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Electrochemical SeriesPetr VanýsekThere are three tables for this electrochemical series. Each tablelists standard reduction potentials, E values, at 298.15 K (25 C),and at a pressure of 101.325 kPa (1 atm). Table 1 is an alphabeticallisting of the elements, according to the symbol of the elements.Thus, data for silver (Ag) precedes those for aluminum (Al). Table2 lists only those reduction reactions which have E values positive in respect to the standard hydrogen electrode. In Table 2, thereactions are listed in the order of increasing positive potential,and they range from 0.0000 V to 3.4 V. Table 3 lists only thosereduction potentials which have E negative with respect to thestandard hydrogen electrode. In Table 3, the reactions are listedin the order of decreasing potential and range from 0.0000 V to–4.10 V. The reliability of the potentials is not the same for all thedata. Typically, the values with fewer significant figures have lowerreliability. The values of reduction potentials, in particular thoseof less common reactions, are not definite; they are subject to occasional revisions.Abbreviations: ac acetate; bipy 2,2 -dipyridine, or bipyridine;en ethylenediamine; phen 1,10-phenanthroline.References1. Milazzo, G., Caroli, S., and Sharma, V. K. Tables of Standard ElectrodePotentials, Wiley, Chichester, 1978.2. Bard, A. J., Parsons, R., and Jordan, J. Standard Potentials in AqueousSolutions, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1985.3. Bratsch, S. G. J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 18, 1–21, 1989.TABLE 1. Alphabetical ListingReactionAc3 3 e AcAg e AgAg2 e Ag Ag(ac) e Ag (ac)–AgBr e Ag Br–AgBrO3 e Ag BrO3–Ag2C2O4 2 e 2 Ag C2O42–AgCl e Ag Cl–AgCN e Ag CN–Ag2CO3 2 e 2 Ag CO32–Ag2CrO4 2 e 2 Ag CrO42–AgF e Ag F–Ag4[Fe(CN)6] 4 e 4 Ag [Fe(CN)6]4–AgI e Ag I–AgIO3 e Ag IO3–Ag2MoO4 2 e 2 Ag MoO42–AgNO2 e Ag 2 NO2–Ag2O H2O 2 e 2 Ag 2 OH–Ag2O3 H2O 2 e 2 AgO 2 OH–Ag3 2 e Ag Ag3 e Ag2 Ag2O2 4 H e 2 Ag 2 H2O2 AgO H2O 2 e Ag2O 2 OH–AgOCN e Ag OCN–Ag2S 2 e 2 Ag S2–Ag2S 2 H 2 e 2 Ag H2SAgSCN e Ag SCN–Ag2SeO3 2 e 2 Ag SeO42–Ag2SO4 2 e 2 Ag SO42–Ag2WO4 2 e 2 Ag WO42–Al3 3 e AlAl(OH)3 3 e Al 3 OH–Al(OH)4– 3 e Al 4 OH–H2AlO3– H2O 3 e Al 4 OH–AlF63– 3 e Al 6 F–Am4 e Am3 Am2 2 e AmAm3 3 e AmAm3 e Am2 8-20E ��2.33–2.0692.60–1.9–2.048–2.3ReactionAs 3 H 3 e AsH3As2O3 6 H 6 e 2 As 3 H2OHAsO2 3 H 3 e As 2 H2OAsO2– 2 H2O 3 e As 4 OH–H3AsO4 2 H 2 e– HAsO2 2 H2OAsO43– 