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7135A01 FM01.qxp pz11/6/093:57 PMPage iSixth EditionWorldCivilizationsThe Global ExperienceCombined VolumePeter N. StearnsGeorge Mason UniversityMichael AdasRutgers UniversityStuart B. SchwartzYale UniversityMarc Jason GilbertHawaii Pacific UniversityLongman
7135A01 FM01.qxp pz11/6/093:57 PMPage iiEditorial Director: Craig CampanellaPublisher: Charlyce Jones OwenEditorial Assistant: Maureen DianaDirector of Marketing: Brandy DawsonSenior Marketing Manager: Maureen E. Prado RobertsSenior Managing Editor: Ann Marie McCarthySenior Project Manager: Denise ForlowSenior Manufacturing and Operations Managerfor Arts & Sciences: Nick SklitsisOperations Specialist: Christina AmatoSenior Art Director: Maria LangeInterior Design: Jill LittleCover Designer: Jill LehanCover Art: Babur (r.1526–30) Reading, Mughal (w/c on paper),Das, Bishn (fl.1613–19) / British Library, London, UK / TheBridgeman Art LibraryPhoto Researchers: Beth Brenzel and Francelle CarapetyanManager, Rights and Permissions: Zina ArabiaManager, Visual Research: Beth BrenzelManager, Cover Visual Research and Permissions: KarenSanatarImage Permissions Coordinator: Debbie HewitsonDirector of Media and Assessment: Brian HylandMedia Editor: Sarah KinneySupplements Editor: Emsal HasanFull-Service Project Management and Composition: BruceHobart/Laserwords MainePrinter/Binder: Courier/KendallvilleCover Printer: Lehigh-Phoenix Color/HagerstownText Type Face: MinionCredits and acknowledgements borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear onappropriate page within text (or on page C-1).Copyright 2011, 2007, 2004, 2001 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman, One Lake St., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permissionshould be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in anyform or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material fromthis work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake St., Upper Saddle River,NJ 07458.Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where thosedesignations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of the trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initialor all caps.Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataWorld civilizations : the global experience / Peter N. Stearns . . . [et al.].—6th ed.p. cm.Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 0-205-65956-X (combined)—ISBN 0-205-65958-6 (vol. 1)—ISBN 0-205-65959-4 (vol. 2)—ISBN 0-13-136020-5 (AP edition)1. Civilization—History. 2. Civilization—History—Sources. I. Stearns, Peter N.CB69.W666 2011909—dc22200903863510 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1(Combined Volume)ISBN 10: 0-205-65956-XISBN 13: 978-0-205-65956-2(Examination Copy)ISBN 10: 0-205-65968-3ISBN 13: 978-0-205-65968-5
7135A01 FM01.qxp pz11/6/093:57 PMPage iiiBrief ContentsPART IVTHE EARLY MODERN PERIOD, 1450–1750:THE WORLD SHRINKS 458PART IEARLY HUMAN SOCIETIES, 2.5 MILLION–1000 B.C.E.:ORIGINS AND DEVELOPMENT 2123The Neolithic Revolution and the Birth of Civilization 10The Rise of Civilization in the Middle East and Africa 28Asia’s First Civilizations: India and China 48PART IITHE CLASSICAL PERIOD, 1000 B.C.E.–500 C.E.:UNITING LARGE REGIONS 7245678910Unification and the Consolidation of Civilization in China 80Classical Civilizations in the Eastern Mediterraneanand Middle East 102Religious Rivalries and India’s Golden Age 124Rome and Its Empire 146The Peoples and Civilizations of the Americas 164The Spread of Civilizations and the Movement of Peoples 186The End of the Classical Era: World History in Transition,200–700 C.E. 216PART IIITHE POSTCLASSICAL PERIOD, 500–1450:NEW FAITH AND NEW COMMERCE 23611121314151617181920The First Global Civilization: The Rise and Spread of Islam 244Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilizationto South and Southeast Asia 270African