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Neutrino physics at high energy1971-1992History of the NeutrinoParis Sept. 2018Konrad Kleinknecht,Ludwig Maximilians-Universität München (ExcellenceCluster „Universe“)/ Universität MainzSept.20182018Paris Sept 2018---- --------Konrad Kleinknecht1
First high energy accelerator Fermilabfounded 1967First neutrino beam 1971first neutrino interaction observedNovember 1971 by exp. 21(Caltech-Fermilab)Proposals byHarvard-Penn-Wisconsin (exp.1A)Caltech-Fermilab-Rochester (exp.21)15 ft bubble chamber (CERN-Berkeley-HawaiiWisconsin, exp.28A)2018Paris Sept 2018---- --------Konrad Kleinknecht2
2018Paris Sept 2018---- --------Konrad Kleinknecht3
HPW Experiment: Had Cal Muon Spectrometer2018Paris Sept 2018---- --------Konrad Kleinknecht4
HPW : deviation from charge symmetry ;October 19742018Paris Sept 2018---- --------Konrad Kleinknecht5
HPW y anomaly October 19742018Paris Sept 2018---- --------Konrad Kleinknecht6
HPW: Observation ofneutrino-induceddimuon eventsFebr. 19752018Paris Sept 2018---- --------Konrad Kleinknecht7
HPW Dimuonevents:either it is ahadron „y“ ,then mass betw.2 and 4 GeV,related to high yanomaly;or heavy lepton.Feb. 19752018Paris Sept 2018---- --------Konrad Kleinknecht8
HPW Dimuon production, Nov. 1975:new neutral lepton2018Paris Sept 2018---- --------Konrad Kleinknecht9
HPW Experiment #1AVillage Crier Jan. 1976:two important research results--evidence of the neutral current-- finding of an unusual particle , the Y particle2018Paris Sept 2018---- --------Konrad Kleinknecht10
Fermilab Village CrierJanuary 1976:Major Discovery Announcedby Experimenters at Fermilab:four neutrino events detectedin 15ft bubble chamber of typeK0 mu- e evidence for production anddecay of charmed hadron2018Paris Sept 2018---- --------Konrad Kleinknecht11
Observation of Charmproduction and decayin15 ft bubble chamberat FermilabJan. 19762018Paris Sept 2018---- --------Konrad Kleinknecht12
Observation ofneutrino-induceddimuon eventsApril 19762018Paris Sept 2018---- --------Konrad Kleinknecht13
Dimuon events Caltech-Fermilab: source uncertaineither decay of neutral heavy lepton or of new hadrons(e.g. charm); April 19762018Paris Sept 2018---- --------Konrad Kleinknecht14
HPW High-y Anomaly June 19762018Paris Sept 2018---- --------Konrad Kleinknecht15
HPW High-y Anomaly June 19762018Paris Sept 2018---- --------Konrad Kleinknecht16
HPW cross-section ratio nubar/nu showsthreshold at 50 GeV, July 19762018Paris Sept 2018---- --------Konrad Kleinknecht17
HPW cross-section ratio nubar/nuagrees below 30 GeV with bubblechamber value 0.38 -0.06but increases above 30 GeV to0.6 -0.1July 19762018Paris Sept 2018---- --------Konrad Kleinknecht18
State of the art end of 1976--Dimuon and mu- e events observed,origin either hadron (charm) or heavy lepton--scaling works for neutrinos, but not forantineutrinos--hadronic neutral weak currents observed2018Paris Sept 2018---- --------Konrad Kleinknecht19
CERN SPSConstruction started 1971, 4 years after FermilabFirst beams in 1976Proposals P1 and P3 (1973), and BEBC designedfor West Area NBB and WBB neutrino beams2018Paris Sept 2018---- --------Konrad Kleinknecht20
Proposal CDHScollaboration(P1) July 19732018Paris Sept 2018---- --------Konrad Kleinknecht21
CDHS Proposal Had.Cal. Mu Spectrometer2018Paris Sept 2018---- --------Konrad Kleinknecht22
CDHS original proposal 19732018Paris Sept 2018---- --------Konrad Kleinknecht23
CDHS proposal: Iron Core Magnet 19732018Paris Sept 2018---- --------Konrad Kleinknecht24
Proposal 8Paris Sept 2018---- --------Konrad Kleinknecht25
Setup Proposal P3 for SPSCLArgon/Fe-Calorimeter(340t) Air core solenoid magnet (820t)2018Paris Sept 2018---- --------Konrad Kleinknecht26
SPSC Committee at CERNnot convinced by either proposal, P1 or P3,both are a combination of Hadron Cal as target a magnet behind.SPSC urges collaborations to unite –with no success.In february 1974 comes a new idea by Heinrich Wahl :combine calorimeter and iron core magnet byinstrumenting ICM with scintillator (Memo M25):SPSC and NPRC approve WA1 CDHS april 19742018Paris Sept 2018---- --------Konrad Kleinknecht27
P3 group made new proposal P49 (Oct. 1975)aiming at neutral current interactionsapproved March 1976 as WA18 CHARM st results in 19792018Paris Sept 2018---- --------Konrad Kleinknecht28