2 H2O 2 e AsO2– 4 OH–At2 2 e 2 At–Au e AuAu3 2 e Au Au3 3 e AuAu2 e – Au AuOH2 H 2 e Au H2OAuBr2– e Au 2 Br–AuBr4– 3 e Au 4 Br–AuCl4– 3 e Au 4 Cl–Au(OH)3 3 H 3 e Au 3 H2OH2BO3– 5 H2O 8 e BH4– 8 OH–H2BO3– H2O 3 e B 4 OH–H3BO3 3 H 3 e B 3 H2OB(OH)3 7 H 8 e BH4– 3 H2OBa2 2 e BaBa2 2 e Ba(Hg)Ba(OH)2 2 e Ba 2 OH–Be2 2 e BeBe2O32– 3 H2O 4 e 2 Be 6 OH–p–benzoquinone 2 H 2 e hydroquinoneBi e BiBi3 3 e BiBi3 2 e Bi Bi 3 H 3 e BiH3BiCl4– 3 e Bi 4 Cl–Bi2O3 3 H2O 6 e 2 Bi 6 OH–Bi2O4 4 H 2 e 2 BiO 2 H2OBiO 2 H 3 e Bi H2OBiOCl 2 H 3 e Bi Cl– H2OBk4 e Bk3 Bk2 2 e BkBk3 e Bk2 E 831.67–1.6–2.8
Electrochemical SeriesReactionBr2(aq) 2 e 2 Br–Br2(l) 2 e 2 Br–HBrO H 2 e Br– H2OHBrO H e 1/2 Br2(aq) H2OHBrO H e 1/2 Br2(l) H2OBrO– H2O 2 e Br– 2 OH–BrO3– 6 H 5 e 1/2 Br2 3 H2OBrO3– 6 H 6 e Br– 3 H2OBrO3– 3 H2O 6 e Br– 6 OH–(CN)2 2 H 2 e 2 HCN2 HCNO 2 H 2 e (CN)2 2 H2O(CNS)2 2 e 2 CNS –CO2 2 H 2 e HCOOHCa e CaCa2 2 e CaCa(OH)2 2 e Ca 2 OH–Calomel electrode, 1 molal KClCalomel electrode, 1 molar KCl (NCE)Calomel electrode, 0.1 molar KClCalomel electrode, saturated KCl (SCE)Calomel electrode, saturated NaCl (SSCE)Cd2 2 e CdCd2 2 e Cd(Hg)Cd(OH)2 2 e Cd(Hg) 2 OH–CdSO4 2 e Cd SO42–Cd(OH)42– 2 e Cd 4 OH–CdO H2O 2 e Cd 2 OH–Ce3 3 e CeCe3 3 e Ce(Hg)Ce4 e Ce3 CeOH3 H e Ce3 H2OCf4 e Cf3 Cf3 e Cf2 Cf3 3 e CfCf2 2 e CfCl2(g) 2 e 2 Cl–HClO H e 1/2 Cl2 H2OHClO H 2 e Cl– H2OClO– H2O 2 e Cl– 2 OH–ClO2 H e HClO2HClO2 2 H 2 e HClO H2OHClO2 3 H 3 e 1/2 Cl2 2 H2OHClO2 3 H 4 e Cl– 2 H2OClO2– H2O 2 e ClO– 2 OH–ClO2– 2 H2O 4 e Cl– 4 OH–ClO2(aq) e ClO2–ClO3– 2 H e ClO2 H2OClO3– 3 H 2 e HClO2 H2OClO3– 6 H 5 e 1/2 Cl2 3 H2OClO3– 6 H 6 e Cl– 3 H2OClO3– H2O 2 e ClO2– 2 OH–ClO3– 3 H2O 6 e Cl– 6 OH–ClO4– 2 H 2 e ClO3– H2OClO4– 8 H 7 e 1/2 Cl2 4 H2OClO4– 8 H 8 e Cl– 4 H2OClO4– H2O 2 e ClO3– 2 OH–Cm4 e Cm3 Cm3 3 e CmCo2 2 e CoCo3 e Co2 8-21E o(NH3)6]3 e [Co(NH3)6]2 Co(OH)2 2 e Co 2 OH–Co(OH)3 e Co(OH)2 OH–Cr2 2 e CrCr3 e Cr2 Cr3 3 e CrCr2O72– 14 H 6 e 2 Cr3 7 H2OCrO2– 2 H2O 3 e Cr 4 OH–HCrO4– 7 H 3 e Cr3 4 H2OCrO2 4 H e Cr3 2H2OCr(V) e Cr(IV)CrO42– 4 H2O 3 e Cr(OH)3 5 OH–Cr(OH)3 3 e Cr 3 OH–Cs e CsCu e CuCu2 e Cu Cu2 2 e CuCu2 2 e Cu(Hg)Cu3 e Cu2 Cu2O3 6 H 2e 2Cu2 3 H2OCu2 2 CN– e [Cu(CN)2]–CuI2– e Cu 2 I–Cu2O H2O 2 e 2 Cu 2 OH–Cu(OH)2 2 e Cu 2 OH–2 Cu(OH)2 2 e Cu2O 2 OH– H2O2 D 2 e D2Dy2 2 e DyDy3 3 e DyDy3 e Dy2 Er2 2 e ErEr3 3 e ErEr3 e Er2 Es3 e Es2 Es3 3 e EsEs2 2 e EsEu2 2 e EuEu3 3 e EuEu3 e Eu2 F2 2 H 2 e 2 HFF2 2 e 2 F–F2O 2 H 4 e H2O 2 F–Fe2 2 e FeFe3 3 e FeFe3 e Fe2 2 HFeO4– 8 