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t he ca m b r i d g e d i c t i o n a r y o fChristian TheologyWith over 550 entries ranging from ‘Abba’ to ‘Zwingli’ composed by leadingcontemporary theologians from around the world, The Cambridge Dictionary ofChristian Theology represents a fresh, ecumenical approach to theological reference. Written with an emphasis on clarity and concision, all entries are designedto help the reader understand and assess the specifically theological significanceof the most important concepts. Clearly structured, the volume is organizedaround a small number of ‘core entries’ which focus on key topics to provide ageneral overview of major subject areas, while making use of related shorterentries to impart a more detailed knowledge of technical terms. The work as awhole provides an introduction to the defining topics in Christian thought and isan essential reference point for students and scholars.ian a. m c farland is Associate Professor of Systematic Theology at EmoryUniversity. His publications include Difference and Identity: A Theological Anthropology (2001) and The Divine Image: Envisioning the Invisible God (2005).david a. s. fergusson is Professor of Divinity and Principal of New Collegeat the University of Edinburgh. His recent publications include Church, State andCivil Society (Cambridge, 2004) and Faith and Its Critics (2009).karen kilby is Head of the Department of Theology and Religious Studies atthe University of Nottingham and President of the Catholic Theological Association of Great Britain. She is the author of A Brief Introduction to Karl Rahner(2007) and Karl Rahner: Theology and Philosophy (2004).iain r. torrance is President and Professor of Patristics at PrincetonTheological Seminary. He is the author of Christology after Chalcedon (1988)and co-editor of To Glorify God: Essays in Modern Reformed Liturgy (1999) andThe Oxford Handbook of Systematic Theology (2007).
t h e ca m b r i d g e d i c t i o n a r y o fChristian TheologyEdited byIAN A. M C FARLAND, DAVID A. S. FERGUSSON,KAREN KILBY, IAIN R. TORRANCE
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESSCambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore,São Paulo, Delhi, Dubai, Tokyo, Mexico CityCambridge University PressThe Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UKPublished in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New Yorkwww.cambridge.orgInformation on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521880923# Cambridge University Press 2011This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exceptionand to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,no reproduction of any part may take place withoutthe written permission of Cambridge University Press.First published 2011Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, CambridgeA catalogue record for this publication is available from the British LibraryLibrary of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataThe Cambridge dictionary of Christian theology / edited by Ian A. McFarland . [et al.].p. cm.ISBN 978-0-521-88092-3 (Hardback)1. Theology–Dictionaries. I. McFarland, Ian A. (Ian Alexander), 1963– II. Title.BV2.5.C36 2011230.03–dc222010022749ISBN 978-0-521-88092-3 HardbackCambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence oraccuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred toin this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on suchwebsites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.
ContentsList of contributorspage 542
