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2/19/2018Aquaponics BasicsHye-Ji KimAssistant Professor of Sustainable Horticulture Crop ProductionFebruary 13, 2018Purdue University is an equal access/equal opportunity institution.“Aquaponics”The Future Farming SystemAquaponics is a sustainable food production system that combineshydroponics with aquaculture in a symbiotic environment.HydroponicsAquaculture Aquaponics is a major form of “organic hydroponics (bioponics)”Purdue University is an equal access/equal opportunity institution.1
2/19/2018Problems with Each SystemHydroponicsAquaculture Tilapia in an aquaculture tank Rearing‐tank water has to be dischargedat 10‐20% of total volume per day. The discharged water becomes apollutant. Commercial fertilizers are expensiveSolution has to be replaced periodicallyDisposal/runoff is problematicNutrient concentration, pH, EC all haveto be monitored, adjusted, controlled. Recirculating systems prone to disease. Water quality management is a challenge. Fish feeds are not designed for plants. Lack of scientific informationPurdue University is an equal access/equal opportunity institution.Source: http://m.zhongzi.net/en/news/1719.htmSource: Aquaponics: a brief ics‐a‐brief‐history/Green Sky Growers, FLUVI aquponic systemPurdue University is an equal access/equal opportunity institution.Mari’s Gardens, HIUrban Organics, MNSource: http://www.pentair.com2
2/19/2018②Biofilter③Grow bed④①⑤ Air pumpWaterpumpFish tankSedimenttankSchematic diagram of an aquaponics system① Fish are fed fish meal andproduce ammonia rich waste. Toomuch ammonia is toxic for thefish, but they can withstand highlevels of nitrates.② The nitrifying bacteria breaksdown ammonia into nitrites andthen nitrates. Plants take in theconverted nitrate as nutrients.③ Plants take in the convertednitrate as nutrients. Through thisaction, the plants purify water forthe fish.④ Oxygen enters the systemthrough an air pump. This oxygenis essential for plant growth andfish survival.⑤ Water moves around the systemby the action of water pump.Purdue University is an equal access/equal opportunity institution.Aquaponics BasicsTypes of AquaponicsClosed System: Recirculating or Coupled SystemOpen System: Drain to Waste or Decoupled SystemPurdue University is an equal access/equal opportunity institution.3
2/19/2018Types of Aquaponics: Water vs. Substrate-baseWater base:Closed (Recirculating) SystemSubstrate-base:Open (Drain to Waste) SystemGravels, Coco Coir CroutonsDeep water culture “Raft” systemClay‐ballsLava‐rocksNutrient Film Techniques (NFT)Purdue University is an equal access/equal opportunity institution.Drip irrigationTypes of Hydroponics: Open vs. ClosedClosed (Recirculating) systeme.g. deep water culture, NFT,aeroponics Closed systems use 20–40% less waterand fertilizer than open systems Consistent monitoring and maintenanceof electrical conductivity (EC) and pH isrequired.Purdue University is an equal access/equal opportunity institution.4
2/19/2018Aquaponics BasicsTypes of AquaponicsComponents of Aquaponics Plants Fish Microbes Growing MediaPurdue University is an equal access/equal opportunity institution.Plants do well in aquaponicsPurdue University is an equal access/equal opportunity institution.5
2/19/2018Plants do well in aquaponicsFruit vegetablesLeafy vegetablesRoot vegetablesPurdue University is an equal access/equal opportunity institution.Plants for AquaponicsLeafyvegetablesFruit vegetablesRoot asilSpinachCucumbersCarrotsCauliflowerCabbageSwiss MicrogreensSquashMizunaEdible flowersOrnamentalsTomatoMustard greensPak choi Deep water system (DWS) NFT system Substrate‐based system Substrate‐based system High‐nutrients‐requirementsPurdue University is an equal access/equal opportunity institution.6