Civilizations and the Spread of Islam 292Civilization in Eastern Europe: Byzantiumand Orthodox Europe 312A New Civilization Emerges in Western Europe 328The Americas on the Eve of Invasion 350Reunification and Renaissance in Chinese Civilization:The Era of the Tang and Song Dynasties 372The Spread of Chinese Civilization: Japan, Korea,and Vietnam 394The Last Great Nomadic Challenges: From Chinggis Khanto Timur 418The World in 1450: Changing Balance of World Power 43821222324252627The World Economy 466The Transformation of the West, 1450–1750 486The Rise of Russia 506Early Latin America 522Africa and the Africans in the Age of the Atlantic Slave Trade 550The Muslim Empires 574Asian Transitions in an Age of Global Change 600PART VTHE DAWN OF THE INDUSTRIAL AGE, 1750–19142829303132628The Emergence of Industrial Society in the West, 1750–1914 636Industrialization and Imperialism: The Making of the EuropeanGlobal Order 660The Consolidation of Latin America, 1830–1920 684Civilizations in Crisis: The Ottoman Empire, the Islamic Heartlands,and Qing China 712Russia and Japan: Industrialization Outside the West 736PART VITHE NEWEST STAGE OF WORLD HISTORY:1914–PRESENT 760333435363738394041Descent into the Abyss: World War I and the Crisisof the European Global Order 770The World between the Wars: Revolutions, Depression,and Authoritarian Response 798A Second Global Conflict and the End of the EuropeanWorld Order 834Western Society and Eastern Europe in the Decadesof the Cold War 860Latin America: Revolution and Reaction into the 21st Century 890Africa, the Middle East, and Asia in the Era of Independence 912Rebirth and Revolution: Nation-Building in East Asiaand the Pacific Rim 938Power, Politics, and Conflict in World History, 1990–2010 966Globalization and Resistance 988iii
7135A01 FM01.qxp pz11/6/093:57 PMPage ivContentsMapsxiPreface xiiiSupplementsxixAbout the AuthorsProloguexxixxiiiPART IEARLY HUMAN SOCIETIES, 2.5 MILLION–1000 B.C.E.:ORIGINS AND DEVELOPMENT 2CHAPTER 1 The Neolithic Revolution and the Birthof Civilization 10Human Life in the Era of Hunters and Gatherers 11DOCUMENT: Tales of the Hunt: Paleolithic Cave Paintingsas History 15Agriculture and the Origins of Civilization: The NeolithicRevolution 17VISUALIZING THE PAST: Representations of Womenin Early Art 21The First Towns: Seedbeds of Civilization 22THINKING HISTORICALLY: The Idea of Civilization in WorldHistorical Perspective 24GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: The Neolithic Revolutionas the Basis for World History 26Further Readings 26On the Web 26CHAPTER 2 The Rise of Civilization in the MiddleEast and Africa28Early Civilization in Mesopotamia 28Later Mesopotamian Civilization: A Series of Conquests 33VISUALIZING THE PAST: Mesopotamia in Maps 34DOCUMENT: Hammurabi’s Law Code 35Ancient Egypt 36THINKING HISTORICALLY: Women in Patriarchal Societies 38Egypt and Mesopotamia Compared 40Civilization Centers in Africa and the EasternMediterranean 41The Issue of Heritage 44GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: The Early Civilizationsand the World 45Further Readings 45On the Web 46CHAPTER 3 Asia’s First Civilizations: Indiaand China48The Indus Valley and the Birth of South AsianCivilization 50Aryan Incursions and Early Aryan Society in India 53DOCUMENT: Aryan Poetry in Praise of a War Horse 56A Bend in the River and the Beginnings of China 56ivThe Decline of the Shang and the Era of ZhouDominance 60THINKING HISTORICALLY: Nomadic Contactsand the Endurance of Asia’s First Civilizations 62VISUALIZING THE PAST: Mapping the Riseof Civilizations 64GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Contrasting Legacies: Harappanand Early Chinese Civilizations 66Further Readings 66On the Web 66PART IITHE CLASSICAL PERIOD, 1000 B.C.E.