ContributorsWilliam J. Abraham is Albert Cook Outler Professorof Wesley Studies and Altshuler DistinguishedTeaching Professor at the Perkins School ofTheology, Southern Methodist University.RevelationNicholas Adams is Senior Lecturer in SystematicTheology and Theological Ethics at theUniversity of Edinburgh. Frankfurt School,German IdealismAllan Heaton Anderson is Professor of GlobalPentecostal Studies and Director of the GraduateInstitute for Theology & Religion at theUniversity of Birmingham. Pentecostal TheologyAndreas Andreopoulos is Lecturer in ChristianTheology and Director of the Centre forOrthodox Studies at the University of Wales,Lampeter. TransfigurationEdward P. Antonio is Harvey H. Potthoff AssociateProfessor of Christian Theology and Social Theoryat the Iliff School of Theology. Black TheologyKenneth Appold is the James Hastings NicholsAssociate Professor of Reformation History atPrinceton Theological Seminary. JustificationWillem J. van Asselt is Senior Lecturer of ChurchHistory in the Department of Theology at UtrechtUniversity and Professor of Historical Theologyat the Evangelical Theological Faculty inLouvain. Synod of DortPaul Avis is the General Secretary of the Council forChristian Unity. EpiscopacyChristine Axt-Piscalar is Professor of SystematicTheology and Director of the InstitutumLutheranum in the Theological Faculty of theGeorg-August-Universität, Göttingen. LiberalTheologyLewis Ayres is Bede Professor of Catholic Theologyat the University of Durham. Arian Controversy,Augustine of Hippo, Creeds, Council of NicaeaVincent Bacote is Associate Professor of Theologyand Director of the Center for Applied ChristianEthics at Wheaton College. Abraham KuyperGary D. Badcock is Associate Professor of Divinityat Huron University College. VocationJohn F. Baldovin, S. J., is Professor of Historical andLiturgical Theology in the School of Theologyand Ministry at Boston College. PriesthoodHans M. Barstad is Professor of Hebrew and OldTestament Studies in the School of Divinity at theUniversity of Edinburgh. Biblical TheologyThe Revd Dr Michael Battle is Provost and CanonTheologian at the Cathedral Center of theAnglican Diocese of Los Angeles. NonviolenceThe Revd Mgr Dr F. J. Baur is Regent of thePriesterseminars St. Johannes der Täufer inMunich. OccasionalismTina Beattie is Professor of Catholic Studies atRoehampton University. Abortion, Assumption,Human Rights, Immaculate Conception,Mariology, Nuptial TheologyDana Benesh is a PhD student in theology at BaylorUniversity, with an interest in the history ofexegesis. Excommunication, Secularization,ToleranceMichael Bergmann is Professor of Philosophy atPurdue University. Reformed EpistemologyNigel Biggar is Regius Professor of Moral andPastoral Theology at the University of Oxford.Moral TheologyAndré Birmelé is Professor of Dogmatics at theFaculté de Théologie Protestante in Strasbourg.Ecumenism, World Council of ChurchesC. Clifton Black is Otto A. Piper Professor of BiblicalTheology at Princeton Theological Seminary.Kingdom of GodPaul M. Blowers is Dean E. Walker Professor ofChurch History at the Emmanuel School ofReligion. Maximus the Confessor, MonothelitismH. Russel Botman is Rector and Vice-Chancellor atStellenbosch University. African TheologyJohn Bowlin is the Rimmer and Ruth de VriesAssociate Professor of Reformed Theology andPublic Life at Princeton Theological Seminary.AristotelianismIan Bradley is Reader in Practical Theology inthe School of Divinity at the University ofSt Andrews. Pilgrimagevi
LISTLucy Bregman is Professor of Religion in theReligion Department of Temple University. Deathand DyingLuke Bretherton is Senior Lecturer in Theology andPolitics and Convener of the Faith and PublicPolicy Forum at King’s College London.Constantinianism, Divine Command EthicsJames T. Bretzke, S. J., is Professor of MoralTheology in the Boston College School ofTheology and Ministry. CasuistryLynn Bridgers is Director of Intercultural ReligiousResearch at the College of Santa Fe. William JamesJohn P. Burgess is the James Henry SnowdenProfessor of Systematic Theology at PittsburghTheological Seminary. BaptismStanley M. Burgess is Distinguished Professor ofChristian History at the Regent University Schoolof Divinity. PerfectionismDavid B. Burrell, C. S. C., is Hesburgh ProfessorEmeritus in Philosophy and Theology at theUniversity of Notre Dame and the UgandaMartyrs University. Islam and ChristianityJason Byassee is the Director of the Center forTheology, Writing and Media at Duke DivinitySchool. Allegory, TypologyEuan