H 6 e Fe2O3 5 H2OHFeO4– 4 H 3 e FeOOH 2 H2OHFeO4– 7 H 3 e Fe3 4 H2OFe2O3 4 H 2 e 2 FeOH H2O[Fe(CN)6]3– e [Fe(CN)6]4–FeO42– 8 H 3 e Fe3 4 H2O[Fe(bipy)2]3 e Fe(bipy)2]2 [Fe(bipy)3]3 e Fe(bipy)3]2 Fe(OH)3 e Fe(OH)2 OH–[Fe(phen)3]3 e [Fe(phen)3]2 [Fe(phen)3]3 e [Fe(phen)3]2 (1 molarH2SO4)[Ferricinium] e ferroceneFm3 e Fm2 Fm3 3 e FmFm2 2 e FmE .781.03–0.561.1471.060.400–1.1–1.89–2.30
Electrochemical Series8-22ReactionFr e FrGa3 3 e GaGa e GaGaOH2 H 3 e Ga H2OH2GaO–3 H2O 3 e Ga 4 OH–Gd3 3 e GdGe2 2 e GeGe4 4 e GeGe4 2 e Ge2 GeO2 2 H 2 e GeO H2OH2GeO3 4 H 4 e Ge 3 H2O2 H 2 e v H2H2 2 e 2 H–HO2 H e H2O22 H2O 2 e H2 2 OH–H2O2 2 H 2 e 2 H2OHf4 4 e HfHfO2 2 H 4 e Hf H2OHfO2 4 H 4 e Hf 2 H2OHfO(OH)2 H2O 4 e Hf 4 OH–Hg2 2 e Hg2 Hg2 2 e Hg22 Hg22 2 e 2 HgHg2(ac)2 2 e 2 Hg 2(ac)–Hg2Br2 2 e 2 Hg 2 Br–Hg2Cl2 2 e 2 Hg 2 Cl–Hg2HPO4 2 e 2 Hg HPO42–Hg2I2 2 e 2 Hg 2 I–Hg2O H2O 2 e 2 Hg 2 OH–HgO H2O 2 e Hg 2 OH–Hg(OH)2 2 H 2 e Hg 2 H2OHg2SO4 2 e 2 Hg SO42–Ho2 2 e HoHo3 3 e HoHo3 e Ho2 I2 2 e 2 I–I3– 2 e 3 I–H3IO62– 2 e IO–3 3 OH–H5IO6 H 2 e IO3– 3 H2O2 HIO 2 H 2 e I2 2 H2OHIO H 2 e I– H2OIO– H2O 2 e I– 2 OH–2 IO3– 12 H 10 e I2 6 H2OIO3– 6 H 6 e I– 3 H2OIO3– 2 H2O 4 e IO– 4 OH–IO3– 3 H2O 6 e IO– 6 OH–In e InIn2 e In In3 e In2 In3 2 e In In3 3 e InIn(OH)3 3 e In 3 OH–In(OH)4– 3 e In 4 OH–In2O3 3 H2O 6 e 2 In 6 OH–Ir3 3 e Ir[IrCl6]2– e [IrCl6]3–[IrCl6]3– 3 e Ir 6 Cl–Ir2O3 3 H2O 6 e 2 Ir 6 OH–K e KLa3 3 e LaE .86650.770.098–2.931–2.379ReactionLa(OH)3 3 e La 3 OH–Li e LiLr3 3 e LrLu3 3 e LuMd3 e Md2 Md3 3 e MdMd2 2 e MdMg e MgMg2 2 e MgMg(OH)2 2 e Mg 2 OH–Mn2 2 e MnMn3 e Mn2 MnO2 4 H 2 e Mn2 2 H2OMnO4– e MnO42–MnO4– 4 H 3 e MnO2 2 H2OMnO4– 8 H 5 e Mn2 4 H2OMnO4– 2 H2O 3 e MnO2 4 OH–MnO42– 2 H2O 2 e MnO2 4 OH–Mn(OH)2 2 e Mn 2 OH–Mn(OH)3 e Mn(OH)2 OH–Mn2O3 6 H e 2 Mn2 3 H2OMo3 3 e MoMoO2 4 H 4 e Mo 4 H2OH3Mo7O243– 45 H 42 e 7 Mo 24 H2OMoO3 6 H 6 e Mo 3 H2ON2 2 H2O 6 H 6 e 2 NH4OH3 N2 2 H 2 e 2 HN3N5 3 H 2 e 2 NH4 N2O 2 H 2 e N2 H2OH2N2O2 2 H 2 e N2 2 H2ON2O4 2 e 2 NO2–N2O4 2 H 2 e 2 NHO2N2O4 4 H 4 e 2 NO 2 H2O2 NH3OH H 2 e N2H5 2 H2O2 NO 2 H 2 e N2O H2O2 NO H2O 2 e N2O 2 OH–HNO2 H e NO H2O2 HNO2 4 H 4 e H2N2O2 2 H2O2 HNO2 4 H 4 e N2O 3 H2ONO2– H2O e NO 2 OH–2 NO2– 2 H2O 4 e N2O22– 4 OH–2 NO2– 3 H2O 4 e N2O 6 OH–NO3– 3 H 2 e HNO2 H2ONO3– 4 H 3 e NO 2 H2O2 NO3– 4 H 2 e N2O4 2 H2ONO3– H2O 2 e NO2– 2 OH–2 NO3– 2 H2O 2 e N2O4 4 OH–Na e NaNb3 3 e NbNbO2 2 H 2 e NbO H2ONbO2 4 H 4 e Nb 2 H2ONbO 2 H 2 e Nb H2ONb2O5 10 H 10 e 2 Nb 5 H2ONd3 3 e NdNd2 2 e NdNd3 e Nd2 Ni2 2 e NiNi(OH)2 2 e Ni 2 OH–NiO2 4 H 2 e Ni2 2 H2ONiO2 2 H2O 2 e Ni(OH)2 2 OH–E 0.721.678–0.490
