory. Both sides were wrong. The war would last four yearsand inflict staggering costs—more than 600,000 dead, about 500,000 wounded, and some 5 billion in property damaged or destroyed. Yet with these costscame freedom for some 4 million enslaved African Americans and the preservation of our nation.The War’s Legacy The Civil War broughtUnion flag that flew over Fort Sumter Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Companytremendous changes to the United States. Tobegin with, it introduced new ways of wagingwar. General William T. Sherman’s strategy of totalwar became the hallmark of later military conflicts. Politically, the war put to rest the questionof secession while greatly increasing the powerof the federal government. Economically, thewar helped turn the country into an industrialgiant. Further, during the war women gained afoothold in the labor market, a foothold they didnot fully abandon when peace returned. Finally,millions of African Americans experienced liberty,albeit briefly—the Civil War echoed deep into the About 180,000 African Americansserved in the Union Army during thetwentieth century in their long struggle to gainCivil War, including this drummer inequal rights.the 78th United States Colored Troops.Civil War historian Shelby Foote expressedthe opinion that you cannot understand the United States without understanding the Civil War. What we are today as a people and a nation is a direct result ofthat bloody conflict. As Foote concluded, “It was the crossroads of our being.”1Photo credits: (t) Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division,Washington, D.C.; (bl) U.S. National Park Service; (br) Corbis.
THE CHALLENGEIn 2010, award-winning cable network HISTORY and global education leaderHoughton Mifflin Harcourt partnered to revolutionize the way students learnand educators present history and other social studies subjects. The latest partnership project focuses on one of the most pivotal events in American history,the Civil War. To commemorate the 150th anniversary of the start of the greatGrand Prize 15,000college scholarshipstruggle between the North and the South, HISTORY and Houghton MifflinHarcourt invite all high school students in the United States to participate in anAmerican history trivia contest–the National Civil War Student Challenge. Thiscompetition gives students a chance to showcase their knowledge of the warand qualify to win up to 15,000 in college scholarships.1st PlacePrize 7,500college scholarshipThe National Civil War Student Challenge is an online competition of 50multiple-choice questions that must be completed as quickly as possible. (Youcan access the quiz at CivilWarChallenge.com.) Students will have 45 seconds toanswer each question; the number of correct answers and the speed at whichanswers are provided will determine scores. The 30 students who achieve the2nd PlacePrizehighest scores will be invited to take the Final Exam. 5,000college scholarshipSchedule for the National Civil WarStudent Challenge (NCWSC)3rd Place Prize(7 recipients)EventDateRegistration for NCWSCOnline Challenge begins.Monday,March 7college scholarshipNCWSC Online Challengebegins.Thursday,April 7Finalist PrizeNCWSC Online Challengeends.Sunday, at 11:59 PM PT,April 930 finalists are announced.Week beginning Monday,April 11Final Exam is administered.Week beginning Monday,April 25Prize winners are announced.Week beginning Monday,May 23 1,000(20 recipients) 25 gift card to theofficial HISTORY store athttp://shop.history.comIn addition, any teacher whosestudent qualifies for the final roundof competition will have a chance toreceive up to 400 in classroom supplies.Complete rules and regulations for theNational Civil War Student Challenge can be found atCivilWarChallenge.com. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company2
PREPARING FOR THE CHALLENGEAs with any test, you will need to prepare for the National Civil WarSTUDY GUIDEStudent Challenge. There’s no one right way to prepare, but the followingsuggestions will get you ready to make your best effort.What to Study; How to StudyObviously, you need to study the Civil War!However, when you take into consideration the events that helped bring about thewar and the war’s outcomes, that includes a good part of the mid-1800s. So, how doyou ensure that you’re using your study time wisely and efficiently? One good way isto consider the significant versus the obscure. It’s more likely that you will encounter questions on significant developments, events, and individuals than on obscureones. Asking yourself questions such as the following will help to focus your study onthe important aspects of the Civil War: What were the most important causes of the war? Which battles were turning points in the war? Why were thesebattles so significant? Who were the major political and