–500 C.E.:UNITING LARGE REGIONS 72CHAPTER 4 Unification and the Consolidationof Civilization in China80Philosophical Remedies for the Prolonged Crisis of theLater Zhou 81DOCUMENT: Teachings of the Rival Chinese Schools 85The Triumph of the Qin and Imperial Unity 85The Han Dynasty and the Foundations of China’sClassical Age 89THINKING HISTORICALLY: Xunzi and the Shift from RitualCombat to “Real” War 90VISUALIZING THE PAST: Capital Designs and Patternsof Political Power 96GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Classical China and the World 100Further Readings 100On the Web 101CHAPTER 5 Classical Civilizations in the EasternMediterranean and Middle East102The Persian Empire: A New Perspectivein the Middle East 104The Political Character of Classical Greece 106The Hellenistic Period 110VISUALIZING THE PAST: Political Rituals in Persia 113Greek and Hellenistic Culture 113THINKING HISTORICALLY: Defining Social History 114Patterns of Mediterranean and Middle Eastern Society 118DOCUMENT: The Power of Greek Drama 119GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Persia, Greece, and the World 121Further Readings 122On the Web 122CHAPTER 6 Religious Rivalries and India’sGolden Age 124The Age of Brahman Dominance 125An Era of Widespread Social Change 127THINKING HISTORICALLY: Inequality as a Social NormReligious Ferment and the Rise of Buddhism 132The Rise and Decline of the Mauryas 134129
7135A01 FM01.qxp pz11/6/093:57 PMPage vContentsBrahmanical Recovery and the Splendorsof the Gupta Age 136VISUALIZING THE PAST: The Pattern of Trade in the AncientEurasian World 138Intensifying Caste and Gender Inequitiesand Gupta Decline 141DOCUMENT: A Guardian’s Farewell Speech to a YoungWoman About to Be Married 142GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: India and the Wider World 143Further Readings 144On the Web 144CHAPTER 7 Rome and Its Empire 146The Development of Rome’s Republic 147Roman Culture 151DOCUMENT: Rome and a Values Crisis 153How Rome Ruled Its Empire 153VISUALIZING THE PAST: Religions in Rome 156The Evolution of Rome’s Economicand Social Structure 156THINKING HISTORICALLY: The Classical Civilizationsin Comparative Perspective 158The Origins of Christianity 159The Decline of Rome 161GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Rome and the World 162Further Readings 162On the Web 163CHAPTER 8 The Peoples and Civilizationsof the Americas164Origins of American Societies 166Spread of Civilization in Mesoamerica 171DOCUMENT: Deciphering the Maya Glyphs 175THINKING HISTORICALLY: Different Times for DifferentPeoples 176The Peoples to the North 177The Andean World 180VISUALIZING THE PAST: Ancient Agriculture 183GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: American Civilizationsand the World 184Further Readings 184On the Web 185CHAPTER 9 The Spread of Civilizationsand the Movement of Peoples186The Spread of Civilization in Africa 188DOCUMENT: Myths of Origin 194THINKING HISTORICALLY: Language as a HistoricalSource 198Nomadic Societies and Indo-European Migrations 198VISUALIZING THE PAST: Varieties of Human Adaptationand the Potential for Civilization 204The Spread of Chinese Civilization to Japan 204Political and Social Change 208The Scattered Societies of Polynesia 209GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: The Emerging Cultures 214Further Readings 214On the Web 215CHAPTER 10 The End of the Classical Era: WorldHistory in Transition, 200–700 C.E.216Upheavals in Eastern and Southern Asia 217DOCUMENT: The Popularization of Buddhism 219The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire 221THINKING HISTORICALLY: The Problem of Declineand Fall 225The Development and Spread of World Religions 226VISUALIZING THE PAST: Religious Geography 229GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: The Late Classical Periodand the World 230Further Readings 230On the Web 231PART IIITHE POSTCLASSICAL PERIOD, 500–1450:NEW FAITH AND NEW COMMERCE 236CHAPTER 11 The First Global Civilization:The Rise and Spread of Islam244Desert and Town: The Pre-Islamic Arabian