Transcription
SocialPsychologyArun Kumar Singh
Social PsychologyARUN KUMAR SINGHFormer, Professor and HeadPostgraduate Department of PsychologyPatna University, PatnaDelhi-1100922015
SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGYArun Kumar Singh 2015 by PHI Learning Private Limited, Delhi. All rights reserved. No part of this book maybe reproduced in any form, by mimeograph or any other means, without permission in writingfrom the publisher.ISBN-978-81-203-5057-1The export rights of this book are vested solely with the publisher.Published by Asoke K. Ghosh, PHI Learning Private Limited, Rimjhim House, 111, PatparganjIndustrial Estate, Delhi-110092 and Printed by Mohan Makhijani at Rekha Printers Private Limited,New Delhi-110020.
ToMy WifeKumud Rani
ContentsPreface xiii1.INTRODUCING SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY1–19Learning Objectives 1Key Terms 1Definition and Nature of Social Psychology 2Social Psychology: A Historical Perspective 4Overview of Social Psychology in Indian Perspective 11Social Psychology as a Science 12Fundamental Axioms of Social Psychology 14Relation of Social Psychology with Other Sciences 15Summary and Review 18Review Questions 192.RESEARCH METHODS IN SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGYLearning Objectives 1Key Terms 20Objectives of Social Psychological Research 21Basic Concepts of Research 22Basic Research Methods 24Validity of Experiment 44Social Psychology of Experiment 46Role of Theory in Social Psychological Research 50Types of Research in Social Psychology 52Summary and Review59Review Questions 61v20–62
vi Contents3.THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF MODERNSOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY63–81Learning Objectives 63Key Terms63Role Theories 65Motivational Theories 67Learning Theories 69Cognitive Theories 73Symbolic Interaction Theories 75Socio-Cultural Theories 77Evolutionary Theories 78Summary and Review 80Review Questions 814.SELF AND IDENTITY82–107Learning Objectives 82Key Terms 82Meaning and Nature of Self 83Development (or Sources) of Social Self 85Self and Culture 88Effects of Self Upon Thoughts, Behaviour and Emotions:Process of Self-Regulation 91Identity: The Self We Interact 93Self-Esteem 96Self-Serving Bias 103Self as an Object of Prejudice 104Summary and Review 106Review Questions 1075.SOCIAL COGNITION, SOCIAL PERCEPTION AND ATTRIBUTION108–168Learning Objectives 108Key Terms 108Meaning and Nature of Social Cognition 109Components of Social Cognition: Schema and Prototype 110Impact of Schema upon Social Cognition: Schematic Processing 113Self-Fulfilling Nature of Schema 115Cognitive Heuristics: Mental Shortcuts for Reducing Our Efforts in Social Cognition 116Potential Sources of Errors in Social Cognition 119Cognition and Affect: A Reciprocal Relationship 124Field of Interpersonal Perception: Social Perception and Person Perception 126Role of Non-verbal Cues in Person Perception: Forming Impression of Others 127
ContentsviiRecognising Deceptions in Non-verbal Cues 133Impression Formation 134Integrating Information about Others 136Impression Management 144Downside of Impression Management 147Self-Perception 148Attribution: Understanding the Causes of Others’ Behaviour 149Theories of Attribution 149Bias and Error in Attribution 158Applications of Attribution Theory 162Cultural Basis of Attribution 165Summary and Review 166Review Questions 1686.SOCIALISATION169–194Learning Objectives 169Key Terms 169Meaning and Nature of Socialisation 170Theoretical Perspectives of Socialisation 171Process of Socialisation 179Agents of Socialisation 181Outcomes of Socialisation 187Concept of Adult Socialisation 192Summary and Review 193Review Questions 1947.SOCIAL ATTITUDES AND PERSUASIONLearning Objectives 195Key Terms 195Brief Historical Review 196Defining Attitude and Its Components 196Functions of Attitude 199Attitude and Behaviour 200How do Attitudes Guide Behaviour? 204Formation and Maintenance of Attitudes 206Attitude Change and Persuasion 209Theories of Attitude Organisation and Change 222Cognitive Consistency Theories and Attitude Change 222Social Learning Theories of Attitude Change 235Other Theories of Attitude Change 237Conclusion Regarding Theories Attitude Change 241When do Attitude Change and Persuasion Become Difficult? 242Dimensions of Attitude 244195–256
viii ContentsMeasurement of Attitude 245Conclusion-Regarding Attitude Measurement 254Summary and Review 254Review Questions 2568.STEREOTYPING, PREJUDICE AND DISCRIMINATION257–294Learning Objectives 257Key Terms 257Nature and Contents of Stereotypes 258Why do People Form and Use Stereotypes? 262Activation of Stereotypes 264Impact of Stereotypes on Judgements and Actions 265Changing Stereotypes and Barriers to Stereotype Change 266Gender Stereotypes 268Shifting Standards: Does no Difference in Evaluations or Ratings Mean Absence ofStereotypic Thinking? 272Stereotypes Associated with Single and Married Persons 273Concept of Prejudice and Discrimination 274Forms of Prejudice and Discrimination 276Origin, Development and Maintenance of Prejudice and Discrimination 278Reduction of Prejudice and Discrimination 287Measurement of Prejudice 291Summary and Review 292Review Questions 2949.BEHAVIOURS IN GROUPLearning Objectives 295Key Terms 295Meaning and Nature of Social Group 296Group: Some Basic Features and Aspects 297Why do People Join a Group?: Benefits and Costs of Joining 301Types of Groups 302Group Development 305Effects of Presence of Others: Social Facilitation and Social Inhibition 306Social Loafing 309Effects of Being in Crowd: Deindividuation 311Group Decision-making 313Group Polarisation: Risky Shift Beyond Risk-Caution Dimension 314Groupthink: Does Group Hinder or Assist Group Decision? 316Biased Use of Information in Groups 319Failure to Share Unique Information from Some Members 320Ways of Improving Group Decisions 320Guidelines for Effective Decision-making 321295–333
ContentsixGroup Interaction: Cooperation versus Competition 321Cooperation and Competition in Two-person Games 323Determinants of Cooperation and Competition 326Communication Network in Group 329Summary and Review 331Review Questions 33210. SOCIAL NORMS AND CONFORMITY BEHAVIOUR334–348Learning Objectives 334Key Terms 334Concept of Social Norms 335Formation of Social Norms 336Early Experiments on Norm Formation 337Meaning of Conformity Behaviour 339Why do We Conform? 340Factors Influencing Conformity 342How can We Resist Social Pressure to Conform? 345Summary and Review 347Review Questions 34811. LEADERSHIP AND SOCIAL POWER349–385Learning Objectives 349Key Terms 349Defining Leadership 350Emergence of Leadership 351Functions of Leaders 352Transformational and Transactional Leaders: Differential Impact 353Personal Characteristics of Leaders 356Basic Dimensions of Leader Behaviour 359Types of Leaders 360How is a Leader Perceived by the Followers? 363Theories of Leadership 365Meaning and Bases of Social Power 378Determinants of Social Power 381Summary and Review 383Review Questions 38512. INTERPERSONAL ATTRACTION AND RELATIONSHIPLearning Objectives 386Key Terms 386Meaning and Nature of Interpersonal Attraction 387Theories of Interpersonal Attraction 387386–410
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Contents v Preface xiii 1. INTRODUCING SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 1–19 Learning Objectives 1 Key Terms 1 Definition and Nature of Social Psychology 2 Social Psychology: A Historical Perspective 4 Overview of Social Psychology in Indian Perspective 11 Social Psychology as a Science 12 Fundamental Axioms of Social Psychology