military leaders? How andwhy did they achieve positions of leadership? What important political, social, and economic developmentstook place during the war? What impact did these developments have? What were the outcomes of the war?Once you’ve identified what to study, you need to decidehow to study. Some students prefer to study a subjectchronologically, as this makes it easier for them to seethey organize information into categories—causes, battles,leaders, and so on. Again, there is no one right way tostudy. Whichever approach you find more comfortable andproductive is the one you should follow. Finally, be awarethat you will probably find some topics more interestingto study than others. Like many students, you may find itmore fun to learn about major battles than about how thetwo sides financed the war. But don’t let your enjoymentget in the way of gaining a solid understanding of otherimportant topics. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company3Photo credit: Photodisc/Getty Imagesconnections among events. Others find it easier to study if
Resources for StudyAccording to some estimates, more than50,000 books have been written about the Civil War! So, which onesshould you use in your studies? What other resources should youcheck out? Here is just some of what Houghton Mifflin Harcourt andSTUDY GUIDEHISTORY have to offer.Houghton Mifflin Harcourt RESOURCESHMH American history textbooks have chapters on the Civil War era that will serveas a solid starting point for your study. The Supplemental Resources offer primarysource readings, biographies of important figures in the war, and novels.Basal Resources Holt McDougal The Americans 2012 Holt McDougal United States History 2012 Holt McDougal African American History 2010Advanced Placement Resources The American Pageant 2010The Enduring Vision: A History of the American People 2011Liberty, Equality, Power: A History of the American People 2008A People & A Nation 2008American Passages: A History of the United States 2009Supplemental Resources Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing CompanyNextext Historical Reader, The Civil WarNextext Stories in History, The Civil War 1860–1865Abe Lincoln Grows Up by Carl SandbergAcross Five Aprils by Irene HuntBehind Rebel Lines by Seymour ReitBull Run by Paul FleischmanHarriet Tubman: Conductor on the Underground Railroad by Ann PetryThe Red Badge of Courage by Stephen CraneSoldier’s Heart by Gary PaulsenStealing Freedom by Elisa CarboneA Stillness at Appomattox by Bruce CattonUncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe4
STUDY GUIDEResources for StudycontinuedHISTORY RESOURCESHISTORY Classroom provides free online study guides and companion viewingguides to HISTORY on-air programming. We also feature short video clips, links toeducation partners, and information about our latest educational initiatives. Teacherscan sign up to receive a free weekly History Classroom email newsletter on the sitefor updates about these programs. In observance of the Civil War Sesquicentennial,HISTORY will be adding new classroom material based on Civil War–themed programming and activities over the next four years.Learn more about the Civil War on -civil-warCivil War -technologyAMERICA The Story of Us Civil War contentfrom HISTORY f/America Episode5 guide FIN.pdfFind teaching tools and sign up for email updateson HISTORY Classroom:http://www.history.com/classroomFor additional premium resources, including Civil War DVDsand books, please visit our online store /?v history-education subjects social-studies americanhistory civil-war-and-reconstructionHISTORY on iTunes:www.itunes.com/HistoryChannelSpecial Playlists:Secrets of the Civil wa/viewTVSeason?id 313234074&s 143441Abraham Lincoln: His Life and oa/wa/viewTVSeason?id 301641059&s 143441History Specials:Stealing Lincoln’s /wa/viewTVSeason?i 303923886&id 257241074&s 143441Sherman’s a/wa/viewTVSeason?i 258841476&id 257241074&s 143441The Hunt for John Wilkes a/wa/viewTVSeason?i 271100726&id 257241074&s 143441 Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company5
STUDY GUIDEResources for StudycontinuedGENERAL REFERENCESAlso look for these books and Websites, all of which have lots of great information on the Civil War.BooksWebsitesFellman, Michael, et al. This Terrible War: The Civil Warand its Aftermath, 2nd ed. Boston: Addison-Wesley,2007. Examines the Civil War and its aftermath,exploring the crucial themes, and challenging manytraditional views about the war.Heidler, David S., and Jeanne T. Heidler, eds. Encyclopediaof the American Civil War. New York: W.W. Norton &Company, 2000. Provides more than 1,600 concisearticles on many aspects of the war.Hughes, Mark. The New Civil War Handbook. El DoradoHills, CA.: Savas Beatie, 2009. Offers a quick referenceguide to the Civil War.McPherson, James M. Battle Cry of Freedom. New York:Oxford University Press, 1988. Offers a thorough,well-written narrative of the war.Ward, Geoffrey C., et al. The Civil War. New York: Alfred A.Knopf, 1990. Examines the Civil War through photos,engravings, and paintings. Companion book to KenBurns’ groundbreaking PBS television series. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing CompanyThe Civil War at the Smithsonian (civilwar.si.edu/home.html) Provides a detailed time line and images andother resources from the Smithsonian’s extensivecollections.Index of Civil War Information (civilwarhome.com/indexcivilwarinfo.htm) A listing of Civil Warresources available on the Internet.Finally, make sure to check newspapers, magazines,television schedules, and Internet history sites. As April12—the anniversary of the beginning of hostilities—approaches, there’ll be more and more coverage of theCivil War and its legacy.6
Practice, Practice, Practice!STUDY GUIDEOne of the best ways to prepare for a particular activity is to practice thatactivity. Trying your hand at questions that are similar in structure, content anddifficulty to those you will actually encounter is a great way to prepare for theNational Civil War Student Challenge.A good place to start is with the National Civil War Student Challenge PracticeGame. You can find this game on the HISTORY Facebook page (facebook.com/History). If you don’t have a Facebook account, you can also access the PracticeGame at the Civil War Challenge Website (CivilWarChallenge.com). The PracticeGame consists of multiple-choice questions, which are structured as a series ofCivil War battles that you must win to advance to the next level. You have theoption of selecting easy or difficult questions, and you can work with friendsto help you advance. You might want to start with the easy questions first toget acclimated to the test. Or, if you feel confident after studying, dive into thedeep end and try the harder level questions straight away.Test-Taking Strategies and PracticeAs you recall, the National Civil War Student Challenge has two stages—the OnlineChallenge and the Final Exam. Each stage is structured differently and has differenttypes of questions.The Online ChallengeThe first stage, the Online Challenge, consists of 50 multiple–choice questions. Mostof the questions are stand-alone, but some are driven by short excerpts.The Final ExamThe Final Exam is more challenging than the Online Challenge. It consists of 60questions of four different types—matching, completion, graphic-organizer, andopen-ended–and an essay.On the following pages, you’ll find test-taking tips and practice items for all of thesequestion types. Read the tips in the left column, then apply them to the practiceitems on the right. There’s an Answer Key at the back of this document where you cancheck your answers. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company7
Multiple-Choice Questions PracticeSTUDY GUIDE1.Many Northerners began to oppose the Civil War because theya. realized the importance of slavery to the South’s economy.b. felt that the Union was being too harsh on the Confederacy.c. thought Lincoln was following his own agenda and not theUnion’s.d. were upset by the length of the war and the number ofcasualties.2.Which of the following was not a principle crop in the Confederatestates during the Civil War era?a. nutmegb. cottonc. tobaccod. sugar3.What was the main goal of the siege of Vicksburg?a. to gain control of the Ohio valleyb. to gain control of the Tennessee valleyc. to gain control of the Mississippi Riverd. to gain control of the Missouri River4.President Lincoln removed General George McClellan fromcommand because McClellana. wanted to be president.b. did not believe in the Union cause.c. was not daring enough.d. was too daring.Test-Taking TipsA multiple-choice question consists ofa single stem and four answer options.Only one of the answer options iscorrect. Sometimes the stem is in theform of a question, and sometimes itis a partial sentence that the answeroptions complete.1 Read the stem carefully todetermine what is being asked.2 Read carefully when a stem isphrased in the negative such as inQuestion 2. Take care with stemsthat contain words such as not andexcept.3 Look for key words in a stem. InQuestion 3, for example, the stemasks for the main goal. Make surethat your answer choice addressesthat requirement.4 If two answer options contradicteach other, as in Question 4, one ofthem is likely to be correct.5 Watch for modifiers—in Question5, answer option b, for example.Answer options that includesuperlatives such as always, never,or all are usually incorrect. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company5.What was the strategy of total war adopted by General Sherman?a. destroying military and civilian resourcesb. executing all prisoners of war without a trialc. executing Southern politicians to discourage further rebelliond. waging war on both land and sea8