World 245The Life of Muhammad and the Genesis of Islam 250The Arab Empire of the Umayyads 253THINKING HISTORICALLY: Civilization and GenderRelationships 260From Arab to Islamic Empire: The Early Abbasid Era 262VISUALIZING THE PAST: The Mosque as a Symbol of IslamicCivilization 264DOCUMENT: The Thousand and One Nights as a Mirrorof Elite Society in the Abbasid Era 266GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Early Islam and the World 267Further Readings 268On the Web 268CHAPTER 12 Abbasid Decline and the Spreadof Islamic Civilization to South and SoutheastAsia 270The Islamic Heartlands in the Middleand Late Abbasid Eras 271DOCUMENT: Ibn Khaldun on the Rise and Declineof Empires 276An Age of Learning and Artistic Refinements 276The Coming of Islam to South Asia 280VISUALIZING THE PAST: The Patterns of Islam’sGlobal Expansions 281THINKING HISTORICALLY: Conversion and Accommodationin the Spread of World Religions 286The Spread of Islam to Southeast Asia 288GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Islam: A Bridge BetweenWorlds 290Further Readings 290On the Web 290v
7135A01 FM01.qxp pzvi11/6/093:57 PMPage viContentsThe Other Peoples of the AmericasCHAPTER 13 African Civilizations and the Spreadof IslamCHAPTER 17 Reunification and Renaissancein Chinese Civilization: The Era of the Tangand Song Dynasties 372CHAPTER 14 Civilization in Eastern Europe:Byzantium and Orthodox Europe 312Civilization in Eastern Europe 312The Byzantine Empire 314VISUALIZING THE PAST: Women and Powerin Byzantium 317The Split Between Eastern and Western Christianity 318THINKING HISTORICALLY: Eastern and Western Europe:The Problem of Boundaries 321The Spread of Civilization in Eastern Europe 321The Emergence of Kievan Rus’ 323DOCUMENT: Russia Turns to Christianity 324GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Eastern Europe and the World 326Further Readings 326On the Web 326CHAPTER 15 A New Civilization Emerges in WesternEurope 328329VISUALIZING THE PAST: Peasant Labor 331DOCUMENT: European Travel: A Monk Visits JerusalemTHINKING HISTORICALLY: Western Civilization 339370Further Readings 370On the Web 370African Societies: Diversity and Similarities 293Kingdoms of the Grasslands 297DOCUMENT: The Great Oral Tradition and the Epicof Sundiata 300VISUALIZING THE PAST: The Architecture of Faith 303The Swahili Coast of East Africa 303Peoples of the Forest and Plains 305THINKING HISTORICALLY: Two Transitions in the Historyof World Population 306GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Internal Developmentand Global Contacts 310Further Readings 310On the Web 311Stages of Postclassical Development367GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: The Americas and the World292337Western Culture in the Postclassical Era 340Changing Economic and Social Forms in the PostclassicalCenturies 342The Decline of the Medieval Synthesis 346GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Medieval Europeand the World 348Further Readings 349On the Web 349CHAPTER 16 The Americas on the Eve of Invasion 350Postclassic Mesoamerica, 1000–1500 C.E. 351Aztec Society in Transition 357DOCUMENT: Aztec Women and Men 359Twantinsuyu: World of the Incas 360VISUALIZING THE PAST: Archeological Evidence of PoliticalPractices 362THINKING HISTORICALLY: The “Troubling” Civilizationsof the Americas 364Rebuilding the Imperial Edifice in the Sui-Tang Era 373DOCUMENT: Ties That Bind: Paths to Power 378Tang Decline and the Rise of the Song 380Tang and Song Prosperity: The Basis of a Golden Age 384VISUALIZING THE PAST: Footbinding as a Marker of MaleDominance 388THINKING HISTORICALLY: Artistic Expressionand Social Values 390GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: China’s World Role 392Further Readings 392On the Web 393CHAPTER 18 The Spread of Chinese Civilization:Japan, Korea, and Vietnam 394Japan: The Imperial Age 395The Era of Warrior Dominance 400THINKING