Transcription
[1]Oracle DatabaseConcepts11g Release 2 (11.2)E40540-04May 2015
Oracle Database Concepts, 11g Release 2 (11.2)E40540-04Copyright 1993, 2015, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.Primary Authors: Lance Ashdown, Tom KyteContributors: Drew Adams, David Austin, Vladimir Barriere, Hermann Baer, David Brower, JonathanCreighton, Bjørn Engsig, Steve Fogel, Bill Habeck, Bill Hodak, Yong Hu, Pat Huey, Vikram Kapoor, FerozKhan, Jonathan Klein, Sachin Kulkarni, Paul Lane, Adam Lee, Yunrui Li, Bryn Llewellyn, Rich Long, BarbLundhild, Neil Macnaughton, Vineet Marwah, Mughees Minhas, Sheila Moore, Valarie Moore, GopalMulagund, Paul Needham, Gregory Pongracz, John Russell, Vivian Schupmann, Shrikanth Shankar, CathyShea, Susan Shepard, Jim Stenoish, Juan Tellez, Lawrence To, Randy Urbano, Badhri Varanasi, Simon Watt,Steve Wertheimer, Daniel WongThis software and related documentation are provided under a license agreement containing restrictions onuse and disclosure and are protected by intellectual property laws. Except as expressly permitted in yourlicense agreement or allowed by law, you may not use, copy, reproduce, translate, broadcast, modify, license,transmit, distribute, exhibit, perform, publish, or display any part, in any form, or by any means. Reverseengineering, disassembly, or decompilation of this software, unless required by law for interoperability, isprohibited.The information contained herein is subject to change without notice and is not warranted to be error-free. Ifyou find any errors, please report them to us in writing.If this is software or related documentation that is delivered to the U.S. Government or anyone licensing iton behalf of the U.S. Government, then the following notice is applicable:U.S. GOVERNMENT END USERS: Oracle programs, including any operating system, integrated software,any programs installed on the hardware, and/or documentation, delivered to U.S. Government end usersare "commercial computer software" pursuant to the applicable Federal Acquisition Regulation andagency-specific supplemental regulations. As such, use, duplication, disclosure, modification, andadaptation of the programs, including any operating system, integrated software, any programs installed onthe hardware, and/or documentation, shall be subject to license terms and license restrictions applicable tothe programs. No other rights are granted to the U.S. Government.This software or hardware is developed for general use in a variety of information managementapplications. It is not developed or intended for use in any inherently dangerous applications, includingapplications that may create a risk of personal injury. If you use this software or hardware in dangerousapplications, then you shall be responsible to take all appropriate fail-safe, backup, redundancy, and othermeasures to ensure its safe use. Oracle Corporation and its affiliates disclaim any liability for any damagescaused by use of this software or hardware in dangerous applications.Oracle and Java are registered trademarks of Oracle and/or its affiliates. Other names may be trademarks oftheir respective owners.Intel and Intel Xeon are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation. All SPARC trademarksare used under license and are trademarks or registered trademarks of SPARC International, Inc. AMD,Opteron, the AMD logo, and the AMD Opteron logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of AdvancedMicro Devices. UNIX is a registered trademark of The Open Group.This software or hardware and documentation may provide access to or information about content,products, and services from third parties. Oracle Corporation and its affiliates are not responsible for andexpressly disclaim all warranties of any kind with respect to third-party content, products, and servicesunless otherwise set forth in an applicable agreement between you and Oracle. Oracle Corporation and itsaffiliates will not be responsible for any loss, costs, or damages incurred due to your access to or use ofthird-party content, products, or services, except as set forth in an applicable agreement between you andOracle.
ContentsPreface . xixAudience.Documentation Accessibility .Related Documentation .Conventions .xixxixxxxx1 Introduction to Oracle DatabaseAbout Relational Databases. 1-1Database Management System (DBMS) . 1-1Relational Model . 1-2Relational Database Management System (RDBMS). 1-2Brief History of Oracle Database . 1-3Schema Objects. 1-4Tables . 1-4Indexes . 1-4Data Access . 1-5Structured Query Language (SQL). 1-5PL/SQL and Java . 1-5Transaction Management . 1-6Transactions . 1-6Data Concurrency . 1-6Data Consistency. 1-7Oracle Database Architecture . 1-7Database and Instance . 1-7Database Storage Structures . 1-8Physical Storage Structures . 1-9Logical Storage Structures . 1-9Database Instance Structures. 1-9Oracle Database Processes. 1-10Instance Memory Structures . 1-10Application and Networking Architecture . 1-10Application Architecture . 1-10Networking Architecture. 1-11Oracle Database Documentation Roadmap . 1-12Basic Group . 1-12v
Intermediate Group . 1-12Advanced Group. 1-13Part IOracle Relational Data Structures2 Tables and Table ClustersIntroduction to Schema Objects . 2-1Schema Object Types . 2-2Schema Object Storage . 2-3Schema Object Dependencies. 2-4SYS and SYSTEM Schemas . 2-5Sample Schemas . 2-6Overview of Tables. 2-6Columns and Rows. 2-7Example: CREATE TABLE and ALTER TABLE Statements . 2-7Oracle Data Types . 2-9Character Data Types . 2-10Numeric Data Types. 2-11Datetime Data Types . 2-12Rowid Data Types. 2-13Format Models and Data Types. 2-14Integrity Constraints. 2-14Object Tables . 2-15Temporary Tables . 2-15Temporary Table Creation. 2-16Segment Allocation in Temporary Tables . 2-16External Tables . 2-16External Table Creation. 2-17External Table Access Drivers. 2-17Table Storage. 2-18Table Organization . 2-18Row Storage . 2-19Rowids of Row Pieces . 2-19Storage of Null Values. 2-19Table Compression . 2-19Basic and Advanced Row Compression. 2-19Hybrid Columnar Compression . 2-20Overview of Table Clusters. 2-22Overview of Indexed Clusters. 2-23Overview of Hash Clusters. 2-25Hash Cluster Creation .
Oracle Database Concepts, 11g Release 2 (11.2) E40540-04 Copyright 1993, 2015, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Primary Authors: Lance Ashdown .