Electrochemical SeriesReactionNo3 e No2 No3 3 e NoNo2 2 e NoNp3 3 e NpNp4 e Np3 NpO2 H2O H e Np(OH)3O2 2 H 2 e H2O2O2 4 H 4 e 2 H2OO2 H2O 2 e HO2– OH–O2 2 H2O 2 e H2O2 2 OH–O2 2 H2O 4 e 4 OH–O3 2 H 2 e O2 H2OO3 H2O 2 e O2 2 OH–O(g) 2 H 2 e H2OOH e OH–HO2– H2O 2 e 3 OH–OsO4 8 H 8 e Os 4 H2OOsO4 4 H 4 e OsO2 2 H2O[Os(bipy)2]3 e [Os(bipy)2]2 [Os(bipy)3]3 e [Os(bipy)3]2 P(red) 3 H 3 e PH3(g)P(white) 3 H 3 e PH3(g)P 3 H2O 3 e PH3(g) 3 OH–H2P2– e P 2 OH–H3PO2 H e P 2 H2OH3PO3 2 H 2 e H3PO2 H2OH3PO3 3 H 3 e P 3 H2OHPO32– 2 H2O 2 e H2PO2– 3 OH–HPO32– 2 H2O 3 e P 5 OH–H3PO4 2 H 2 e H3PO3 H2OPO43– 2 H2O 2 e HPO32– 3 OH–Pa3 3 e PaPa4 4 e PaPa4 e Pa3 Pb2 2 e PbPb2 2 e Pb(Hg)PbBr2 2 e Pb 2 Br–PbCl2 2 e Pb 2 Cl–PbF2 2 e Pb 2 F–PbHPO4 2 e Pb HPO42–PbI2 2 e Pb 2 I–PbO H2O 2 e Pb 2 OH–PbO2 4 H 2 e Pb2 2 H2OHPbO2– H2O 2 e Pb 3 OH–PbO2 H2O 2 e PbO 2 OH–PbO2 SO42– 4 H 2 e PbSO4 2 H2OPbSO4 2 e Pb SO42–PbSO4 2 e Pb(Hg) SO42–Pd2 2 e Pd[PdCl4]2– 2 e Pd 4 Cl–[PdCl6]2– 2 e [PdCl4]2– 2 Cl–Pd(OH)2 2 e Pd 2 OH–Pm2 2 e PmPm3 3 e PmPm3 e Pm2 Po4 2 e Po2 Po4 4 e PoPr4 e Pr3 Pr2 2 e PrPr3 3 e Pr8-23E ��2.30–2.60.90.763.2–2.0–2.353ReactionPr3 e Pr2 Pt2 2 e Pt[PtCl4]2– 2 e Pt 4 Cl–[PtCl6]2– 2 e [PtCl4]2– 2 Cl–Pt(OH)2 2 e Pt 2 OH–PtO3 2 H 2 e PtO2 H2OPtO3 4 H 2 e Pt(OH)22 H2OPtOH H 2 e Pt H2OPtO2 2 H 2 e PtO H2OPtO2 4 H 4 e Pt 2 H2OPu3 3 e PuPu4 e Pu3 Pu5 e Pu4 PuO2(OH)2 2 H 2 e Pu(OH)4PuO2(OH)2 H e PuO2OH H2ORa2 2 e RaRb e RbRe3 3 e ReReO4– 4 H 3 e ReO2 2 H2OReO2 4 H 4 e Re 2 H2OReO4– 2 H e ReO3 H2OReO4– 4 H2O 7 e Re 8 OH–ReO4– 8 H 7 e Re 4 H2ORh e RhRh3 3 e Rh[RhCl6]3– 3 e Rh 6 Cl–RhOH2 H 3 e Rh H2ORu2 2 e RuRu3 e Ru2 RuO2 4 H 2 e Ru2 2 H2ORuO4– e RuO42–RuO4 e RuO4–RuO4 6 H 4 e Ru(OH)22 2 H2ORuO4 8 H 8 e Ru 4 H2O[Ru(bipy)3)3 e– [Ru(bipy)3]2 [Ru(H2O)6]3 e– [Ru(H2O)6]2 [Ru(NH3)6]3 e– [Ru(NH3)6]2 [Ru(en)3]3 e – [Ru(en)3]2 [Ru(CN)6]3– e– [Ru(CN)6]4–S 2 e S2–S 2H 2 e H2S(aq)S H2O 2 e SH– OH–2 S 2 e S22–S2O62– 4 H 2 e 2 H2SO3S2O82– 2 e 2 SO42–S2O82– 2 H 2 e 2 HSO4–S4O62– 2 e 2 S2O32–2 H2SO3 H 2 e HS2O4– 2 H2OH2SO3 4 H 4 e S 3 H2O2 SO32– 2 H2O 2 e S2O42– 4 OH–2 SO32– 3 H2O 4 e S2O32– 6 OH–SO42– 4 H 2 e H2SO3 H2O2 SO42– 4 H 2 e S2O62– H2OSO42– H2O 2 e SO32– 2 OH–Sb 3 H 3 e SbH3Sb2O3 6 H 6 e 2 Sb 3 H2OSb2O5 (senarmontite) 4 H 4 e Sb2O3 2 H2OSb2O5 (valentinite) 4 H 4 e Sb2O3 2H2OE 520.6710.649
