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Learning OutcomesSuggested Pedagogical ProcessesTo give opportunities to study Individually orin the group of two or more and to motivatethe students in undertaking following activitiesLearning OutcomesStudents Understand various sources of History and Raise questions on different issues andevents like ‘Why the British East IndiaCompany felt it necessary to involveitself in the internal hereditary feudsamongst the Indian rulers ?’ Visitplaces of historical importanceparticularly those associated with centresof colonial administration and Indiannational movement. Gandhiji’s idea of non violence and itsimpact on India’s national movement, Drawing up a timeline on significantevents of India’s national movement, Enacting a role play on the Chauri Chaura incident, Locating on an outline map of India, ‘theregions most affected by commercial cropcultivation during the colonial period’,undertaking of such such projects andactivities. Familiarisewith the sources likevernacularandBritishaccounts,autobiographies, biographies, novels,paintings, photographs, contemporarywritings, documents, newspaper reports,films, documentaries and also recentwritings to understand and reconstructhistories of various movements. Expose to pedagogically innovative andcriterion-referenced questions for selfassessment like ‘What are the causes ofBattle of Plassey?’ clarify its use in rewriting the history of thisperiod.Distinguishes ‘the modern period’ from the‘mediaeval’ and the ‘ancient’ periodsthrough the use of sources, nomenclaturesused for various regions of the Indian subcontinent and the historical events that tookplace in the particular period.Explains how the East India Companybecame the most dominant power.Explains the differences in the impact ofcolonial agrarian policies in differentregions of the country like the ‘Indigorebellion’.Describes the forms of different tribalsocieties in the 19th century and theirrelationship with the tiontowardsthetribalcommunities.Explains the origin, nature and spread ofthe freedom struggle of 1857 and the lessonslearned from it.Analyses the decline of pre-existing urbancentres and handicraft industries and thedevelopment of new urban trade centresand industries in India during the Britishrule.Explains the institutionalisation of the neweducation system in India.Analyses the issues related to caste, women,widow remarriage, child marriage, socialreforms and the laws and policies of Britishadministration towards these issues.Outlines major developments that occuredduring the modern period in the field of arts.Outlines the course of the Indian nationalmovement from the 1870 till independence.Analyses the significant developments inthe process of nation building.

1. Sources of HistoryWe have studied the sources ofancient and mediaeval Indian history.This year we are going to study thesources of Modern Indian History.Historical sources include material, writtenand oral sources. Similarly sources basedon modern technology such as audio,video and audio-visual are included.Do you know ?Museums and History :Forthe study of History various objects,paintings, photographs and suchother things are preserved in amuseum. At the Aga Khan Palacein Pune, we can see different objects,documents giving information aboutthe life of Mahatma Gandhi.Material Sources : Various objects,monuments, places, coins, sculptures etc.can be included in the material sourcesof history.Buildings and Places : The period ofModern Indian History is believed asperiod of European, especially the Britishrulers, and governance of Princely States.In this period various buildings, bridges,roads, water supply system, fountains etc.were built. These buildings includegovernment offices, residences of officers,leaders and revolutionaries; palaces ofrulers of princely states, forts, prisons etc.Among these monuments many buildingsare intact even today. Some are declaredas national monument, where as some areconverted into museum. For eg. CellularJail in Andaman.Aga Khan Palace, PuneStatues and Memorials : During thePre Independence and Post Independenceperiod, memorials of many personalitieswere erected in the form of statues. Thesestatues are also important for the studyof modern Indian history. The variousstatues provide information about thecontemporaryrulersandeminentpersonalities. The display plaque on thestatues gives us information about the fullname of the concerned person, birth anddeath details, brief information about theircontribution and a biographical sketch ofthe person. Just as the statues, of MahatmaJyotirao Phule, Lokmanya Tilak, Dr.Babasaheb Ambedkar, there are memorialswhich are erected in the memory ofvarious events which give informationWhile visiting these sites we getinformation about contemporary history,architecture, nature of the monument andalso the economic condition of thatparticular period. Just as during the visitto Cellular jail in Andaman we getinformation about the revolutionary workof V.D.Savarkar; by visiting Manibhavanin Mumbai or Sevagram Ashram atWardha we get information about thehistory of Gandhian era.1

