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H. 757 DM 2, Surveying and Mapping, and the Manual of Surveying Instructions (2009 edition) providerequirements and instructions for Departmental cadastral surveying.I. 142 DM 3, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, establishes that the Service’s Division of Realty in theNational Wildlife Refuge System provides central coordination and direction of all activities relating to theacquisition and disposition of lands and interests for the NWRS and the National Fish Hatchery System.“The Division performs . cadastral surveys and mapping, processes land and mineral applications, andperforms other actions associated with land acquisition ”J. 600 DM 5, Standards of Boundary Evidence provides managers of Federal interest assets with themeans to effectively apply boundary evidence to protect assets.K. State and territory land survey licensure laws and standards provide the requirements and instructionsfor conducting surveys on private lands under State authority.2.5 History of the Service’s Land Survey ProgramThe Service’s Realty program was initially created to acquire lands for the preservation of migratory birdhabitat, as authorized by the Migratory Bird Conservation Act of 1929. At that time, the NWRS wasadministered by the Bureau of Biological Survey (BBS) in the Department of Agriculture. The landsurveyors and cartographers in the Surveys and Maps Section, Division of Land Acquisition, worked withRealty Specialists and Appraisers to establish over 140 National Wildlife Refuges between 1929 and1941.The Reorganization Plan II of 1939 transferred the BBS and its functions to the Department of the Interior,and in 1940 the BBS and the Department of Fisheries were combined to form the U.S. Fish and WildlifeService. The land surveyors and cartographers were moved to the Division of Management, Branch ofEngineering, in about 1950, and that part of the Service was renamed the Bureau of Sport Fisheries andWildlife in 1956. The survey program was finally moved back to the Division of Realty in the RefugesProgram in about 1974, at the same time that the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife was re-namedthe U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.The oldest known Manual documenting Service Cadastral Survey and Mapping procedures was theManual of the Division of Land Acquisition, produced by the BBS in about 1936. Developed by ArthurReimer, Chief of the Surveys and Maps Section, this Manual described in detail how to record and indexfield notes, the types of monuments to set, mapping standards, how to hire temporary employees, andhow to set up camp. Section 6473 of the Manual explained the tract numbering convention, whichremains essentially unchanged today. The Manual was distributed in a loose-leaf binder so that pagescould be replaced as needed, and was in use until at least 1950. It was later included in the EngineeringHandbook of the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, and finally in the U.S. Fish and Wildlife ServiceRealty Manual, 1983. The Land Survey Manual was first published online (343 FW 1 and 343 FW 2) in1995, and was revised concurrently with the creation of this Handbook in 2014.4

Chapter 3Organization and Administration3.1 Organization and Administration. The Service land surveyors consist of a Chief Land Surveyorlocated in the Headquarters office, Regional Land Surveyors (RLS), and staff land surveyors located ineach Region. The land survey program is organized in the Division of Realty under the Chief of theNational Wildlife Refuge System (NWRS). The Chief Land Surveyor reports to the Chief, Division ofRealty. In each Region, the RLS and staff land surveyors are organized within the Division of Realty forthat Region. The RLS reports to the Regional Realty Officer, and in most Regions the staff land surveyorsreport to the RLS.3.2 Duties.A. Chief Land Surveyor. The Chief Land Surveyor oversees all land survey activities relevant to theDivision of Realty land acquisition program and boundary management on Service lands. He or she isresponsible for national policy interpretation and Servicewide policy formulation, managerial leadershipand technical guidance, program implementation and evaluation, and internal and external coordinationnecessary for the successful management of the survey program. As needed, he or she issues technicaland procedural program guidance to ensure adequate technical support and proficiency, provides thefinal interpretation for the Service Manual regarding cadastral surveys, and assists the Office of theSolicitor and the Department of Justice in preparing the technical and legal portions of litigation involvingcadastral surveys on Service lands.The Chief Land Surveyor also acts as the consulting specialist for the cadastral survey program onrelated activities between the Service and other Federal, State, tribal, and private entities, and representsthe Service on the Interagency Cadastral Coordination Council (ICCC).B. Regional Land Surveyor (RLS). The RLS is responsible for all cadastral surveys of Service landswithin his/her Region, and for the development and administration of the Region's land survey program.He/she is responsible for Regional policy interpretation, managerial leadership and technical guidance,program implementation and evaluation, and internal and external coordination necessary for thesuccessful management of the Region’s survey program. This includes supporting land acquisitions,realty management, water rights acquisition, construction, and boundary management. He/she plans theworkload and program budget, estimates survey project time and cost, and performs Survey TractReviews, boundary surveys, and other land survey services. Other duties include Certified Department ofthe Interior Land Surveyor (CILS) responsibilities, acting as the Contracting Officer’s Representative(COR), and representing the Region and the Service as an expert witness on land survey matters inFederal court, the Federal Civilian Board of Contract Appeals, and the Interior Board of Land Appeals.The Chief Land Surveyor may ask the RLS to assist on national committees with responsibility fordefining standards, techniques, and methods for complex technical and scientific land surveying issues.3.3 Recruitment and Professional Development. The Service encourages professional advancementand the pursuit of excellence for the surveying staff, which can be enhanced through professionalaffiliations. Membership in national and local societies is not required, but is highly recommended.Professional societies are an excellent source of information for legal and technical issues in thesurveying and mapping disciplines. In addition, they provide a forum for exchange of ideas, concepts, andtechniques. We encourage all survey and mapping personnel to attend at least one annual professionalsociety meeting, as well as to present papers as part of their attendance.3.4 Administration. The RLS, in coordination with the Regional Realty Officer and other program leads,will develop an Annual Work Plan (AWP) for the next year’s planned projects. Because of the nature ofthe acquisition process and shifting priorities, knowing exactly which projects will be requested during thefollowing year is impossible. Therefore, the RLS must make a prediction about which projects will move5