Cameron is Henry Luce III Professor ofReformation Church History at UnionTheological Seminary, New York. ReformationAmy Carr is Associate Professor of Religious Studiesat Western Illinois University. TemptationMark J. Cartledge is Senior Lecturer in Pentecostaland Charismatic Theology at the University ofBirmingham. GlossolaliaAugustine Casiday is Lecturer in HistoricalTheology and Director of the MA in MonasticStudies at the University of Wales, Lampeter.Hesychasm, Gregory Palamas, PlatonismChristophe Chalamet is Assistant Professor in theDepartment of Theology at Fordham University.Dialectical TheologyThe Revd Dr Mark D. Chapman is Vice-Principal ofRipon College Cuddesdon, Oxford, and memberof the Faculty of Theology at the University ofOxford. Ernst TroeltschSathianathan Clarke is Bishop Sundo Kim Professorof World Christianity at the Wesley TheologicalSeminary. Dalit TheologyPhilip Clayton is Professor of Religion andPhilosophy at Claremont Graduate UniversityOF CONTRIBUTORSand Ingraham Professor at Claremont School ofTheology. PanentheismFrancis X. Clooney, S. J., is Parkman Professor ofDivinity and Professor of Comparative Theologyat Harvard Divinity School. Hinduism andChristianityBasil Cole, O. P., teaches Moral, Spiritual, andDogmatic Theology at the Dominican House ofStudies, Washington, DC. Seven Deadly SinsTim Cooper is Lecturer in Church History in theDepartment of Theology and Religious Studies atthe University of Otago. AntinomianismPaul Copan is Pledger Family Chair of Philosophyand Ethics at Palm Beach Atlantic University.Moral ArgumentM. Shawn Copeland is Associate Professor ofTheology at Boston College. Womanist TheologyJohn Cottingham is Professor Emeritus ofPhilosophy at the University of Reading and anHonorary Fellow of St John’s College, Oxford.CartesianismS. Peter Cowe is the Narekatsi Professor ofArmenian Studies in the Department of NearEastern Languages and Cultures at the Universityof California, Los Angeles. Armenian TheologyJames L. Cox is Professor of Religious Studies inthe School of Divinity at the University ofEdinburgh. Traditional Religions and ChristianityWilliam Lane Craig is Research Professor ofPhilosophy at the Talbot School of Theology.Cosmological Argument, Middle KnowledgeShannon Craigo-Snell is Associate Professor ofReligious Studies at Yale University. Patriarchy,Supernatural existentialAndrew Crislip holds the Blake Chair in the Historyof Christianity at Virginia CommonwealthUniversity. AsceticismGarry J. Crites is Director of Evening and WeekendCourses at Duke University. FastingThe Revd Dr Anthony R. Cross is Fellow of the Centrefor Baptist History and Heritage at Regent’s ParkCollege, University of Oxford. Joachim of FioreRichard Crouter is John M. and ElizabethW. Musser Professor of Religious Studies,Emeritus at Carleton College. EnlightenmentLawrence Cunningham is the Revd John A. O’BrienProfessor of Theology in the Department ofTheology of the University of Notre Dame.Catholic Theologyvii
LISTOF CONTRIBUTORSPaul S. Fiddes is Professor of Systematic Theologyat the University of Oxford and Director ofResearch at Regent’s Park College, Oxford.Baptist TheologyStephen Fields, S. J., is Associate Professor ofTheology at Georgetown University. SymbolDuncan B. Forrester is Honorary Fellow andProfessor Emeritus in the School of Divinityat the University of Edinburgh. PoliticalTheologyPaul Foster is Senior Lecturer in New Testament inthe School of Divinity at the University ofEdinburgh. LogosNancy Frankenberry is the John Phillips Professorof Religion at Dartmouth College. NaturalTheologyMary McClintock Fulkerson is Professor ofTheology at Duke Divinity School. FeministTheologySimon Gathercole is Lecturer in New TestamentStudies in the Faculty of Divinity at theUniversity of Cambridge. Paul, Quest of theHistorical JesusMichelle A. Gonzalez is Assistant Professor ofReligious Studies at the University of Miami.Latino/a Theology, Mujerista TheologyTodd Gooch is Associate Professor in theDepartment of Philosophy and Religion