HISTORICALLY: Comparing Feudalisms 402Korea: Between China and Japan 406Between China and Southeast Asia: The Makingof Vietnam 409VISUALIZING THE PAST: What Their Portraits Tell Us:Gatekeeper Elites and the Persistence of Civilizations 412DOCUMENT: Literature as a Mirror of the ExchangesBetween Civilized Centers 415GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: In the Orbit of China: The EastAsian Corner of the Global System 415Further Readings 416On the Web 416CHAPTER 19 The Last Great Nomadic Challenges:From Chinggis Khan to Timur418The Transcontinental Empire of Chinggis Khan 420DOCUMENT: A European Assessment of the Virtuesand Vices of the Mongols 424The Mongol Drive to the West 426VISUALIZING THE PAST: The Mongol Empire as a BridgeBetween Civilizations 429The Mongol Interlude in Chinese History 430THINKING HISTORICALLY: The Global Eclipseof the Nomadic Warrior Culture 434GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: The Mongol Linkages 436Further Readings 437On the Web 437CHAPTER 20 The World in 1450: Changing Balanceof World Power 438Key Changes in the Middle EastThe Rise of the West 442439
7135A01 FM01.qxp pz11/6/093:57 PMPage viiContentsVISUALIZING THE PAST: Population TrendsDOCUMENT: Bubonic Plague 444443Western Expansion: The Experimental Phase 447Outside the World Network 448THINKING HISTORICALLY: The Problemof Ethnocentrism 450GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: 1450 and the World 451Further Readings 451On the Web 452PART IVTHE EARLY MODERN PERIOD, 1450–1750:THE WORLD SHRINKS 458CHAPTER 21 The World Economy 466The West’s First Outreach: Maritime Power 466THINKING HISTORICALLY: Causation and the West’sExpansion 471Toward a World Economy 472VISUALIZING THE PAST: West Indian Slaveholding 475Colonial Expansion 477DOCUMENT: Western Conquerors: Tactics and Motives 478GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: The World Economy—And the World 483Further Readings 484On the Web 484CHAPTER 22 The Transformation of the West,1450–1750 486The First Big Changes: Culture and Commerce,1450–1650 487The Commercial Revolution 492The Scientific Revolution: The Next Phase of Change 495VISUALIZING THE PAST: Versailles 497Political Change 497THINKING HISTORICALLY: Elites and Masses 498The West by 1750 500DOCUMENT: Controversies About Women 501GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Europe and the World 504Further Readings 504On the Web 505CHAPTER 23 The Rise of Russia 506Russia’s Expansionist Politics Under the Tsars 506THINKING HISTORICALLY: Multinational Empires 510Russia’s First Westernization, 1690–1790 511DOCUMENT: The Nature of Westernization 513Themes in Early Modern Russian History 516VISUALIZING THE PAST: Oppressed Peasants 517GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Russia and the World 519Further Readings 519On the Web 520CHAPTER 24 Early Latin America 522Spaniards and Portuguese: From Reconquestto Conquest 524DOCUMENT: A Vision from the Vanquished529The Destruction and Transformationof Indigenous Societies 532Colonial Economies and Governments 533THINKING HISTORICALLY: An Atlantic History? 534Brazil: The First Plantation Colony 537Multiracial Societies 540VISUALIZING THE PAST: Race or Culture? A ChangingSociety 541The 18th-Century Reforms 542GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Latin American Civilizationand the World Context 547Further Readings 547On the Web 548CHAPTER 25 Africa and the Africans in the Ageof the Atlantic Slave Trade 550Africa and the Creation of an Atlantic System 551The Atlantic Slave Trade 552African Societies, Slavery, and the Slave Trade 557THINKING HISTORICALLY: Slavery and HumanSociety 558White Settlers and Africans in Southern Africa 563The African Diaspora 566DOCUMENT: An African’s Description of the MiddlePassage 567VISUALIZING THE PAST: The Cloth of Kings in an AtlanticPerspective 569GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Africa