about the concerned event, period, peoplerelated to the event etc. For e.g. HutatmaSmarak at various places.Vishnushastri Chiplunkar and Shatapatrewritten by Lokahitawadi alias Gopal HariDeshmukh in the weekly Prabhakarcomments on various social and culturalissues.Do it.Let us know :Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar andnewspapers : In January 1920,Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar started thefortnightly ‘Mooknayak’. But later,Dr. Ambedkar had to leave for higherstudies to England and hence hehanded over this paper to his colleagues.In April 1927, Dr. Ambedkar startedthe newspaper ‘Bahishkrut Bharat’.Through the medium of BahishkrutBharat he wrote for the reformation ofcommon people and bringing unityamong them. Apart from this he alsostarted two more newspapers, namely,Janata and Prabuddha Bharat.Trace out the statues andmemorials in your neighbouring areas.Note down the information, of anevent or personality, that you obtainthrough it.Written Sources : The followingaspects are included in the written sourcesof Modern Indian History.ForeignCorrespondence AccountsNewspapersBiographiesWritten ksNewspapers and Periodicals :Newspapers provide us information aboutthe contemporary events. Along with it,detail analysis of a particular event, viewsof eminent people, editorials are alsopublished. We get information about thepolitical, social, economic and culturalhappenings of that period. In the preindependence period, newspapers likeDnyanoday, Dnyanprakash, Amrit BazaarPatrika, Deenbandhu, Kesari acted asimportant source of awakening the mindsof the people. Through the newspaperswe can study the British policies regardingIndia and their effects on India. Duringthe British period, newspapers were notonly the source of political events butalso acted as a source of socialreformation.TheNibandhmalabyMaps and Drawings : Map is alsoregarded as an important source of history.The changing nature of a city or aparticular location can be traced throughmaps. The Survey of India was anindependent department established duringthe British period. Through scientificmethods of survey, they have createdmaps of India, various provinces of India,cities etc. Similarly, the plans designed bythe architects prove important from theview of study of architecture of a buildingas well as phases of development process2

of a particular area. For example, theDepartment of Mumbai Port Trust has theoriginal plan of the Bombay PortInformation about development of Bombaycity can be understood through the plansdrafted by architects and engineers.Oral Sources : The following sourcesare included in the oral sources of ModernIndian history.among the people. Apart from freedommovement, the Powadas were composedbased on the work of SatyashodhakSamaj for awakening among the oppressedclasses, the Samyukta Maharashtramovement and such other events.Video, Audio and Audio-VisualSources : During the modern period, dueto the development of Technology therewas a development in the art ofphotography,recording,Filmsetc.Obviously, these photographs, recordsor films can be used as a source ofhistory.Photographs : Photograph are visualsource of modern Indian history. With thediscovery of art of photography,photograph of various persons, events,objects, structure, places were clicked.Through these photographs we getinformation of the person or an event ina visual format. In case of mediaevalperiod there are paintings available thatdepict the physical features of a personor visual description of a particular event,but the authenticity of these paintings isdoubtful. Comparatively photographs areconsidered to be more reliable. Thephotograph of a person gives informationabout the physical features, dressing styleetc. Photograph of an event give a visualimage of the event whereas photographof an object or a structure helps inunderstanding its nature.Recordings : The discovery oftechnique of recording was also asimportant as photography. Recording is aform of audio source of history. Duringmodern period, the speeches of leaders orimportant personalities, songs etc areavailable in the form of recordings. Theycan be used as a source of history. Forexample. National anthem ‘Jana GanaMana’ sung by Rabindranath TagoreFolk songsInspirationalSongsRythmicprose (Ovee)Fairs, Jalsa,Art GroupsPowadaOral SourcesInterviewsFolkTalesNarrationsInspirational Songs : During theperiod of freedom movement variousinspirational songs were composed. Atpresent some of these songs are availablein written form, but there are many otherunpublished inspirational songs memorisedby freedom fighters. Through theseinspirational song we can get informationabouttheconditionsduringpreindependence period and also the spiritbehind the freedom struggle could beunderstood.Powada : Powada is a source forgetting information about a historicalevent or the work of a person. There arevarious Powadas composed on freedomstruggle of 1857, valour of revolutionariesduring British rule etc. These Powadaswere used to create motivation and spiritDo it.Collect and present the inspirationalsongs and Powadas related to theperiod of Indian freedom movement.3

