Transcription
5th Edition
5th EditionEdited by Marilyn M. Helms, D.B.A.
Encyclopedia of Management, 5th ed.Marilyn M. Helms, D.B.A., EditorProject EditorJulie A. Gough 2006 Thomson Gale, a part of The ThomsonCorporation.Thomson and Star Logo are trademarks andGale is a registered trademark used hereinunder license.EditorialVirgil BurtonMiranda FerraraLinda HallLynn PearceHolly SeldenComposition and Electronic PrepressEvi SeoudFor permission to use material from thisproduct, submit your request via Web athttp://www.gale-edit.com/permissions, or youmay download our Permissions Request formand submit your request by fax or mail to:While every effort has been made to ensurethe reliability of the information presented inthis publication, Thomson Gale does notguarantee the accuracy of the data containedherein. Thomson Gale accepts no paymentfor listing; and inclusion in the publication ofany organization, agency, institution, publication, service, or individual does not implyendorsement of the editors or publisher.Errors brought to the attention of the publisher and verified to the satisfaction of thepublisher will be corrected in future editions.Permissions DepartmentThomson Gale27500 Drake Rd.Farmington Hills, MI 48331-3535Permissions Hotline:248-699-8006 or 800-877-4253, ext. 8006Fax: 248-699-8074 or 800-762-4058For more information, contactThomson Gale27500 Drake Rd.Farmington Hills, MI 48331-3535Or you can visit our internet site athttp://www.gale.comALL RIGHTS RESERVEDNo part of this work covered by the copyrighthereon may be reproduced or used in anyform or by any means—graphic, electronic, ormechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, Web distribution, or informationstorage retrieval systems—without the writtenpermission of the publisher.ManufacturingWendy BlurtonSince this page cannot legibly accommodateall copyright notices, the acknowledgmentsconstitute and extension of the copyrightnotice.LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATAEncyclopedia of management / edited by Marilyn M. Helms.—5th ed.p. cm.Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 0-7876-6556-8 (hardcover : alk. paper)1. Industrial management—Encyclopedias. I. Helms, Marilyn M., 1962HD30.15.E49 2006658'.003—dc222005018546This title is also available as an e-book.ISBN 1-4144-0478-6Contact your Thomson Gale sales representative for ordering information.Printed in the United States of America10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
HIGHLIGHTSThe fifth edition of the Encyclopedia ofManagement presents a completely refreshed look atthe vast and continually evolving field of management. Through 303 essays, readers will encounterthousands of terms, issues, and concepts such as: Aggregate PlanningThe Encyclopedia of Management’s essays offera unique starting point for individuals seeking comprehensive information that can’t be adequately conveyed through brief dictionary-like definitions. Placedinto context, and enhanced by background data as wellas graphics and statistics, the topics covered in thisvolume are of both current and enduring interest. Apprenticeship Programs Balanced Scorecard Benchmarking Coalition Building Ethics Globalization Hypothesis Testing Inventory Management Japanese Management Lean Manufacturing and Just-in-Time ProductionADDITIONAL FEATURES Contents are arranged alphabetically from Ato Z in one volume One comprehensive tiered index simplifiesaccessibility Cross-references abound to help readerslocate information Many essays written by acclaimed experts intheir fields Management Awards “Further Reading” sections provide sourcesuggestions for further study Mission and Vision Statements Graphs, charts, and tables Organization Theory Math formulas illustrate concepts and models Outsourcing and Offshoring Pioneers of Management Project Management Quality of Work Life Time-Based CompetitionComposed by subject matter specialists and business writers, under the guidance of an expert advisorypanel headed by Dr. Marilyn M. Helms of Dalton StateCollege, EoM represents a substantial contribution tobusiness and management reference. Students, scholars, and business practitioners alike will find a wealthof information in this fully revised source. Virtual Organizations Women and Minorities in Management World-Class Manufacturer Zero-Sum GamevE N C Y C L O P E D I AO FM A N A G E M E N T
TABLE OF CONTENTSPREFACE AND USER’S GUIDE . . . . . . . . . . .xiEDITOR AND ADVISORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xvCONTRIBUTORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xixGUIDE TO FUNCTIONALAREA READINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xxiESSAY TITLES, A - ZAcquisitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1Activity-Based Costing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1Affirmative Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3Aggregate Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4Angels and Venture Capitalists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9Apprenticeship Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11The Art and Science of Management . . . . . . . . . .14Artificial Intelligence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18Assessment Centers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21Attribution Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22Autonomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25Balance Sheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27Balanced Scorecard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30Bar Coding and Radio Frequency Identification . .35Bases of Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37Benchmarking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38Body Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40Brainstorming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43Break-Even Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45Budgeting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49Bundled Goods and Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50Business Continuity Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52Business Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54Business Process Reengineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58Business Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61Cafeteria Plan—Flexible Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . .65Capacity Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66Case Method of Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67Cash Flow Analysis and Statement . . . . . . . . . . . .70Cellular Manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73Census—Economic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77Chain of Command Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77Change—Managing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78Change—Reactive vs. Proactive . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78Change—Trends in Organizations . . . . . . . . . . . .78Chaos Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78Closed Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81Coalition Building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85Competitive Advantage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89Competitive Intelligence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .92Complexity Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .95Computer-Aided Design and Manufacturing . . . .98Computer-Aided Manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . .101Computer-Integrated Manufacturing . . . . . . . . .101Computer Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104Computer Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .108Concurrent Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112Conflict Management and Negotiation . . . . . . .115Consulting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .120Consumer Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .121Contingency Approach to Management . . . . . .125Contingent Workers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .126Continuing Education and LifelongLearning Trends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .128Continuous Improvement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132Corporate Governance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .134Corporate Social Responsibility . . . . . . . . . . . . .137Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .141Cost Accounting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .144viiE N C Y C L O P E D I AO FM A N A G E M E N T
Cover Letter Trends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .149Creativity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .149Critical Path Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .150Culture—International Differences . . . . . . . . . .150Culture—Organizational . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .150Customer Relationship Management . . . . . . . . .150Cycle Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .152Data Processing and Data Management . . . . . . .155Debt vs. Equity Financing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .159Decision Making . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .160Decision Rules and Decision Analysis . . . . . . . .164Decision Support Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .170Delegation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .174Deregulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .177Dictionary of Occupational Titles . . . . . . . . . . . .179Discrimination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .179Distribution and Distribution RequirementsPlanning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .184Diversification Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .187Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .191Divestment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .193Domestic Management Societiesand Associations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .194Downsizing and Rightsizing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .197Due Diligence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .200E-Commerce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .203EAP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .203Economic Census . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .203Economics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .205Economies of Scale and Economies of Scope . . .209Effectiveness and Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .211Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .214Electronic Commerce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .214Electronic Data Interchangeand Electronic Funds Transfer . . . . . . . . . . .218Electronic Funds Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .220Empathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .220Employee Assistance Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . .221Employee Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223Employee Compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .226Employee Evaluation and PerformanceAppraisals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .231Employee Handbook and Orientation . . . . . . . .236Employee Recruitment Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . .241Employee Screening and Selection . . . . . . . . . . .243Employment Law and Compliance . . . . . . . . . . .248Empowerment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .253Enterprise Resource Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .256Entrepreneurship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .258Ergonomics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .259Ethics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .261viiiE N C Y C L O P E D I AO FM A N A G E M E N TEuropean Union . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .265Executive Compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .271Executive Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .273Expatriates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .274Experience and Learning Curves . . . . . . . . . . . . .276Expert Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .279Exporting and Importing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .281Facilitator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .287Family-Friendly Business Practices . . . . . . . . . . .288Feedback . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .288Financial Issues for Managers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .289Financial Ratios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .292First-Mover Advantage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .297Five S Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .299Flexible Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .300Flexible Manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .300Flexible Spending Accounts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .303Focused Factory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .305Forecasting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .307Franchising . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .311Free Trade Agreements and Trading Blocs . . . . .314Futuring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .315Gap Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .319Generic Competitive Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . .321Globalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .325Goals and Goal Setting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .331Government-University-IndustryPartnerships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .335Group Decision Making . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .341Group Dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .343Handheld Computers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .349Health Savings Accounts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .350Human Resource Information Systems . . . . . . . .351Human Resource Management . . . . . . . . . .
The Þfth edition of the Encyclopedia of Management presents a completely refreshed look at the vast and continually evolving Þeld of manage-ment.