and the African Diasporain World Context 571Further Readings 571On the Web 572CHAPTER 26 The Muslim Empires 574The Ottomans: From Frontier Warriorsto Empire Builders 575DOCUMENT: An Islamic Traveler Laments the Muslims’Indifference to Europe 583The Shi’a Challenge of the Safavids 583THINKING HISTORICALLY: The Gunpowder Empiresand the Shifting Balance of Global Power 586The Mughals and the Apex of Muslim Civilizationin India 590VISUALIZING THE PAST: Art as A Window into the Past:Paintings and History in Mughal India 594GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Gunpowder Empiresand the Restoration of the Islamic BridgeBetween Civilizations 597Further Readings 598On the Web 599CHAPTER 27 Asian Transitions in an Ageof Global Change 600The Asian Trading World and the Comingof the Europeans 602Ming China: A Global Mission Refused 609vii
7135A01 FM01.qxp pzviii11/6/093:57 PMPage viiiContentsDOCUMENT: Exam Questions as a MirrorDOCUMENT: Confronting the Hispanic Heritage:of Chinese Values 611VISUALIZING THE PAST: The Great Ships of the MingExpeditions that Crossed the Indian Ocean 615THINKING HISTORICALLY: Means and Motives for OverseasExpansion: Europe and China Compared 616Fending Off the West: Japan’s Reunificationand the First Challenge 617GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: An Age of EurasianProtoglobalization 621Further Readings 621On the Web 622From Independence to Consolidation 698Societies in Search of Themselves 701THINKING HISTORICALLY: ExplainingUnderdevelopment 704VISUALIZING THE PAST: Images of the Spanish-AmericanWar 706GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: New Latin American Nationsand the World 708Further Readings 710On the Web 710Empire, the Islamic Heartlands, and Qing China 712PART VTHE DAWN OF THE INDUSTRIAL AGE, 1750–1914CHAPTER 31 Civilizations in Crisis: The Ottoman628CHAPTER 28 The Emergence of Industrial Societyin the West, 1750–1914 636The Age of Revolution 637VISUALIZING THE PAST: The French Revolutionin Cartoons 640The Consolidation of the Industrial Order, 1850–1914 644DOCUMENT: Protesting the Industrial Revolution 646Cultural Transformations 649Western Settler Societies 652THINKING HISTORICALLY: Two Revolutions: Industrialand Atlantic 653Diplomatic Tensions and World War I 656GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Industrial Europeand the World 657Further Readings 658On the Web 658CHAPTER 29 Industrialization and Imperialism:The Making of the European Global Order 660The Shift to Land Empires in Asia 662THINKING HISTORICALLY: Western Education and the Riseof an African and Asian Middle Class 668Industrial Rivalries and the Partition of the World,1870–1914 670Patterns of Dominance: Continuity and Change 673DOCUMENT: Contrary Images: The Colonizer Versusthe Colonized on the “Civilizing Mission” 674VISUALIZING THE PAST: Capitalism and Colonialism 677GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: A European-Dominated EarlyPhase of Globalization 682Further Readings 682On the Web 683CHAPTER 30 The Consolidation of Latin America,From Empire to Nation: Ottoman Retreat and the Birthof Turkey 713Western Intrusions and the Crisis in the Arab IslamicHeartlands 717THINKING HISTORICALLY: Western Dominanceand the Decline of Civilizations 718The Last Dynasty: The Rise and Fall of the Qing Empirein China 723VISUALIZING THE PAST: Mapping the Declineof Civilizations 724DOCUMENT: Transforming Imperial Chinainto a Nation 732GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Muslim and Chinese Declineand a Shifting Global Balance 733Further Readings 734On the Web 734CHAPTER 32 Russia and Japan: IndustrializationOutside the West736Russia’s Reforms and Industrial Advance 737DOCUMENT: Conditions for Factory Workers in Russia’sIndustrialization 742Protest and Revolution in Russia 743Japan: Transformation Without Revolution 746THINKING HISTORICALLY: The Separate Paths of Japanand China 