Compared to ancient and mediaevalperiod, the sources of study of modernIndian history are found in abundanceand variety. The archaeological sourcesof this period are to a great extent foundin a better state. There are many writtensources preserved in the archives. Butwhile referring the written sources, theideology and opinions of the authorregarding the particular event needs to beexamined. There is a great need ofpreserving these historical sources throughwhich the rich tradition of history can behanded over to the next generation.himself or the speeches of SubhashChandra Bose can be used as an audiosource for the study of history of ModernIndia.Films : Films are considered as aunique discovery of modern technology.In the 20th century, there was a greatdevelopment in the technique offilmmaking. Dada Saheb Phalke, in theyear 1913, laid the foundation of Indianfilm industry. Audio visual recording ofDandi Yatra, Salt Satyagraha, Quit IndiaMovement and such other historicalincidents are available. Through thesefilms the events could be seen in reality.Exercise1. Rewrite the statements by choosing theappropriate options.(1) Among the historical sources .sources are based on Moderntechnology.(a) Written(b) Oral(c) Material(d) Audio-visual(2) The . is a museum in Punewhich gives information about thehistory of Mahatma Gandhi.(a) Aga Khan Palace(b) Sabarmati Ashram(c) Cellular Jail(d) Lakshmi Vilas Palace(3) A unique discovery of moderntechnology in 20th century is . .(a) Powada(b) Photograph(c) Interviews(d) Films3. Write short notes.(1) Photographs (2) Museums and History(3) Audio sources4. Complete the following diagram.MaterialSourcesProject(1) Collect the photographs related toIndian Freedom movement with thehelp of internet.(2) Gather information about the importantleaders of Indian freedom movementand their biographies and read aloud.2. Explain the following statements withreasons.(1) During the British period newspapersalso acted as source of socialreformation.(2) Audio Visual Recordings are consideredas the most trustworthy source for thestudy of Modern Indian History.4

2. Europe and IndiaDuring the modern period, the varioushappenings in Europe had its impact onIndia. Therefore, while studying the periodof modern Indian history, we have tostudy the events happening in Europeduring this period.Period of Renaissance : In history ofEurope, the last phase of mediaeval periodi.e. 13th to 16th century is known as thePeriod of renaissance. During this periodreformation, religious reform movementand geographical discoveries laid thefoundation of the modern era. Hence thisperiod is also known as the ‘Age ofRenaissance’.During this period, in the field of art,architecture, philosophy etc. there was arevival of Greek and Roman traditionwhich gave momentum to an overalldevelopment. During the Renaissancehumanitarianism was given great impetus.There was a change in the outlook oftreating each other as a human being.Instead of religion, man became centrepoint of all ideologies.Thereformmovementspreadthroughout all sectors of human life.Through knowledge, science as well asdifferent sections of art, we can observethe discoveries of reform movement.The art and literature of renaissanceperiod depict sentiments and emotions ofhuman being. Literature was produced inlocal language for better understanding tothe common people. During 1450 AD,Johannes Gutenberg, from Germanydiscovered the printing press. Due to thisdiscovery new ideas, concepts andknowledge reached to all sections ofsociety.Religious Reform movement : Theindependent intellectuals attacked the oldreligious ideologies of Roman CatholicChurch. The Christian priests were takingadvantage of the ignorance of the peopleand were indulged in unnecessary rituals.They looted the people in the name ofreligion. The movement that began againstit is known as ‘Religious ReformMovement’. Due to this movement, humanfreedom and rationalism gained moreimportance.Geographical discoveries : In 1453AD, the Ottoman Turks conqueredConstantinople (Istanbul) which was thecapital of Byzantine Empire. The overlandtrade routes joining Asia and Europe wentthrough this city. Since the Turks blockedthis route, there was a need of findingalternative trade routes for the Europeancountries to reach Asia. This led to a newphase of geographical discoveries.Leonardoda Vinci : He isrecognised as an allround personality oftheperiodofRenaissance. He waswellversedindifferent branches ofscience and art. Hehad mastery overvaried subjects such as sculpture,architecture, mathematics, engineering,music, astronomy etc. But he becameworld renowned as a painter. Hispaintings of ‘Monalisa’ and ‘The LastSupper’ became immortal.5

