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Skilled, experienced workers make high wages because employers compete to hire them.Poorly educated, inexperienced young people can’t get work because minimum wage lawsmake them too expensive to hire as trainees. Repeal of the minimum wage would allowmany young, minority and poor people to work. It must be asked, if the minimum wageis such a good idea, why not raise it to 200 an hour? Even the most die-hard minimumwage advocate can see there’s something wrong with that proposal. The only “fair” or“correct” wage is what an employer and employee voluntarily agree upon. We should repealminimum wage now. (Advocates for Self-Government, n.d., para. 1)As we know from the financial meltdown of 2008, this position on noninterference bygovernment can sound very distant from the reality of life when unemployment and littleincome force people who otherwise might take a “hands-off ” position on the role of governmentto ask for substantial help.Socialism is the exact opposite of libertarianism because it values the positive rights of citizensincluding the rights to health care, food, shelter, work, and so forth. Under socialism the economyis run for the good of society as a whole where resources are divided equally among the societyand there is neither great wealth nor great poverty. Communitarianism values tradition; ethnic,regional, or national identity; and the common culture that comes from religion or shared moralvalues. It emphasizes the importance of belonging to a certain community and sharing in itstraditions, values, and culture. Communitarians believe that libertarians and liberals overemphasize the importance of the individual. Radicalism believes that government and the private forprofit sectors often exclude many less affluent citizens from justice and equity and that the primarytool available to have social and economic rights maintained is to form strong alliances based onself-interest and to use social action including marches, strikes, and civil disobedience to maintainsocial equity. Radicalism is a much more assertive philosophy and believes that unless peopleaggressively protect their self-interest, they will lose social, political, and economic strength.Mahoney (2003) believes that the following four conditions must exist before an issue or asituation is considered a social problem:WWW The condition or situation must be publicly seen as a social problem because of a publicoutcry. The conditions in New Orleans after the dikes broke and the city was flooded followingHurricane Katrina began a public outcry that focused on the slow response to the crisis bygovernment, concerns about people in poverty who were left in the city to fend for themselves,concerns about the lack of law and order during the crisis, and, certainly, concerns about racismand a belief that the federal government had acted slowly because most of the people remaining in New Orleans after the flood were poor and Black. The condition must be at odds with the values of the larger society. Although peoplehave varying degrees of concern about the poor, there was universal anger and grief at whathappened to poor people in New Orleans and a growing recognition that government waspotentially incapable of helping most Americans if they found themselves in a similar crisis. Most people must be in agreement that a problem exists. During a 10-year period from1983 to 1993, America saw astronomical increases in juvenile crime. People were aware andconcerned at the same time because their personal safety was at issue.CHAPTER 1 AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL PROBLEMS7

There must be a solution to a social problem. In the case of New Orleans and futuredisasters, most people must believe that government is capable of handling large-scale disasters,whether man-made or terrorist. If people don’t believe this, they fall into apathy; and while theproblem may still exist, they don’t believe anything can be done about it.Mahoney also notes that the more influential people are who might be affected by a socialproblem, the more likely there is to be recognition of the problem and a proper response. Themass media also play a role in the recognition of social problems because they highlightproblems in such a graphic way that many people are touched by it. How many people believedJohn Edwards (before his unfortunate behavior and fall from grace) when he spoke of twoAmericas during the 2004 presidential campaign? But people whose houses lost much, if notall, of their value in the current real estate collapse and who have had their houses foreclosedon because they can no longer make their mortgage payments are far more aware of the problems of poverty now than they were when their houses were dramatically increasing in value.The media have made a point of telling us how at risk we are and how much we potentiallyhave in common with those in poverty. In the aftermath of Katrina, pictures of people struggling to survive during the New Orleans flood had a devastating impact on the perceptionspeople had about poverty. The media were responsible for informing us that, as much as wemight like to think that poverty is nonexistent in America, it does exist, and its negative impactis substantial. But the media are not always unbiased or objective in the way they report thenews. During the New Orleans floods, for example, some networks focused on crime andviolence whereas others focused on the plight of poor people and the slow and befuddledresponse by the government. There are many people who believe that the media reflect a liberalbias, and there are also many who think that the media are controlled by their corporate owners who, some think, skew the news to reflect a more conservative orientation. InfoTable 1.2gives two views of media bias.InfoTable 1.2 Media Bias: Two ViewsA Liberal View of the MediaEach year it is more likely that the American citizen who turns to any medium . . . willreceive [80% of his or her] information, ideas, or entertainment controlled by the samehandful of 5 corporations, whether it is daily news, a cable entertainment program, ora textbook. . . . One of the dangers in all this is that the new corporate ethic is so singleminded about extreme fast profits and expanded control over the media business thatit is willing to convert American news into a service for the affluent customers wantedby the media’s advertisers instead of a source of information significant for the wholeof society. The rewards of money profit through market control by themselves and theiradvertisers have blinded media owners to the damage they are doing to an institutioncentral to the American democracy. (Bagdikian, 2005, para. 1)8 PART I SOCIAL PROBLEMS, THE SOCIAL WELFARE SYSTEM, AND THE ROLE OF PROFESSIONAL SOCIAL WORK