Matching Questions PracticeSTUDY GUIDETest-Taking TipsMatching questions ask you tomatch terms and names with a listof descriptions. Usually there aremore terms and names than there aredescriptions. On the Finalist Exam,correct answers to matching questionsearn one point.1 Read through both lists carefullyto get an overview of the termsand descriptions and how they arerelated.2 Make the easiest matches—thoseyou are sure of—first.3 For the harder matches, eliminateanswers that you know areincorrect. Obviously, battle nameswould not be a good match for adescription of a person.In the space provided, write the letter of the term, person, or place thatmatches each description. Some answers will not be used.A. CopperheadsH. United States Sanitary CommissionB. Anaconda PlanI.C. George McClellanJ. ironcladsD. 54th Massachusetts InfantryK. William Tecumseh ShermanE. freedmenL. Battle of GettysburgF. Battle of Pea RidgeM. RichmondG. Battle of Fredericksburg6.African American combat unit7.Notorious Confederate prisoner of war camp8.Emancipated slaves9.Succeeded General Grant as Union commander in the West10.Union strategy that called for the blockade of all Confederateports11.Captured by Union troops in April, 186512.Antiwar Democrats in the North13.Created to oversee conditions in Army camps and hospitals14.Battle in which 1,000 Native Americans fought for theConfederates15.Disastrous loss for the Union4 As you make matches, cross out orcheck off the terms and names thatyou have used.5 Once you have completed all thematches, look at the terms thatare left. Check them against thematches you have made to ensurethat your answers are correct. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing CompanyAndersonville9
Completion Questions PracticeSTUDY GUIDEFor each of the following statements, fill in the blank with the appropriateword, phrase, or name from the two choices provided.16. The South’s new nation was called the .Test-Taking Tips(Confederate Alliance/Confederate States of America)Completion, or fill-in-the-blank,questions ask you to complete asentence by inserting a word orphrase into a blank. The blank may beanywhere in the sentence—it will notalways be at the end. In the FinalistExam, you’ll be given two alternativeanswers. Correct answers earn onepoint.17. The last state to secede from the Union was .(North Carolina/Tennessee)1 Read each sentence twice—once19. The Battle of ended Union hopes for a short war.(Antietam/Bull Run)2 After you make your choice, read20. The allowed President Lincoln to easily defeat GeorgeMcClellan in the 1864 presidential election.(fall of Atlanta/Gettysburg Address)with the first alternative, once withthe second alternative.the sentence again to make surethat your answer fits logically andgrammatically.18. General believed himself personally responsible forthe Confederate losses at Gettysburg.(Robert E. Lee/George Pickett)21. The Confederacy issued large amounts of paper money to pay forthe war, causing great .(inflation/deflation) Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company10
Graphic-Organizer Questions PracticeSTUDY GUIDE22. Place the events listed below in their correct chronological orderon the time line.Test-Taking TipsGraphic-organizer questions requireyou to place information in a chart,time line, or diagram. Some questionsprovide the information to be placedin the graphic, others require youto provide the information yourself.In the Finalist Exam, on graphicorganizer questions you’ll receive onepoint for a correct answer.1 Carefully read the question todetermine what is required tocomplete the graphic organizer.In this question you have to placeseveral events in the correctchronological order on a time line.2 Study the graphic organizer to seeUnion forces capture VicksburgLincoln wins reelectionIronclad Monitor fights VirginiaConfederates fire on Fort Sumterwhat information is provided. Notehow this information is related tothe information you have to place.3 In some graphic-organizerquestions, partial answers aregiven. For example, a chart mighthave some entries or a causeeffect chain might have some linkscompleted. Analyze these partialanswers to determine what kind ofinformation your answers shouldcontain. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company11