Electrochemical Series8-24ReactionSb2O5 6 H 4 e 2 SbO 3 H2OSbO 2 H 3 e Sb 2 H2OSbO2– 2 H2O 3 e Sb 4 OH–SbO3– H2O 2 e SbO2– 2 OH–Sc3 3 e ScSe 2 e Se2–Se 2 H 2 e H2Se(aq)H2SeO3 4 H 4 e Se 3 H2OSe 2 H 2 e H2SeSeO32– 3 H2O 4 e Se 6 OH–SeO42– 4 H 2 e H2SeO3 H2OSeO42– H2O 2 e SeO32– 2 OH–SiF62– 4 e Si 6 F–SiO 2 H 2 e Si H2OSiO2 (quartz) 4 H 4 e Si 2 H2OSiO32– 3 H2O 4 e Si 6 OH–Sm3 e Sm2 Sm3 3 e SmSm2 2 e SmSn2 2 e SnSn4 2 e Sn2 Sn(OH)3 3 H 2 e Sn2 3 H2OSnO2 4 H 2 e– Sn2 2 H2OSnO2 4 H 4 e Sn 2 H2OSnO2 3 H 2 e SnOH H2OSnO2 2 H2O 4 e Sn 4 OH–HSnO2– H2O 2 e Sn 3 OH–Sn(OH)62– 2 e HSnO2– 3 OH– H2OSr e SrSr2 2 e SrSr2 2 e Sr(Hg)Sr(OH)2 2 e Sr 2 OH–Ta2O5 10 H 10 e 2 Ta 5 H2OTa3 3 e TaTc2 2 e TcTcO4– 4 H 3 e TcO2 2 H2OTc3 e Tc2 TcO4– 8 H 7 e Tc 4 H2OTb4 e Tb3 Tb3 3 e TbTe 2 e Te2–Te 2 H 2 e H2TeTe4 4 e TeTeO2 4 H 4 e Te 2 H2OTeO32– 3 H2O 4 e Te 6 OH–TeO4– 8 H 7 e Te 4 H2OH6TeO6 2 H 2 e TeO2 4 H2OTh4 4 e ThThO2 4 H 4 e Th 2 H2OTh(OH)4 4 e Th 4 OH–Ti2 2 e TiTi3 e Ti2 TiO2 4 H 2 e Ti2 2 H2OTi3 3 e TiTiOH3 H e Ti3 H2OE 02–1.37–0.055ReactionTl e TlTl e Tl(Hg)Tl3 2 e Tl Tl3 3 e TlTlBr e Tl Br–TlCl e Tl Cl–TlI e Tl I–Tl2O3 3 H2O 4 e 2 Tl 6 OH–TlOH e Tl OH–Tl(OH)3 2 e TlOH 2 OH–Tl2SO4 2 e Tl SO42–Tm3 e Tm2 Tm3 3 e TmTm2 2 e TmU3 3 e UU4 e U3 UO2 4 H e U4 2 H2OUO22 e UO 2UO22 4 H 2 e U4 2 H2OUO22 4 H 6 e U 2 H2OV2 2 e VV3 e V2 VO2 2 H e V3 H2OVO2 2 H e VO2 H2OV2O5 6 H 2 e 2 VO2 3 H2OV2O5 10 H 10 e 2 V 5 H2OV(OH)4 2 H e VO2 3 H2OV(OH)4 4 H 5 e V 4 H2O[V(phen)3]3 e [V(phen)3]2 W3 3 e WW2O5 2 H 2 e 2 WO2 H2OWO2 4 H 4 e W 2 H2OWO3 6 H 6 e W 3 H2OWO3 2 H 2 e WO2 H2O2 WO3 2 H 2 e W2O5 H2OH4XeO6 2 H 2 e XeO3 3 H2OXeO3 6 H 6 e Xe 3 H2OXeF e Xe F–Y3 3 e YYb3 e Yb2 Yb3 3 e YbYb2 2 e YbZn2 2 e ZnZn2 2 e Zn(Hg)ZnO22– 2 H2O 2 e Zn 4 OH–ZnSO4 · 7 H2O 2 e Zn(Hg) SO42– 7H2O (Saturated ZnSO4)ZnOH H 2 e Zn H2OZn(OH)42– 2 e Zn 4 OH–Zn(OH)2 2 e Zn 2 OH–ZnO H2O 2 e Zn 2 OH–ZrO2 4 H 4 e Zr 2 H2OZrO(OH)2 H2O 4 e Zr 4 OH–Zr4 4 e ZrE –2.36–1.45
Electrochemical Series8-25TABLE 2. Reduction Reactions Having E Values More Positive than That of the Standard Hydrogen ElectrodeReaction2 H 2 e H2CuI2– e Cu 2 I–Ge4 2 e Ge2 NO3– H2O 2 e NO2– 2 OH–Tl2O3 3 H2O 4 e 2 Tl 6 OH–SeO42– H2O 2 e SeO32– 2 OH–WO3 2 H 2 e WO2 H2OUO22 e UO2 Pd(OH)2 2 e Pd 2 OH–AgBr e Ag Br–MoO3 6 H 6 e Mo 3 H2OS4O62– 2 e 2 S2O32–H3Mo7O243– 45 H 42 e 7 Mo 24 H2OAgSCN e Ag SCN–N2 2 H2O 6 H 6 e 2 NH4OHHgO H2O 2 e Hg 2 OH–Ir2O3 3 H2O 6 e 2 Ir 6 OH–2 NO 2 e N2O22–[Ru(NH3)6]3 e [Ru(NH3)6]2 W3 3 e W[Co(NH3)6]3 e [Co(NH3)6]2 Hg2O H2O 2 e 2 Hg 2 OH–Ge4 4 e GeHg2Br2 2 e 2 Hg 2 Br–Pt(OH)2 2 e Pt 2 OH–[V(phen)3]3 