forward and develop a project plan, while remaining flexible so he/she can shift work as projects arecancelled or added or priorities change. To predict the next year’s projects and ensure orderly planningand budgeting, the RLS should meet with the program leads that typically require survey services todetermine their priority projects. These meetings should take place well in advance of submitting thePreliminary Target Allocation (PTA) to Headquarters. Early planning helps us to fund and schedulesurveys for completion in a timely manner and meet the needs of the requesting programs. We chargethe costs of surveys to the requesting program/division unless previous arrangements are made toaccumulate costs in a clearing account for reimbursement, or they are included in the current AWPbudget.A. Funding for land survey services typically comes from one of three sources: Migratory BirdConservation Fund (MBCF), Land and Water Conservation Fund (LWCF), or appropriated funds. TheRLS must coordinate with the Realty Specialists to determine the funding source(s) for a given project.The RLS then develops a time and cost estimate for those projects planned for the next year. Theestimates are provided to the Realty Officer in time for inclusion in the PTA, which is usually in the monthof May for next year’s budget. They eventually make their way into the AWP. The following table showsthe funding sources for each type of project.AppropriatedMBCFLWCFSurvey Tract ReviewAcquisition SurveyBoundary ance**Contract126112611262126213211321Small WetlandsAcquistionProgram(SWAP)AdministrationSWAP 2842284228451*1261* These funds may only be used if a survey of the tract was not completed at the time of acquisition.** Includes surveys required for construction and maintenance, including fencing.6

B. The RLS determines the most efficient or responsive method of completing the survey depending onits type, timeframe, location, and scope. Depending on the situation, the survey may be conducted by:(1) In-house staff surveyors,(2) Contractors with a private survey firm, or(3) Another agency through an intra- or inter-agency agreement.3.5 Boundary Management. Boundary management is the process of systematically evaluating,surveying, and marking high-priority boundaries; maintaining boundary infrastructure (survey monuments,posts, fences, etc.); and identifying and resolving encroachments and title claims. The goal of boundarymanagement is to provide the field station manager with the visible and legally correct boundaries neededto both manage their resources and protect the property rights of the Service and adjoining landowners.A. Boundary management is a responsibility the RLS shares with the field station staff and other Serviceemployees. The components of boundary management are as follows:1. Inventorying the existing boundary conditions. This is the responsibility of the RLS and includescompiling and indexing survey and corner records and boundary posting status, and putting them in aform so they can be retrieved and analyzed easily.2. Maintaining and protecting boundary posts and corner monuments. The field station manager isresponsible for monitoring the condition of the station boundaries. Field station staff should walk theboundary lines on a regular basis to determine the condition of the boundary. They should send a briefreport to the RLS regarding the date of the inspection and the condition of the posts and monuments.B. A ‘Boundary Management Plan’ can be very useful for field station managers to identify issues and fordirecting funding to the highest-priority projects. The plan should include an inventory of survey needs inpriority order and a dated cost estimate.C. The priorities for each field station are rolled up into a Regional survey priority list, which may bemaintained by the RLS or the Refuge/Hatchery supervisors, depending on Regional policy. The list isused both for developing annual work plans and to take advantage of funding opportunities.3.6 Cross Program Coordination.While most survey work will be in support of the Refuge land acquisition and boundary managementprograms, the RLS must also be prepared to provide support to the many other Service programs thatuse or generate land survey information. In addition to the Realty program staff and field stationmanagers, the RLS should become acquainted with the following program personnel:PersonRefuge Facilities/AssetCoordinatorRoleMaintains the 5-year RefugeDeferred Maintenance andConstruction plans.Role/ InteractionProvides cost estimates, especially ofrequired cadastral surveys. See Chapter 8.Hatcheries Facilities/Asset CoordinatorMaintains the 5-yearHatchery DeferredMaintenance andConstruction plans.Provides costs estimates, especially ofrequired cadastral surveys. See Chapter 8.7