Open-Ended Questions PracticeOpen-ended questions ask you towrite a brief essay or some otherextended piece of writing. Somequestions are stand alone, whileothers are driven by an exhibit, suchas a photograph, a cartoon, a chart orgraph, or an excerpt from a primarysource. In the Finalist Exam, on openended questions you’ll receive twopoints for a complete answer, and onepoint for a partial answer.1 Carefully read the questions andnote what you’re being asked todo. If you’re asked to describetwo different items or events, forexample, your answer must addressboth parts.400Lives Lost in theCivil War, 1861-1865360300258250200164110100942 Study and analyze the exhibit andnote how the question relates tothe exhibit.0TotalKilled3 For multi-part questions, jot downnotes in outline form or in a chart.Use this outline or chart to writeyour answer.UnionlossesDeathsfromBattlesSource: Encyclopedia of American HistoryTest-Taking Tips23. What was the Lecompton Constitution and why was it controversial?Deaths (in thousands)STUDY GUIDEDeathsfromNon-Battle CausesConfederatelosses24. What conclusion can be drawn from the graph about battle deathscompared to deaths from non-battle causes? Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company12
Essay PracticeSTUDY GUIDE25. Write a persuasive essay supporting or opposing this statement:The issue of slavery in the United States could havebeen resolved without the Civil War.Test-Taking TipsEssay questions require you to writea well-thought-out essay on a specifictopic. In the Finalist Exam, the essayis the most heavily weighted of thequestions, accounting for 25 percentof the total score.The essay should include the following: strong arguments in support of your position opposing positions, presented accurately and honestly arguments against the opposing positionsWrite your answer on a separate sheet of paper.1 Carefully read the question to getan overall view of the task. Notethe general topic of the essay—hereit is slavery and the Civil War. Also,check the directions for writing.These bullet points will help youfocus your response.2 Jot down ideas on the topic andorganize them in an outline or achart.3 Use your outline or chart towrite the essay. Remember thatyour essay should consist of anintroduction, three or more bodyparagraphs, and a conclusion.Make sure that your essay showsa thorough understanding of thetopic and addresses all aspects ofthe writing directions. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company13
ANSWER KEYSTUDY GUIDEOpen-EndedMultiple Choice1. d2. a3. c4. c5. a9. K10. B23. The Lecompton Constitution was a pro-slaveryconstitution proposed for the admission of Kansas tothe Union. It was controversial because it was writtenby a legislature elected through vast voter fraud. TheLecompton Constitution deeply divided Kansans, andwhen it was submitted to Congress, Congress split overthe issue of whether the constitution had been approvedfairly. Although it was defeated, the battle over theLecompton Constitution led radical Southerners to believethat secession was the proper course of action to follow.Matching6. D7. I8. E13. H14. F15. G11. M 12. ACompletion16. Confederate States of America17. Tennessee18. Robert E. Lee20. fall of Atlanta24. More Civil War soldiers died from non-battle causes, suchas disease, than from wounds suffered in battle.21. inflationEssayGraphic Organizer25. Answers will vary but should include accurate informationabout slavery and the Civil War that supports the student’sposition, focuses and develops ideas, and effectivelyorganizes ideas in a clear, logical, detailed, and coherentmanner.19. Bull Run22. The events should appear on the time line in this order:1861—Confederates fire on Fort Sumter1862—Ironclad Monitor fights Virginia1863—Union forces capture Vicksburg1864—Lincoln wins reelectionCopyright by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing CompanyAll rights reserved. No part of the material protected by this copyright may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, broadcasting or by anyother information storage and retrieval system, without written permission of the copyright owner unless such copying is expressly permitted by federal copyright law.Permission is hereby granted to individuals to print and reproduce this guide for instructional use and not for resale.HOUGHTON MIFFLIN HARCOURT and the HMH Logo are trademarks and service marks of Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. You shall not display, disparage, dilute or taint Houghton Mifflin Harcourt trademarks and service marks or use any confusingly similar marks, or use Houghton Mifflin Harcourt marks in such a way that would misrepresent the identity of the owner. Any permitted use of Houghton Mifflin Harcourttrademarks and service marks inures to the benefit of Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company.All other trademarks, service marks or registered trademarks appearing on Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company websites are the trademarks or service marks of their respective owners.14
struggle between the North and the South, HISTORY and Houghton Mifflin Harcourt invite all high school students in the United States to participate in an American history