e [V(phen)3]2 S 2H 2 e H2S(aq)Sn(OH)3 3 H 2 e Sn2 3 H2ONp4 e Np3 Ag4[Fe(CN)6] 4 e 4 Ag [Fe(CN)6]4–IO3– 2 H2O 4 e IO– 4 OH–Mn(OH)3 e Mn(OH)2 OH–2 NO2– 3 H2O 4 e N2O 6 OH–Sn4 2 e Sn2 Sb2O3 6 H 6 e 2 Sb 3 H2OCu2 e Cu BiOCl 2 H 3 e Bi Cl– H2OBiCl4– 3 e Bi 4 Cl–Fe2O3 4 H 2 e 2 FeOH H2OCo(OH)3 e Co(OH)2 OH–SO42– 4 H 2 e H2SO3 H2OBi3 2 e Bi [Ru(en)3]3 e [Ru(en)3]2 SbO 2 H 3 e Sb 2 H2OAgCl e Ag Cl–[Ru(H2O)6]3 e [Ru(H2O)6]2 As2O3 6 H 6 e 2 As 3 H2OCalomel electrode, saturated NaCl (SSCE)Ge2 2 e GeRu3 e Ru2 Calomel electrode, saturated KClPbO2 H2O 2 e PbO 2 OH–HAsO2 3 H 3 e As 2 H2ORu3 e Ru2 ReO2 4 H 4 e Re 2 H2OIO3– 3 H2O 6 e I– OH–E 470.2480.24870.25130.26ReactionHg2Cl2 2 e 2 Hg 2 Cl–Calomel electrode, 1 molal KClCalomel electrode, 1 molar KCl (NCE)At2 2 e 2 At–Re3 3 e ReTc3 e Tc2 Bi3 3 e BiBiO 2 H 3 e Bi H2OUO22 4 H 2 e U4 2 H2OClO3– H2O 2 e ClO2– 2 OH–2 HCNO 2 H 2 e (CN)2 2 H2OCalomel electrode, 0.1 molar KClVO2 2 H e V3 H2OCu2 2 e CuAg2O H2O 2 e 2 Ag 2 OH–Cu2 2 e Cu(Hg)AgIO3 e Ag IO3–[Fe(CN)6]3– e [Fe(CN)6]4–ClO4– H2O 2 e ClO–3 2 OH–Ag2SeO3 2 e 2 Ag SeO32–ReO4– 8 H 7 e Re 4 H2O(CN)2 2 H 2 e 2 HCN[Ferricinium] e ferroceneTc2 2 e TcO2 2 H2O 4 e 4 OH–AgOCN e Ag OCN–[RhCl6]3– 3 e Rh 6 Cl–Ag2CrO4 2 e 2 Ag CrO42–H2SO3 4 H 4 e S 3 H2ORu2 2 e RuAg2MoO4 2 e 2 Ag MoO42–Ag2C2O4 2 e 2 Ag C2O42–Ag2WO4 2 e 2 Ag WO42–Ag2CO3 2 e 2 Ag CO32–TcO4– 8 H 7 e Tc 4 H2OTeO4– 8 H 7 e Te 4 H2OIO– H2O 2 e I– 2 OH–NiO2 2 H2O 2 e Ni(OH)2 2 OH–Bi e BiReO4– 4 H 3 e ReO2 2 H2OHg2(ac)2 2 e 2 Hg 2(ac)–Cu e CuI2 2 e 2 I–I3– 2 e 3 I–AgBrO3 e Ag BrO3–MnO4– e MnO4–H3AsO4 2 H 2 e HAsO2 2 H2OS2O62– 4 H 2 e 2 H2SO3AgNO2 e Ag NO2–Te4 4 e TeSb2O5 6 H 4 e 2 SbO 3 H2ORuO4– e RuO42–[PdCl4]2– 2 e Pd 4 Cl–TeO2 4 H 4 e Te 2 H2OMnO4– 2 H2O 3 e MnO2 4 OH–Rh2 2 e RhE 40.5680.5810.590.5910.5930.5950.600
Electrochemical Series8-26ReactionRh e RhMnO42– 2 H2O 2 e MnO2 4 OH–2 AgO H2O 2 e Ag2O 2 OH–BrO3– 3 H2O 6 e Br– 6 OH–UO2 4 H e U4 2 H2OHg2SO4 2 e 2 Hg SO42–ClO3– 3 H2O 6 e Cl– 6 OH–Hg2HPO4 2 e 2 Hg HPO42–Ag(ac) e Ag (ac)–Sb2O5(valentinite) 4 H 4 e Sb2O3 2 H2OAg2SO4 2 e 2 Ag SO42–ClO2– H2O 2 e ClO– 2 OH–Sb2O5(senarmontite) 4 H 4 e Sb2O5 2H2O[PtCl6]2– 2 e [PtCl4]2– 2 Cl–O2 2 H 2 e H2O2p–benzoquinone 2 H 2 e hydroquinoneH3IO62– 2 e IO3– 3 OH–Ag2O3 H2O 2 e 2 AgO 2 OH–Tl3 3 e Tl[PtCl4]2– 2 e Pt 4 Cl–Rh3 3 e RhClO2– 2 H2O 4 e Cl– 4 OH–2 NO H2O 2 e N2O 2 OH–Po4 4 e PoBrO– H2O 2 e Br– 2 OH–ReO4– 2 H e ReO3 H2O(CNS)2 2 e 2 CNS –[IrCl6]3– 3 e Ir 6 Cl–Fe3 e Fe2 AgF e Ag F–[Fe(bipy)2]3 e [Fe(bipy)2]2 