Results CDHS from 1977:1) Dimuons of opposite sign, PL69B(1977) 377: 315 eventsshow „remarkable agreementwith hypothesis of charmproduction anddecay“;“evidence againstmodels with heavy lepton“;„evidence against bottom quarkproduction by antineutrinos“2018Paris Sept 2018---- --------Konrad Kleinknecht29
CDHS results2) dimuons with like sign , PL 70B (1977) 396:47 events , mostly background from pion decays of thehadron shower; excess is (3 -2)x 10-4 of CC, may wellbe due to hadronic production of c-cbar pair;no evidence for cascading heavy leptons2018Paris Sept 2018---- --------Konrad Kleinknecht30
CDHS: no High yAnomalyPRL 39 (1977) 433:perfect agreement withscaling in y distribution2018Paris Sept 2018---- --------Konrad Kleinknecht31
CDHS: scaling, no high y anomaly2018Paris Sept 2018---- --------Konrad Kleinknecht32
2018Paris Sept 2018---- --------Konrad Kleinknecht33
Total cross sections proportional to neutrinoenergy: scalingratio nu/nubar 0.48 -0.02 for Enu 30 to 190 GeV2018Paris Sept 2018---- --------Konrad Kleinknecht34
Total cross sections - all experiments2018Paris Sept 2018---- --------Konrad Kleinknecht35
Y distribution for nu and nubar ; average y:perfect scaling2018Paris Sept 2018---- --------Konrad Kleinknecht36
Scaling violations in x- or Q2distributions observed inagreement with QCDpredictionsPreference for vector gluonsfrom moments of valencestructure function F32018Paris Sept 2018---- --------Konrad Kleinknecht37
QCD analysis(with DGLAP equations)of contributions from gluonbremsstrahlung and quark pairproduction to the structurefunction F2 and quark seastructure function qbar (nubar);alternative field theories areexcluded by data(Abelian vector gluons, Abelianscalar gluons, Non-Abelianscalar gluons)2018Paris Sept 2018---- --------Konrad Kleinknecht38
Structurefunctions F2 and xF3Experiments:CCFR Z.Phys.C26(1984)1CHARM PL 123B(1983) 269CDHSW Z.Phys. C49(1991)187EMC Aubert et al.,Nucl.Phys.B272(1986) 158BCDMS Benvenuti etal., Phys. Lett. 195B2018 (1987) 91Status 1991Paris Sept 2018---- --------Konrad Kleinknecht39
Neutral currentmeasurements:ratios NC/CCRnu and Rnubarand sin2 thW2018Paris Sept 2018---- --------Konrad Kleinknecht40
Neutral currents 1990Measure ratio NC/CC for neutrinos and antineutrinos1)2)3)4)5)6)7)8)9)HPW 1977, P. Wanderer et al., sin2 thW 0.23 -0.06CFR coll. 1977, F.S. Merritt et al., sin2 thW 0.33 -0.07CDHS 1977, M. Holder et al.:sin2 thW 0.24 -0.02CHARM 1981, M. Jonker et al., Phys. Lett. 99B,265 (1981)BEBC 1983, P.C.Bosetti et al., Nucl. Phys. B217,1(1983)CCFR 1985, P.G. Reutens et al. Phys.Lett. 152B,404CDHS 1985, Abramowicz et al., sin2 thW 0.226 -0.012CHARM 1987, J.V. Allaby et al., Z.Phys.C 36 (1987) 611,sin2 thW 0.236 -0.006CDHS 1990, A. Blondel et al., sin2 thW 0.228 -0.007Average of two most precise measurements: sin2 thW 0.232 -0.006From sin2 thW predict mass of W boson 81 -2.5 GeVand of Z boson 92.2 -2.2 GeVSimplest GUT theory SU(5) excluded by sin2 thW2018Paris Sept 2018---- --------Konrad Kleinknecht41
Conclusions from 20 years of experiments1) Scaling in y valid2) Scaling violations in x in agreement with QCD, butnot with Abelian field theories or scalar gluons3) Dimuon events due to charm production and decay4) Neutral currents with Weinberg parametersin2 thW 0.232 - 0.006points to W and Z masses in agreement with LEPdiscoveries2018Paris Sept 2018---- --------Konrad Kleinknecht42
JohnUpdikespoem2018Neutrinos, they are very smallThey have no charge and have no massAnd do not interact at all.The earth is just a silly ballTo them, through which they simply pass, Likedustmaids down a drafty hall Or photonsthrough a sheet of glass.They snub the most exquisite gas,Ignore the most substantial wall,Cold-shoulder steel and sounding brass,Insult the stallion in his stall,And, scorning barriers of class,Infiltrate you and me! Like tallAnd painless guillotines, they fallDown through our heads into the grass.At night, they enter at NepalAnd pierce the lover and his lassFrom underneath the bed—you callIt wonderful; I call it crass.— John UpdikeParis Sept 2018---- --------Konrad Kleinknecht43
Neutrino physics at high energy 1971-1992 History of the Neutrino Paris Sept. 2018 Konrad Kleinknecht, Ludwig Maximilians-Universität München (Ex