atEastern Kentucky University. Rudolf OttoBruce Gordon is Professor of Reformation Historyat Yale Divinity School. Heinrich Bullinger,ConciliarismElaine Graham is Grosvenor Research Professor inthe Department of Theology and Religious Studiesat the University of Chester. Practical TheologyGordon Graham is Henry Luce III Professor ofPhilosophy and the Arts at Princeton TheologicalSeminary. Commonsense PhilosophyJanette Gray, R. S. M., is Lecturer in Theology at theJesuit Theological College, the United Faculty ofTheology, Melbourne. CelibacyJoel B. Green is Professor of New TestamentInterpretation and Associate Dean for theCenter for Advanced Theological Studies atFuller Theological Seminary. SoulNiels Henrik Gregersen is Professor of SystematicTheology in the Faculty of Theology at theUniversity of Copenhagen. Nordic TheologyMike Grimshaw is Senior Lecturer in ReligiousStudies in the School of Philosophy and ReligiousMary B. Cunningham is Lecturer in Theology at theUniversity of Nottingham. Divine Energies,IconoclasmIvor J. Davidson is Professor of Systematic Theologyat the University of Otago. Catechesis,Catechumen, Council of Chalcedon, JeromeDouglas J. Davies is Professor in the Study ofReligion at Durham University. The Church ofJesus Christ of Latter-Day SaintsAndrew Dawson is Lecturer in Religious Studies atLancaster University. Base CommunitiesJuliette Day is Senior Research Fellow in ChristianLiturgy at Blackfriars Hall, Oxford. Canon of MassGavin D’Costa is Professor of Catholic Theology inthe Department of Theology and ReligiousStudies at the University of Bristol. AnonymousChristianity, Inculturation, Religious Pluralism,Karl RahnerCelia Deane-Drummond is Professor of Theologyand the Biological Sciences and Director of theCentre for Religion and the Biosciences at theUniversity of Chester. EcotheologyPaul J. DeHart is Associate Professor of Theologyat Vanderbilt University Divinity School.Postliberal TheologyRalph Del Colle is Associate Professor of Theologyat Marquette University. Mortal Sin, Penance,Venial SinGary Dorrien is the Reinhold Niebuhr Professor ofSocial Ethics at Union Theological Seminary andProfessor of Religion at Columbia University.Social GospelGeoffrey D. Dunn is an Australian Research Fellowat the Centre for Early Christian Studies,Australian Catholic University. TertullianMark W. Elliott is Lecturer in Church History in theSchool of Divinity at the University of StAndrews. Nominalism, PelagianismNoel Leo Erskine is Professor of Theology andEthics at the Candler School of Theology,Emory University. Caribbean Theology, MartinLuther KingWendy Farley is Professor in the Department ofReligion at Emory University. PhenomenologyDouglas Farrow is Professor of Christian Thought inthe Faculty of Religious Studies, McGillUniversity. Ascension and SessionRichard Fenn is Maxwell M. Upson Professor ofChristianity and Society at Princeton TheologicalSeminary. Purgatoryviii
LISTStudies at the University of Canterbury.Post-Christian TheologyDavid Grumett is Research Fellow in Theology atthe University of Exeter. Nouvelle théologie,Pierre Teilhard de ChardinRuben L. F. Habito is Professor of World Religionsand Spirituality at the Perkins School ofTheology, Southern Methodist University.Buddhism and ChristianityRoger Haight, S. J., is Scholar in Residence at UnionTheological Seminary in New York City. Juan LuisSegundoDouglas John Hall is Emeritus Professor ofChristian Theology at McGill University.Neo-OrthodoxyThe Revd Stuart George Hall is Professor Emeritusof Ecclesiastical History in the University ofLondon at King’s College. Historical TheologyThe Revd Dr Harriet A. Harris is Chaplain ofWadham College at the University of Oxford. OrdersJohn F. Haught is Senior Fellow in Science andReligion at the Woodstock Theological Center,Georgetown University. Natural ScienceNicholas M. Healy is Professor of Theology andReligious Studies and Associate Dean of theCollege of Liberal Arts and Sciences at St John’sUniversity. Apostolic Succession, Thomas Aquinas,Ecclesiology, Infallibility, Marks