748VISUALIZING THE PAST: Two Faces of Western Influence 751GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Russia and Japan in the World 754Further Readings 754On the Web 755PART VITHE NEWEST STAGE OF WORLD HISTORY:1914–PRESENT 760CHAPTER 33 Descent into the Abyss: World War I1830–1920 684and the Crisis of the European Global Order 770From Colonies to Nations 685New Nations Confront Old and New Problems 689Latin American Economies and World Markets,1820–1870 692The Coming of the Great War 772A World at War 775VISUALIZING THE PAST: Trench Warfare 776Failed Peace and Global Turmoil 782
7135A01 FM01.qxp pz11/6/093:57 PMPage ixContentsThe Nationalist Assault on the EuropeanColonial Order 783DOCUMENT: Lessons for the Colonized from the Slaughterin the Trenches 784THINKING HISTORICALLY: Women in Asian and AfricanNationalist Movements 792GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: World War and GlobalUpheavals 795Further Readings 795On the Web 796CHAPTER 34 The World between the Wars: Revolutions,Depression, and Authoritarian Response798The Roaring Twenties 799Revolution: The First Waves 804THINKING HISTORICALLY: A Century of Revolutions 810The Global Great Depression 817The Authoritarian Response 820VISUALIZING THE PAST: Guernica and the Imagesof War 823DOCUMENT: Socialist Realism 828GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Economic Depression, AuthoritarianResponse, and Democratic Retreat 830Further Readings 831On the Web 832CHAPTER 35 A Second Global Conflict and the Endof the European World Order 834Old and New Causes of a Second World War 835THINKING HISTORICALLY: Total War, GlobalDevastation 837Unchecked Aggression and the Coming of War in Europeand the Pacific 838The Conduct of a Second Global War 840DOCUMENT: Japan’s Defeat in a Global War 847War’s End and the Emergence of the SuperpowerStandoff 848Nationalism and Decolonization in South and SoutheastAsia and Africa 849VISUALIZING THE PAST: National Leaders for a New GlobalOrder 852GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Persisting Trends in a WorldTransformed by War 857Further Readings 857On the Web 858CHAPTER 36 Western Society and Eastern Europein the Decades of the Cold War860After World War II: A New International Settingfor the West 860The Resurgence of Western Europe 864THINKING HISTORICALLY: The United States and WesternEurope: Convergence and Complexity 868Cold War Allies: The United States, Canada, Australia,and New Zealand 870Culture and Society in the West 872VISUALIZING THE PAST: Women at Work in Franceand the United States 874Eastern Europe After World War II: A Soviet Empire 878Soviet Culture: Promoting New Beliefs and Institutions 881DOCUMENT: A Cold War Speech 886GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: The Cold War and the World 887Further Readings 887On the Web 888CHAPTER 37 Latin America: Revolution and Reactioninto the 21st Century 890Latin America After World War II 892Radical Options in the 1950s 894VISUALIZING THE PAST: Murals and Posters: Artand Revolution 895DOCUMENT: The People Speak 898The Search for Reform and the Military Option 898THINKING HISTORICALLY: Human Rightsin the 20th Century 902Societies in Search of Change 905GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Struggling Toward the Futurein a Global Economy 909Further Readings 910On the Web 910CHAPTER 38 Africa, the Middle East, and Asiain the Era of Independence 912The Challenges of Independence 913DOCUMENT: Cultural Creativity in the Emerging Nations:Some Literary Samples 921THINKING HISTORICALLY: Artificial Nations and the RisingTide of Communal Strife 922Post-Colonial Options for Achieving Economic Growthand Social Justice 924Delayed Revolutions: Religious Revivalism and LiberationMovements in Settler Societies 930VISUALIZING THE PAST: Globalization and PostcolonialSocieties 935GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Postcolonial Nations in the ColdWar World Order 935Further Readings 936On the Web 936CHAPTER 39 Rebirth and Revolution: Nation-Buildingin East Asia and the Pacific Rim938East Asia in the Postwar Settlements 939The Pacific Rim: More Japans? 