A Conservative View of the MediaConservatives believe the mass media, predominantly television news programs, slantreports in favor of the liberal position on issues. Members of the media argue [that]while personally liberal, they are professionally neutral. They argue their opinions donot matter because as professional journalists, they report what they observe withoutletting their opinions affect their judgment. But being a journalist is not like being asurveillance camera at an ATM, faithfully recording every scene for future playback.Journalists make subjective decisions every minute of their professional lives. Theychoose what to cover and what not to cover, which sources are credible and which arenot, which quotes to use in a story and which to toss out.Liberal bias in the news media is a reality. It is not the result of a vast left-wingconspiracy; journalists do not meet secretly to plot how to slant their news reports. Buteveryday pack journalism often creates an unconscious “groupthink” mentality thattaints news coverage and allows only one side of a debate to receive a fair hearing.When that happens, the truth suffers. (Media Research Center, n.d.)MY POLITICAL PHILOSOPHYWhat is my political philosophy? I like some liberal philosophies, yet I also like some conservative philosophies. Does this make me wishy-washy or, in political terms, a flip-flopper? Maybeit does, but most Americans are politically moderate, and our beliefs don’t neatly fit most labels.I grew up in a blue-collar, working-class family. My father was involved in the labor movement.I agree with Andy Stern, president of the Service Employees International Union, that “the ideathat the rich get richer and wealth is going to trickle down is a bankrupt economic and moraltheory” (“Ten Questions,” 2005, p. 6). Perhaps because of my early life experiences with the fightfor fair wages and benefits for working people, I believe in many government programs thatprotect working people. Like what? Well, I believe in unemployment compensation for workerswho have lost their jobs because of a poor economy. I believe in workmen’s compensation toprotect workers who are injured on the job. I believe in Social Security and Medicare becausethey provide a safety net for older Americans who would like to spend their later years enjoyingthe fruits of their hard labor. And I believe in public education, which means that all Americans,regardless of age, race, or gender, should have the opportunity to learn and benefit from a free,or reasonably inexpensive, but very high-quality educational system. Coming from a poor family, the quality of education I received helped me succeed in my life and was paid back manytimes in the work I’ve done, in the taxes I’ve paid, and in the mentoring I’ve done for a numberof students who, like me, came from poor backgrounds and needed someone to cheerlead andoffer a guiding hand.On the other hand, I think that people who practice their religious beliefs or have a strongsocial consciousness that we sometimes call spirituality are often better off because of it (seeInfoTable 1.3). I also think that capitalism is a great economic system but its more predatoryCHAPTER 1 AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL PROBLEMS9

impulses need to be regulated and that people who are not competitive in our economic systembecause of physical or mental health reasons need to have alternative avenues of work. Whenthey can’t work, I think it’s only humane that we help them by offering economic security.InfoTable 1.3 Religion and SpiritualityAccording to George, Larson, Koenig, and McCullough (2000), a growing body ofresearch points to the positive health benefits of religious involvement. Religious involvement was found to reduce the likelihood of disease and disability in 78% of the studiesattempting to determine the existence of a relationship between religion and health.The positive health benefits of religion were particularly noted with certain medicalconditions including coronary disease and heart attacks, emphysema, cirrhosis and othervarieties of liver disease, hypertension, and disability. The authors also point to a relationship between religious observance and longevity, noting that “multiple dimensionsof religion are associated with longevity, but attendance at religious services is the moststrongly related to longevity” (p. 108).I worry about what John Edwards called the “two Americas” during the 2004 presidentialcampaign: one America for the wealthy and privileged and the other America for the rest of us.This book will continually return to the concern about two Americas and the belief that government needs to be the advocate for the majority of us who want and deserve the same qualityof health care, education, safety, and healthy environments as our more affluent fellowAmericans.This isn’t to say that I’m not critical of our social institutions. I’m afraid that we havea long way to go before we can feel very happy about our ability to resolve many socialproblems. Money is often the issue. Even though we spend more money on health care thanany other nation, the health of many Americans is not nearly as good as that of citizens inmany other countries. Part of the reason is that more than half of all Americans live in ornear communities with substandard air quality, which dramatically increases the rates ofasthma, emphysema, and lung cancer, particularly in very young children. Another reasonis that many Americans either completely lack health insurance or have limited coverage.This problem is thankfully addressed in part by the new health care reform bill passed in2010. Much more will be said in Chapter 14 about how the bill will improve health carecoverage for almost all Americans. While we spend vast amounts of money on public safety,I’d venture a guess that most of us would not feel safe in many parts of urban Americaduring the evenings and even in many parts of some communities during daylight hours.While we discuss family violence and child abuse and develop public education approachesto inform our citizens about the impact of family violence, it remains a serious problemaffecting all too many American homes. Much as I love America in a way that only the childof immigrant parents can, I think we have a long way to go before America works as wellas it should.10 PART I SOCIAL PROBLEMS, THE SOCIAL WELFARE SYSTEM, AND THE ROLE OF PROFESSIONAL SOCIAL WORK