TcO4– 4 H 3 e TcO2 2 H2OHg22 2 e 2 HgAg e Ag[Os(bipy)3]3 e [Os(bipy)3]2 2 NO3– 4 H 2 e N2O4 2 H2O[Os(bipy)2]3 e [Os(bipy)2]2 RhOH2 H 3 e Rh H2OOsO4 8 H 8 e Os 4 H2OClO– H2O 2 e Cl– 2 OH–Hg2 2 e HgAuBr4– 3 e Au 4 Br–SiO2(quartz) 4 H 4 e Si 2 H2O2 HNO2 4 H 4 e H2N2O2 H2O[Ru(CN)6]3– e– [Ru(CN)6]4–[IrCl6]2– e [IrCl6]3–N2O4 2 e 2 NO2–HO2– H2O 2 e 3 OH–Po4 2 e Po2 2 Hg2 2 e Hg22 NO3– 3 H 2 e HNO2 H2OPd2 2 e PdClO2(aq) e ClO2–NO3– 4 H 3 e NO 2 H2OV2O5 6 H 2 e 2 VO2 3 H2OAuBr2– e Au 2 Br–HNO2 H e NO H2OE 9540.9570.9570.9590.983ReactionHIO H 2 e I– H2OVO2 2 H e VO2 H2OPtO2 4 H 4 e Pt 2 H2ORuO4 e RuO4–V(OH)4 2 H e VO2 3 H2OAuCl4– 3 e Au 4 Cl–Pu4 e Pu3 PtO2 2 H 2 e PtO H2OOsO4 4 H 4 e OsO2 2 H2OH6TeO6 2 H 2 e TeO2 4 H2O[Fe(bipy)3]3 e [Fe(bipy)3]2 Hg(OH)2 2 H 2 e Hg 2 H2ON2O4 4 H 4 e 2 NO 2 H2ORuO4 8 H 8 e Ru 4H2O[Fe(phen)3]3 e [Fe(phen)3]2 (1 molar H2SO4)PuO2(OH)2 H e PuO2OH H2ON2O4 2 H 2 e 2 HNO2Br2(l) 2 e 2Br–IO3– 6 H 6 e I– 3 H2OBr2(aq) 2 e 2Br–Pu5 e Pu4 Cu2 2 CN– e [Cu(CN)2]–RuO2 4 H 2 e Ru2 2 H2O[Fe(phen)3]3 e [Fe(phen)3]2 SeO42– 4 H 2 e H2SeO3 H2OClO3– 2 H e ClO2 H2OIr3 3 e IrPt2 2 e PtClO4– 2 H 2 e ClO3– H2O2 IO3– 12 H 10 e I2 6 H2OPtOH H 2 e Pt H2OClO3– 3 H 2 e HClO2 H2OMnO2 4 H 2 e Mn2 2 H2OO2 4 H 4 e 2 H2OO3 H2O 2 e O2 2 OH–[Ru(bipy)3]3 e [Ru(bipy)3]2 Tl3 2 e Tl N2H5 3 H 2 e 2 NH4 ClO2 H e HClO2[PdCl6]2– 2 e [PdCl4]2– 2 Cl–2 HNO2 4 H 4 e N2O 3 H2OAuOH2 H 2 e Au H2OPuO2(OH)2 2 H– 2 e Pu(OH)4HBrO H 2 e Br– H2OCr(V) e Cr(IV)HCrO4– 7 H 3 e Cr3 4 H2OCl2(g) 2 e 2Cl–Cr2O72– 14 H 6 e 2 Cr3 7 H2OClO4– 8 H 8 e Cl– 4 H2OClO4– 8 H 7 e 1/2 Cl2 4 H2ONo3 e No2 RuO4 6 H 4 e Ru(OH)22 2 H2OAu3 2 e Au 2 NH3OH H 2 e N2H5 2 H2OBrO3– 6 H 6 e Br– 3 H2O2 HIO 2 H 2 e I2 2 H2OAu(OH)3 3 H 3 e Au– 3 H2OE 1.421.4231.4391.45
Electrochemical SeriesReaction3IO3– 6 H 6 e Cl– 3 H2OPbO2 4 H 2 e Pb2 2 H2OClO3– 6 H 5 e 1/2 Cl2 3 H2OCrO2 4 H e Cr3 2 H2OBrO3– 6 H 5 e 1/2 Br2 3 H2OHClO H 2 e Cl– H2OMn2O3 6 H e 2 Mn2 3 H2OHO2 H e H2O2Au3 3 e AuPtO3 4 H 2 e Pt(OH)22 H2OMnO4– 8 H 5 e Mn2 4 H2OMn3 e Mn2–HClO2 3 H 4 e Cl– 2 H2OHBrO H e 1/2 Br2(aq) H2O2 NO 2 H 2 e N2O H2OBi2O4 4 H 2 e 2 BiO 2 H2OHBrO H e 1/2 Br2(l) H2OH5IO6 H 2 e IO3– 3 H2OHClO H e 1/2 Cl2 H2OHClO2 3 H 3 e 1/2 Cl2 2 H2OHClO2 2 H 2 e HClO H2OBk4 e Bk3 NiO2 4 H 2 e Ni2 2 H2OMnO4– 4 H 3 e MnO2 2 H2OPbO2 SO42– 4 H 2 e PbSO4 2 H2OAu e AuPtO3 2 H 2 e PtO2 H2OCeOH3 H e Ce3 H2OCe4 e Ce3 N2O 2 H 2 e N2 H2OH2O2 2 H 2 e 2 H2O8-27E 6ReactionAg3 e Ag2 Au2 e– Au Ag2O2 4 H e 2 Ag 2 H2OCo3 e Co2–(2 molar H2SO4)Ag3 2 e Ag Co3 