946VISUALIZING THE PAST: Pacific Rim Growth 948THINKING HISTORICALLY: The Pacific Rimas a U.S. Policy Issue 950Mao’s China: Vanguard of World Revolution? 951DOCUMENT: Women in the Revolutionary Strugglesfor Social Justice 956Colonialism and Revolution in Vietnam 958GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: East Asia and the Pacific Rimin the Contemporary World 963ix
7135A01 FM01.qxp pzx11/6/093:57 PMPage xContentsFurther Readings 964On the Web 964CHAPTER 40 Power, Politics, and Conflict in WorldHistory, 1990–2010 966The End of the Cold War 967VISUALIZING THE PAST: Symbolism in the Breakdownof the Soviet Bloc 974The Spread of Democracy 975DOCUMENT: Democratic Protest and Repressionin China 976The Great Powers and New Disputes 977The United States as Sole Superpower 980THINKING HISTORICALLY: Terrorism, Then and Now 982GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: New Global Standards,New Divisions 984Further Readings 984On the Web 986CHAPTER 41 Globalization and Resistance 988Globalization: Causes and Processes 989DOCUMENT: Protests Against Globalization 996Resistance and Alternatives 998THINKING HISTORICALLY: How Much HistoricalChange? 999The Global Environment 1000VISUALIZING THE PAST: Two Faces of Globalization 1003Toward the Future 1005GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Civilizations and Global Forces 1006Further Readings 1006On the Web 1007Glossary G-1CreditsIndexC-1I-1
7135A01 FM01.qxp pz11/6/093:57 PMPage xiMaps10.3 Germanic Kingdoms After the Invasions 22310.4 Major Religions of the Modern World 229PART III Spread of Buddhism, Christianity, and Islamto c. 1450 239PART I Initial Centers and Spread of Agriculture 5PART III Main Routes of Afro-Eurasian Trade, c. 1250PART I Early Centers of Civilization 511.1 Arabia and Surrounding Areas Before and Duringthe Time of Muhammad 24711.2 The Expansion of the Islamic Empire in the 7thand 8th Centuries 25611.3 Emergence of the Abbasid Dynasty 26212.1 The Abbasid Empire at Its Peak 27212.2 The Spread of Islam, 10th–16th Centuries 27812.3 Early Islam in India 28212.4 The Spread of Islam in Southeast Asia 28913.1 Empires of the Western Sudan 29813.2 The Swahili Coast; African Monsoon Routes and MajorTrade Routes 30414.1 The Byzantine Empire Under Justinian 31614.2 The Byzantine Empire, 1000–1100 32014.3 East European Kingdoms and Slavic Expansion,c. 1000 32215.1 Charlemagne’s Empire and Successor States 33215.2 Western Europe Toward the End of the Middle Ages,c. 1360 C.E. 33615.3 Leading Trade Routes Within Europeand to the Mediterranean 34316.1 Central Mexico and Lake Texcoco 35416.2 Inca Expansion 36116.3 The Ancient Cities of Peru 36317.1 China During the Age of Division 37417.2 The Sui Dynasty and the Tang Dynasty 37517.3 China in the Song and Southern SongDynastic Periods 38218.1 Key Centers of Civilization in East Asiain the First Millennium C.E. 39618.2 Japan in the Imperial and Warlord Periods 39718.3 The Korean Peninsula During the Three Kingdoms Era 40618.4 South China and Vietnam on the Eveof the Han Conquest 40919.1 The Transcontinental Empire of Chinggis Khan 41919.2 The Four Khanates of the Divided Mongol Empire 42619.3 The Mongol Empire and the GlobalExchange Network 42920.1 Polynesian Expansion 4491.11.22.12.22.32.43.13.23.33.43.5The Spread of Human Populations, c. 10,000 B.C.E.The Spread of Agriculture 19Early Sumer 29Mesopotamia in Maps 34Egypt, Kush, and Axum, Successive Dynast
iii PART I EARLY HUMAN SOCIETIES, 2.5 MILLION–1000 B.C.E.: ORIGINS AND DEVELOPMENT 2 1 The Neolithic Revolution and the Birth of Civilization 10 2 The Rise of Civilization in the Middle East and Africa 28 3 Asia’s First Civilizations: India and China 48 PART II THE CLASSICAL P