PersonDivision of Engineering(DEN), RegionalEngineer and StaffRoleServes as Project Managerfor non-exempt and otherconstruction/maintenanceprojects, including themanagement of the DamSafety Program.Manages the Refuge roadsand transportation program.Role/ InteractionConducts or contracts for cadastral surveys.Conducts, contracts, or provides technicalstandards for design surveys. Researchesland ownership and consults on surveyissues. See Chapter 8.Refuge Inventory &Monitoring LeadManages and fundscontrolled mapping andother projects using surveyinstruments.Provides survey technical standards orcarries out control and evaluation surveys.Receives control and topographic data.Provides training and support for use ofsurvey grade instruments. See Chapter 9.Regional Water RightsManagerAcquires and manageswater rights for Refuges,Hatcheries, and otherprograms.Provides support, technical assistance, orprofessional services for measuring waterand acquiring State water rights. SeeChapter 9.Program Leads for Partners for Fish &Wildlife National FishPassage Program Coastal ProgramAdminister partnershipprograms that fund habitatimprovement, mostly onnon-Service lands.Provide technical standards, technicalsupport and training, and control information.See Chapter 8.Refuge RoadsCoordinatorProvides boundary and control data andreceives control and topographic data fromroad projects. See Chapter 8.3.7 Recordkeeping and Data ManagementA. Records of Federal Authority Surveys. As part of our Federal survey authority, the Service isresponsible for preserving the field notes, plats, and associated documents that form the official record ofour surveys, and for providing copies of this information to the public. Even among the land surveycommunity, it is not well known that the Service maintains a set of official survey records, and there havebeen needless mistakes and boundary conflicts on the part of private and other Federal land surveyorswho did not have access to Service survey information. The RLS’s responsibilities in regard to Servicecadastral survey records are as follows:1. Preserve original plats, field notes, and other information documenting the survey decisions aspermanent Federal records.2. File a copy of all Federal authority surveys with the local county or other recording office, and also inany State or local survey records databases. Note: not all State, county, or local governments recordFederal records. If they don’t, it’s important to maintain a duplicate record of the survey in a secure anddifferent location from that of the original document(s).3. Create a filing system so that members of the public, including other land surveyors, may have easyaccess to the survey records. Ideally, staff other than land surveyors should be able to locate the correctinformation and provide it to the public.8

B. Other Survey Records. As with Federal authority surveys, the records supporting State authoritysurveys must be preserved and provided to the public, whether carried out by Service employees orcontractors.1. A duplicate mylar copy of the recorded survey plat, the original field notes, and reports,correspondence, calculations, and other information sufficient to document the survey decisions shouldbe maintained in a permanent file.2. All permanent records should be scanned for security and for easy transmission to the public andcustomers.3.8 Annual Reporting of Accomplishments. The RLS compiles annual reports at the end of each fiscalyear for their Region’s survey accomplishments. The reports are used to showcase our accomplishments,determine efficiencies and inefficiencies, and evaluate future year budget needs. The RLS must submitthe report to the Chief Land Surveyor within 20 days of the end of the fiscal year, and it must contain:A. Cadastral Surveys (Boundary)(1) Number of miles of boundary survey completed on new boundaries by:(a) In-house survey crews,(b) Contract and vendor surveys, and(c) Other Federal agencies.(2) Number of miles of boundary surveys completed for boundary maintenance (existing boundaries) by:(a) In-house survey crews,(b) Contract and vendor surveys, and(c) Other Federal agencies.(3) Number of monuments set by:(a) In-house survey crews,(b) Contract and vendor surveys, and(c) Other Federal agencies.B. Survey Tract Review:(a) Number of Survey Tract Review requests received, and(b) Number of Survey Tract Review reports completed.C. Boundary Posting:(a) Number of miles of new boundary posted,(b) Number of miles of existing boundary posted, and(c) Number of posts set.3.9 Land Status Mapping.A. As the base layer of the Service GIS, the accuracy of the cadastral geodatabase is critical. It isbecoming more so as tools such as Google Earth allow display of boundaries at a very large scale,overlaid with high-resolution aerial images.9

B. Service cartographers and geographers create and maintain our cadastral geodatabase, which linksthe spatial location of Service-owned lands with the tabular land ownership data housed in the LandRecord System. Where surveyed tract locations are not available, it is based on the best available spatialdata, and is reviewed and approved for spatial accuracy by the RLS before it’s finalized. In Regionswhere the cartographers are not supervised directly by the RLS, the cartographers and RLS need to workas a team to build and maintain the Regional boundaries.10

Chapter 4Land Acquisition4.1 Land Acquisition. A primary function of land surveyors in the Service is to support our acquisition oflands. Fish and Wildlife surveyors play a key role in land acquisition, and must be familiar with all aspectsof the process. Training for land acquisition comes from the Realty Academy and Realty Service Manualchapters, but the role of the surveyor is covered here.This chapter gives a brief overview of the way we acquire land, and the role the land surveyor plays in theprocess.4.2 The Land Acquisition Process.The process of acquiring land for the United States of America is strictly governed by law

2.4 Authorities for Land Surveying 2.5 History of the FWS Land Survey Program Chapter 3 - Organization and Administration 3.1 Organization and Administration 3.2 Duties A. Chief Land Surveyor B. Regional Land Surveyor 3.3 Recruitment and Professional Development 3.4 Administration A. Su