e Co2 Ag2 e Ag Cu2O3 6 H 2 e 2 Cu2 3 H2OS2O82– 2 e 2 SO42–OH e OH–HFeO4– 7 H 3 e Fe3 4 H2OO3 2 H 2 e O2 H2OHFeO4– 4 H 3 e FeOOH 2 H2O2 HFeO4– 8 H 6 e Fe2O3 5 H2OXeO3 6 H 6 e Xe 3 H2OS2O82– 2 H 2 e 2 HSO4–F2O 2 H 4 e H2O 2 F–FeO42– 8 H 3 e Fe3 4 H2OCu3 e Cu2 H4XeO6 2 H 2 e XeO3 3 H2OO(g) 2 H 2 e H2OAm4 e Am3 H2N2O2 2 H 2 e N2 2 H2OF2 2 e 2 F–Cm4 e Cm3 F2 2 H 2 e 2 HFTb4 e Tb3 Pr4 e Pr3 Cf4 e Cf3 XeF e Xe F–E 63.03.0533.13.23.33.4TABLE 3. Reduction Reactions Having E Values More Negative than That of the Standard Hydrogen ElectrodeReaction2 H 2 e H22 D 2 e D2AgCN e Ag CN–2 WO3 2 H 2 e W2O5 H2OW2O5 2 H 2 e 2 WO2 H2OAg2S 2 H 2 e 2 Ag H2SFe3 3 e FeHg2I2 2 e 2 Hg 2 I–Tl(OH)3 2 e TlOH 2 OH–TiOH3 H e Ti3 H2O2 H2SO3 H 2 e HS2O4– 2 H2OP(white) 3 H 3 e PH3(g)O2 H2O 2 e HO2– OH–2 Cu(OH)2 2 e Cu2O 2 OH– H2OSe 2 H 2 e H2SeWO3 6 H 6 e W 3 H2OSnO2 4 H 2 e Sn2 2 H2OMd3 e Md2 P(red) 3 H 3 e PH3(g)SnO2 4 H 4 e Sn 2 H2OGeO2 2 H 2 e GeO H2OE 11–0.117–0.118ReactionWO2 4 H 4 e W 2 H2OPb2 2 e Pb(Hg)Pb2 2 e PbCrO42– 4 H2O 3 e Cr(OH)3 5 OH–Sn2– 2 e SnIn e InO2 2 H2O 2 e H2O2 2 OH–MoO2 4 H 4 e Mo 4 H2OAgI e Ag I–2 NO2– 2 H2O 4 e N2O22– 4 OH–H2GeO3 4 H 4 e Ge 3 H2OSnO2 3 H 2 e SnOH H2OCO2 2 H 2 e HCOOHMo3 3 e MoGa e Ga2 SO22– 4 H 2 e S2O62– H2OCu(OH)2 2 e Cu 2 OH–V2O5 10 H 10 e 2 V 5 H2OCdSO4 2 e Cd SO42–V(OH)4 4 H 5 e V 4 H2OV3 e V2 E 246–0.254–0.255
Electrochemical Series8-28ReactionNi2 2 e NiPbCl2 2 e Pb 2 Cl–H3PO4 2 H 2 e H3PO3 H2OCo2 2 e CoPbBr2 2 e Pb 2 Br–Tl e Tl(Hg)Tl e TlIn3 3 e InTlOH e Tl OH–PbF2 2 e Pb 2 F–PbSO4 2 e Pb(Hg) SO42–Cd2 2 e Cd(Hg)PbSO4 2 e Pb SO42–Cu2O H2O 2 e 2 Cu 2 OH–Eu3 e Eu2 PbI2 2 e Pb 2 I–SeO32– 3 H2O 4 e Se 6 OH–Se 2 H 2 e H2Se(aq)In2 e In Cd2 2 e CdCr3 e Cr2 2 S 2 e S22–Tl2SO4 2 e Tl SO42–In3 2 e In Fe2 2 e FeH3PO3 3 H 3 e P 3 H2OBi2O3 3 H2O 6 e 2 Bi 6 OH–NO2– H2O e NO 2 OHPbHPO4 2 e Pb HPO42–S 2 e S2–S H2O 2 e HS – OH–B(OH)3 7 H 8 e BH4– 3 H2OIn3 e In2 ZnOH H 2 e Zn H2OGaOH2 H 3 e Ga H2OH3PO3 2 H 2 e H3PO2 H2OTiO2 4 H 2 e Ti2 2 H2OH3PO2 H e P 2 H2OSb 3 H 3 e SbH3HPbO2– H2O 2 e Pb 3 OH–Ga3 3 e GaTlCl e Tl Cl–Fe(OH)3 e Fe(OH)2 OH–TeO32– 3 H2O 4 e Te 6 OH–2 SO32– 3 H2O 4 e S2O32– 6 OH–PbO H2O 2 e Pb 2 OH–ReO2– 4 H2O 7 e Re 8 OH–SbO3– H2O 2 e SbO2– 2 OH–Ta3 3 e TaU4 e U3 As 3 H 3 e AsH3Nb2O5 10 H 10 e 2 Nb 5 H2ONbO2 2 H 2 e NbO H2OCd(OH)42– 2 e Cd 4 OH–TlBr e Tl Br–SbO2– 2 H2O
ElEctrochEmical SEriES Petr Vanýsek There are three tables for this electrochemical series. Each table lists standard reduction potentials, E values, at 2