took place.Due to the various revolutionaryevents during 18th as well as 19th century,this period is known as the ‘Age ofRevolutions’. During this period, therewas development of ParliamentaryDemocracy in England. There was achange in the form of Cabinet System.The Bill of Rights 1689 laid limitationson the power of the King. The sovereigntyof Parliament was established.American war of Independence :With the background of revolutionarydevelopment in Europe, it is equallyimportant to think about the AmericanWar of Independence. With the discoveryof America, the European countries turnedtheir attention towards this continent. TheImperialist European countries took controlof different regions of America andestablished their colonies. Englandestablished thirteen colonies on the Eastcoast of America. Initially England hadnominal domination over these colonies,but later English Parliament laid oppressiverestrictions and taxes on these Americancolonies. The people in America revoltedagainst it. England declared war tosupress these colonies. American coloniesorganised the army under the leadershipof George Washington and finally wonagainst England. This event is known as‘American War of Independence’. A newnation known as the United States ofAmerica, with a federal government,written constitution and based on theprinciples of Democracy, was born.French Revolution : In 1789 AD,the people of France revolted against theuncontrolled and unjust monarchy andfeudalism and established a Republic.This event is known as ‘French Revolution’.The French Revolution gave to the worldthe three values of Liberty, Equality andFraternity.Let us knowGeographicaldiscoveries:During 15th century, European sailorswent on expedition to discover searoute to India. In 1487 AD Bartolomeu Dias, aPortuguese sailor, began hisexpedition in search of India. Butreached the tip of African continent,which we now know as the ‘Capeof Good Hope’. In 1492 AD, Christopher Columbusset on his journey to India bysailing towards west but reachedon the eastern coast of the continentof America. In 1498 AD, Portuguese sailorVasco-da-Gama managed to sailpast the Cape of Good Hope andreached the Indian coast in Calicut.Do it. On an outline map of the Worldshow the new sea routes andregions discovered by the sailors.Intellectual Revolution in Europe :Due to the changes during the Renaissanceperiod, Europe proceeded from mediaevalto modern age. Intellectual revolutiontook place in the same period. The societystarts stepping out of the past ignoranceand blind faith. The pre establishedcustoms and traditions came to be seenfrom a critical point of view. All thesechanges are addressed as ‘IntellectualRevolution’ which gave further momentumto scientific discoveries in Europe.Revolution in political sphere : Inthe early stage of beginning of Modernperiod in Europe many political changes6

In World history, among the politicalrevolutions, the American war ofIndependence and French Revolution havea very important place.Industrial revolution : In the latterperiod of 18th century, there were manytechnological innovations in Europe. Therewas production with the help of machinesrunning on steam. The cottage industrieswere replaced by big factories. Machinescame to be used instead of handlooms.Railway and steamer became the modeof transportation. The age of Machinesbegan and that is known as ‘IndustrialRevolution’.Industrial Revolution began in Englandand then spread in other parts of West.During this period England enjoyedindustrial prosperity and came to bedescribed as ‘World Factory’.Rise of Capitalism : With thediscovery of new sea routes, began a newera of trade between Europe and Asia.Many traders came forward to trade withEastern countries through the sea route. Itwas not easy to carry out

equality, fraternity, and justice evolved in the history of Modern India. There is an introduction to sources of history of Modern India in the textbook. Similarly an overview of the expansion of British rule in India is taken. Information about the unforgettable fight given by the Ind