2/19/2018Fish for atfishBassyesyesyesEdibleTemperature e rnivorousomnivorousomnivorousomnivorousCarnivorous oromnivorousomnivorous carnivorous1.5lb0.8 lb1.25 lb1-3 lb4”20 lb60 lb912months12 months12-18months15-18months3 yrs3 yrs4 yrslowhighlowlowlowlowlowMature sizeDuration toreach maturityOxygenrequirementAdapted from Aquaponic Gardening (2011).Purdue University is an equal access/equal opportunity institution.Types of Growing MediaSubstrate choice for hydroponic seedling production Good physical contact with seedsSubstrate mixtureConventionalhydroponicsPurdue University is an equal access/equal opportunity institution.Oasis HorticubesSource: http://www.wheatgrasskits.com/product/PPPeat pelletsSubstratesSynthetic mediaOrganicMineral(plugs, cubes, and blocks)components componentspeat mossperlite polymer bound plugs (e.g. peatcoco coirVermiculitepellets, coir pellets, composted organicsandClay pebblesmaterial plugs, Oasis Horticubes,sawdusturethane foam plugs)rice hulls Rockwool cubes & blocks coco coir cubes and blocks7
2/19/2018Aquaponics BasicsTypes of AquaponicsComponents of AquaponicsAquaponics Management Water Quality Nutrients Other ConsiderationsPurdue University is an equal access/equal opportunity institution.Aquaponics Management: Water Quality Water sourceTemperaturepHDO (Dissolved oxygen)Purdue University is an equal access/equal opportunity institution. TAN (Total Ammonia Nitrogen) Nitrite (NO2‐) Nitrate (NO3‐)TANNitrite Nitrate8
2/19/2018Aquaponics Management: Water QualityThe pHMicrobesPlantsFishPurdue University is an equal access/equal opportunity institution.Aquaponics Management: Water QualityWater Quality for Three OrganismsThe ideal compromise for aquaponics is necessary for the key water quality parameters.General Water Quality Parameters for Individual OrganismOrganism TypeTemperature( L)5.5‐6.5 30 1‐ ter22‐326‐8.5 3 1 4004‐6Cold‐water10‐186‐8.5 1 0.1 4006‐825‐307.3‐8.0 3 3‐4‐85‐150 5PlantsFishMicrobesIdeal Water Quality Parameters for AquaponicsAquaponics20‐307 1 1Adapted from Small‐scale aquaponic food production. FAO (2014).Purdue University is an equal access/equal opportunity institution.9
2/19/2018Aquaponics Management: Nutrient ManagementNutrient managementFish feedMacronutrients:N, P, K , Ca, S, MgMicronutrients:B, Cl, Mn, Fe, Zn, Cu, Mo① Fish 45 essential nutrientsprotein (amino acids),fats (fatty acids), minerals,and vitaminsNitrite (NO2‐)NO3‐③ Plant② Microbes Energy sourcePurdue University is an equal access/equal opportunity institution.Aquaponics Management: Nutrient ManagementNutrient managementAre fish diets formulated to meet the nutrient requirements for all 3 taxa?Purdue University is an equal access/equal opportunity institution.10
2/19/2018Aquaponics Management: Nutrient ManagementNutrient managementFish diets were not formulated to meet the nutrient requirements for all 3 taxa.Feeding rateFeeding frequencyFeeding time① FishFish feed 45 essential nutrientsprotein (amino acids),fats (fatty acids), minerals,and vitaminsNitrite (NO2‐)NO3‐Macronutrients:③ PlantN, P, K , Ca, S, MgMicronutrients:B, Cl, Mn, Fe, Zn, Cu, Mo② Microbes Energy sourcePurdue University is an equal access/equal opportunity institution.Water Chemistry in AquaponicsNitrificationFish feedSolid wasteFishOrganic NNitrification 55276 2 109 225 72② Nitrobacter 4002 2 DenitrificationPlant 5554NO2‐NO3‐Nutrient uptake(NH4 , NO3‐)① Nitrosomonas525 72 4400195 3 2MicrobesN2, NO, or N2ONitrogen flow (blue arrows) and potential loss (redarrows) in an aquaponics system.Purdue University is an equal access/equal opportunity institution.Photo: Stan Watson, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institut, 2010e:Photo: W.J.Hickey, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 200611
2/19/2018Water quality parameters as affected by plant speciesParameterTomatoBasilLettuceTAN* (mg/L)3.5 0.43.4 0.43.4 0.4nsNitrite (mg/L)3.8 1.53.8 1.52.5 0.9nsNitrate (mg/L)60.5 4.6108.0 7.6161.6 13.2***Phosphate (mg/L)22.6 0.623.3 1.021.8 0.5nsDO (mg/L)6.7 0.16.5 0.16.7 0.1nsTemperature ( C)26.3 0.225.9 0.226.1 0.2nspH6.8 0.16.7 0.16.7 0.1nsEC523 18832 43912 52****Total ammonia nitrogen250062000150041000Aquaponics2500008 0714212835 42 49 56 63Days after Ttransplant7077846pHEC (µS/cm)842Hydroponics*The pH was adjusted with a mixture ofKOH and Ca(OH)2 in both C (µS/cm)pHPurdue University is an equal access/equal opportunity institution.14 21 28 35 42 49 56 63 70 77 84Days after TransplantElectrical conductivity (EC) dynamically changes in aquaponics.Purdue University is an equal access/equal opportunity institution.12