WHAT IS SOCIAL WORK?This is where social workers come in. Social work has a long and glorious history, much ofwhich is outlined on Professor Dan Huff ’s website (see Chapter 2). Professor Huff describesthe early history of social work and explains our roots in charitable organizations that flourished in the United States in the 19th and 20th centuries. Out of this impulse to help people inneed, the profession of social work developed with its unique emphasis on directly helpingpeople as well as improving their environments. Social work deals not only with the internalaspects of the human condition (values, beliefs, emotions, and problem-solving capacities ofpeople) but also with its external aspects (the neighborhoods, schools, working conditions,social welfare systems, and political systems that affect us). By working with the internal andexternal aspects, social work is able to provide a uniquely encompassing service to people inneed. And by networking with other professionals, social workers are able to help our clientsreceive needed medical, financial, and educational services that improve their physical, financial, and emotional lives. Because social workers act as advocates by helping our clients accessservices they may be unable to access by themselves, we empower our clients. Our goal is tohelp people become self-sufficient by only doing for people what they may be unable to do forthemselves.We work in the organizations that help people with social and emotional problems. I thinkwe’re pretty terrific people because we work at demanding jobs with great conviction anddedication, and although we’re paid well, nobody gets rich being a social worker. Like mostAmericans, social workers represent a range of political and religious beliefs. We come fromdifferent social, ethnic, and economic backgrounds. We have differences of opinion about howbest to help people, and we can be as stubborn as any group of professionals in our beliefs.However, our core values have developed over the years and are apparent in all the work we doto help our clients. The complete social work code of ethics is found in the appendix. These corevalues have been developed over the years by social workers through their experience andpractice and are now part of the code of ethics of our professional organization, the NationalAssociation of Social Workers (2010b).CORE SOCIAL WORK VALUESThe following broad ethical principles are based on social work’s core values of service, socialjustice, dignity and worth of the person, importance of human relationships, integrity, andcompetence. These principles set forth ideals to which all social workers should aspire.I. ServiceEthical Principle: A social worker’s primary goal is to help people in need and to address socialproblems.Social workers elevate service to others above self-interest. Social workers draw on theirknowledge, values, and skills to help people in need and to address social problems. Socialworkers are encouraged to volunteer some portion of their professional skills with no expectation of significant financial return (pro bono service).CHAPTER 1 AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL PROBLEMS11

II. Social JusticeEthical Principle: Social workers challenge social injustice.Social workers pursue social change, particularly with and on behalf of vulnerable andoppressed individuals and groups of people. Social workers’ social change efforts are focusedprimarily on issues of poverty, unemployment, discrimination, and other forms of social injustice. These activities seek to promote sensitivity to and knowledge about oppression and cultural and ethnic diversity. Social workers strive to ensure access to needed information, services,and resources; equality of opportunity; and meaningful participation in decision making forall people.III. The Dignity and Worth of the PersonEthical Principle: Social workers respect the inherent dignity and worth of the person.Social workers treat each person in a caring and respectful fashion, mindful of individualdifferences and cultural and ethnic diversity. Social workers promote clients’ socially responsible self-determination. Social workers seek to enhance clients’ capacity and opportunity tochange and to address their own needs. Social workers are cognizant of their dual responsibility to clients and to the broader society. They seek to resolve conflicts between clients’ interestsand the broader society’s interests in a socially responsible manner consistent with the values,ethical principles, and ethical standards of the profession.IV. The Importance of Human RelationshipsEthical Principle: Social workers recognize the central importance of human relationships.Social workers understand that relationships between and among people are an important vehicle for change. Social workers engage people as partners in the helping process.Social workers seek to strengthen relationships among people in a purposeful effort to promote, restore, maintain, and enhance the well-being of individuals, families, social groups,organizations, and communities.V. IntegrityEthical Principle: Social workers behave in a trus

An Introduction to Social Problems, Social Welfare Organizations, and the Profession of Social Work N o one we know starts out life wanting to be a substance abuser or to be poor. Most of u