of the Church,Vatican Council IThe Revd Dr Brian L. Hebblethwaite is Life Fellowof Queens’ College, and formerly Lecturer in thePhilosophy of Religion in the Faculty of Divinity,University of Cambridge. The TranscendentalsCharles Hefling is Associate Professor of Theologyat Boston College. Liturgical MovementGyörgy Heidl is Associate Professor at the Center forPatristic Studies at the University of Pécs.OrigenismS. Mark Heim is the Samuel Abbot Professor ofChristian Theology at Andover NewtonTheological School. ReligionScott H. Hendrix is Professor Emeritus ofReformation History and Doctrine at PrincetonTheological Seminary. Lutheran Theology, SolaScriptura, Two KingdomsAlasdair Heron is Professor of Reformed Theologyat the University of Erlangen. Reformed TheologyMichael Higgins is President and Vice-Chancellorof St Thomas University, New Brunswick.CanonizationOF CONTRIBUTORSMike Higton is Senior Lecturer in Theology in theDepartment of Theology at the University ofExeter. Adoptionism, Anhypostasis, Christology,Communicatio Idiomatum, Hans Frei,Homoousios, Hypostasis, Hypostatic Union,Incarnation, Neo-ChalcedonianismMary Catherine Hilkert is Professor in theDepartment of Theology at the University ofNotre Dame. Edward SchillebeeckxHarvey Hill is Associate Professor of Religion atBerry College. ModernismKenneth Einar Himma is Associate Professor ofPhilosophy at Seattle Pacific University.Ontological ArgumentBradford Hinze is Professor of Theology at FordhamUniversity. Tübingen School (Catholic)Andrew Hoffecker is Professor of Church History atReformed Theological Seminary. Charles Hodge,Princeton TheologyChristopher R. J. Holmes is Associate Professor ofTheology and Ethics at Providence TheologicalSeminary. Ludwig FeuerbachEdward Howells is Lecturer in Christian Spiritualityat Heythrop College, University of London.Teresa of AvilaRichard T. Hughes is Senior Fellow of the ErnestL. Boyer Center and Distinguished Professor ofReligion at Messiah College. RestorationismThe Revd Mgr Kevin W. Irwin is Dean of the Schoolof Theology and Religious Studies at the CatholicUniversity of America. EucharistLisa Isherwood is Professor of Feminist LiberationTheologies and Director of the Centre forTheological Partnerships at the University ofWinchester. Queer TheologyTimothy P. Jackson is Professor of Christian Ethicsat the Candler School of Theology, EmoryUniversity. AdoptionPaul D. Janz is Senior Lecturer in SystematicTheology at King’s College London.MetaphysicsWerner G. Jeanrond is Professor of Divinity at theUniversity of Glasgow. HermeneuticsWillis Jenkins is Margaret A. Farley AssistantProfessor of Social Ethics at Yale Divinity School.Dietrich BonhoefferRobin M. Jensen is the Luce Chancellor’s Professorof the History of Christian Art and Worship atVanderbilt University Divinity School. Icons andIconographyix
LISTOF CONTRIBUTORSDarrell Jodock is the Drell and Adeline BernhardsonDistinguished Professor of Religion at GustavusAdolphus College. Adolf von Harnack, Alfred LoisyMark D. Jordan is Richard Reinhold NiebuhrProfessor of Divinity at Harvard Divinity School.Body, SexualityDavid G. Kamitsuka is Associate Professor ofReligion at Oberlin College. G. W. F. HegelJames F. Kay is Joe R. Engle Professor of Homileticsand Liturgics and Director of the Joe R. EngleInstitute of Preaching at Princeton TheologicalSeminary. Rudolf Bultmann, DemythologizationHenry Ansgar Kelly is Professor Emeritus in theDepartment of English at the University ofCalifornia, Los Angeles. DevilDaren Kemp is a Director of Kempress Ltd and CoEditor of the Journal of Alternative Spiritualitiesand New Age Studies. Christian ScienceFergus Kerr, O. P., FRSE, is Honorary Fellow in theSchool of Divinity
Christian History at the Regent University School of Divinity. Perfectionism David B. Burrell, C. S. C., is Hesburgh Professor Emeritus in Philosophy and Theology at the University of Notre Dame and the Uganda Martyrs University. Islam and Christianity Jason Byassee is the Director of the Center for Theology