2/19/2018Comparisons of aquaponics and hydroponics in yield and nutrientuse EfficiencyPlant crop ProductionsystemYield (g FW) / 3 monthsMarketablePartUnmarketablePartsN use efficiency(%)PlantPlant fishAquaponics152 a868 b512 a13.518.6Hydroponics115 a1661 a338 a1414.0Aquaponics233 b–124 b2.57.0Hydroponics287 a–170 a4.34.3Aquaponics121 b–24 b1.35.8Hydroponics197 a–31 a3.03.0TomatoBasilLettucePurdue University is an equal access/equal opportunity institution.Other Considerations Aquaponics facility structure and layoutLightingCooling and heatingAquaponics pest controlProcessing and marketingSource: Ceres Greenhouse SolutionsPurdue University is an equal access/equal opportunity institution.13
2/19/2018Major Challenges of Aquaponics Knowledge of fish, bacteria, and plant production is essential to besuccessful. Daily management (e.g. water quality management) is mandatory. Aquaponics alone will not provide a complete diet (nutrientmanagement). Fish and plant requirements do not always match perfectly. Reduced management choices compared with stand‐alone aquaculture orhydroponic systems. Energy demanding: requires reliable access to electricity Expensive initial start‐up costs compared with soil or hydroponicsvegetable productionPurdue University is an equal access/equal opportunity institution.Economic Feasibility of AquaponicsCase Study : Purdue University (Temperate climate)Purdue University is an equal access/equal opportunity institution.14
2/19/2018Case Study:Economic analysis results from Purdue University:“Commercial scale aquaponics is economically feasible, only ifaquaponics produce are sold as organic produce from the thirdyear of aquaponic business” Vegetable production is the major driving force of economicsuccess. Fish production of tilapia in aquaponics is currently not profitable. High‐value fish should be introduced in aquaponics.Purdue University is an equal access/equal opportunity institution.Case Study 2:Economic Analysis of Aquaponics and Hydroponics OperationOperating revenue and costs for aquaponicsPurdue University is an equal access/equal opportunity institution.Operating revenue and costs for hydroponicsFlores, R.M.V., H.J. Kim, and K. Quagrainie. 2017. Economic analysis ofaquaponics production in the US Midwest. Journal of Applied Aquaculture.15
2/19/2018 Aquaponics has great potential to be a future farming system. Aquaponics provides wellness tourism opportunity. Aquaponics provides unique educational opportunity tonurture for future farmers. Aquaponics can be profitable, if you are equipped with knowledge. your vegetables are sold as organic produce. you have local government support. Challenges need to be addressed: Scientific research is needed to be done for successful operationof aquaponics system with higher productivity and profitability. Proper aquaponics design is necessary for optimal crop yield. Suitable fish/plants/fish feed combinations for high profitability.Purdue University is an equal access/equal opportunity institution.Questions?Kim’s LabCurrent Lab membersTeng YangMeng‐Yang LinSeunghyun ChoiYi‐Ju WangSujoung ShimHuijia LiuZilong YePurdue University is an equal access/equal opportunity institution.Email at hyejikim@purdue.eduUndergrad ResearchersJeffrey BatesBrittany WeertsGaotian ZhuYoussef KaramBrandon HornHye Su LeeMitchell AnkneyAt HLA Fall Fling, Purdue Meigs Farm16
Aquaponics has great potential to be a future farming system. Aquaponics provides wellness tourism opportunity. Aquaponics provides unique educational opportunity to nurture for future farmers. Aquaponics
