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The Daimon in Hellenistic Astrology

Ancient Magicand DivinationEditorsTzvi AbuschAnn K. GuinanNils P. HeeßelFrancesca RochbergFrans A. M. WiggermannVOLUME 11The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/amd

Roman coin, ca. 76 CE, reverse, depicting the Agathos Daimonwearing the double crown of Egypt, with caduceus (left)and wheat ear (right). From the authorʼs collection

The Daimon in HellenisticAstrologyOrigins and InfluenceByDorian Gieseler GreenbaumLEIDEN BOSTON

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataGreenbaum, Dorian Gieseler.The Daimon in Hellenistic astrology : origins and influence / by Dorian Gieseler Greenbaum.pages cm. — (Ancient magic and divination, ISSN 1566-7952 ; volume 11)Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 978-90-04-30620-2 (hardback : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-90-04-30621-9 (e-book)1. Astrology—History. 2. Hellenism. 3. Devil. 4. Demonology. 5. Daimon (The Greek word) I. Title.BF1674.G74 2015133.50938—dc232015028673issn 1566-7952isbn 978-90-04-30620-2 (hardback)isbn 978-90-04-30621-9 (e-book)Copyright 2016 by Koninklijke Brill nv, Leiden, The Netherlands.Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Hes & De Graaf, Brill Nijhoff, Brill Rodopi andHotei Publishing.All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system,or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise,without prior written permission from the publisher.Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill nv providedthat the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive,Suite 910, Danvers, ma 01923, usa. Fees are subject to change.This book is printed on acid-free paper.

In memoriamJosèphe-Henriette Abry (18 July 1944–5 November 2008)Giuseppe Bezza (21 September 1946–18 June 2014)⸪

ContentsAcknowledgements xiList of Figures xivList of Tables xviAbbreviations xviiAstrological Symbols xxivIntroduction 11Why the Daimon and Astrology?2 The Multivalent δαίμων 43 Astrology and the Daimon 54 The Plan of the Book 112Part 1Daimon and Fortune1 Kindled Spirits: The Daimon, Plutarch and Vettius Valens1Plutarch and the Daimon 192The Daimon, Fate, Providence and Astrology 283Vettius Valens’ Daimon and Providence 33172 Keeping in Good Spirits: The Places of Good Daimon and Fortunein Astrology 461Why Tyche and Daimon? Some Cultural and HistoricalBackground 472The Astrological Places of Good Daimon and Good Fortune 503 Twists of Fate: Daimon, Fortune and Astrology in Egypt and the NearEast 771The Agathos Daimon and Agathe Tyche in Egypt (and Beyond) 772 Shai, the Agathos Daimon and Fate 953 Mesopotamian and Egyptian ‘Fate’ 1084 Hie Thee to Hell: The Place of the Bad Daimon 1161A Brief History of Bad Daimons 1162 The Places of Bad Daimon and Bad Fortune in Astrology140

viiicontentsPart 2Gods and Daimons5 Divergent Paths: Daimons and Astrology in Gnosticism andMithraism 1591Religious Dualism in the Air 1602Daimons and Astrology in Gnosticism 1643Daimons and Astrology in Mithraism 1816 Ambivalent Daimons and Astrology 1941Daimons and Astrology in the Magical Papyri 1952Daimons and Astrology in the Hermetica 2093Decans and Daimons 2134Gods and Daimons in Astrological Decans 2237 Porphyry, the Oikodespotēs and the Personal Daimon1Neo-Platonism and the Personal Daimon 2372The Astrological Personal Daimon 2553Porphyry’s Astrological Treatise 266236Part 3Lots and the Daimon8 Allotment, the Daimon and Astrology1Lots in Hellenistic Culture 2802 Lot Doctrine in Astrology 2863 Some Reflections 2992799 Endowment and Chance: The Lots of Fortune and Daimon1The Lots and their Luminaries 3052Calculating the Lots of Fortune and Daimon 3073Variation on a Theme: The Lot of Basis 3094The Lots in Interpretation: Descriptions 3105The Lots in Interpretation: Case Studies 3146Lot Calculation and the Doctrine of Sect 3297The Lots and Length of Life 3308Conclusions 335303

contents10‘Parents of Human Civilisation’: The Lots of Love and NecessityPrologue: Macrobius’s Caduceus 3401Eros and Ananke in Greek Religion and Philosophy: AnOverview 3422The Astrological Lots of Eros and Necessity 3563Interpreting the Lots in Context 378Epilogue: Caduceus Redux 384ix339Conclusion 3891Weaving the Tapestry 3892Following the Threads 3903Tying Off the Threads 395AppendicesAppendix I.A: Basic Techniques of Hellenistic Astrology 399Appendix 2.A: Manilius, Astronomica: Eleventh and Fifth Places 415Appendix 2.B: Paulus Alexandrinus, Introduction: Fifth and EleventhPlaces 417Appendix 3.A: Portions of the Isis Aretalogy from Kyme 420Appendix 4.A: Prayer from the Hygromanteia of Solomon 422Appendix 7.A: Original and Literary Charts that Mention anOikodespotēs 423Appendix 7.B: A Comparison of Antiochus, Introduction, Chapter 28 andPorphyry, Introduction, Chapter 30 439Appendix 7.C: Porphyry, Introduction to the Tetrabiblos, Chapter 30 442Appendix 8.A: Vettius Valens’ Lot Formulae 446Appendix 8.B: Lots according to Antiochus of Athens 447Appendix 8.C: The Fifth Consideration, on Lots: Rhetorius, Chapter 54,‘Investigation of Chart Factors’ 450Appendix 8.D: Lots according to Paulus Alexandrinus andOlympiodorus 455Appendix 9.A: Julius Firmicus Maternus on the ‘Places’ (Lots) of Fortuneand Daemon 460Appendix 9.B: Valens’ Melothesia from the Lots of Fortune andDaimon 468Appendix 9.C: Planetary Years for Time Lords in Vettius Valens (MinorYears of the Planets) 470Appendix 10.A. Orphic Hymns to Eros, Tyche and Daimon 472

xcontentsAppendix 10.B: Formulae for the Lots of Eros and Necessity 475Appendix 10.C: Extant Charts Using the Lots of Eros and NecessityBibliography 483General Index 530Selected Citations Index 551Selected Word Index 569477

AcknowledgementsThe long road from dissertation to book is made easier by the welcome assistance of those one meets along the way. I feel very fortunate to have met somany who have been so generous with their time, knowledge and support. Myfirst thanks must go to my Ph.D. supervisor at the Warburg Institute, CharlesBurnett, whose impeccable scholarship, kindness, generosity and intellectualcuriosity have been a model for me. Next I thank Francesca Rochberg, whopromoted my work for the Magic and Divination Series at Brill, and who isnot only a friend but an exemplar of scholarly ingenuity, resourcefulness andcreativity. Third, I express great gratitude to Stephan Heilen, a leading scholarin the history of astrology today, for his friendship, stimulating discussions onarcane topics of astrology and assistance with Greek translation, which savedme from many an embarrassing error. He has also been a ready resource formanuscript pages when I needed them. Of those who have gone above andbeyond in support, I must also thank Micah Ross, who has been my resourcefor Demotic material, is always willing to read drafts with a critical eye, and hasprovided advice on several of the chapters in this book.In addition to these fine scholars, I owe thanks and gratitude to those whohave helped to supplement my knowledge and stimulate my thinking in fieldsboth within and outside my areas of specific expertise. The interdisciplinarynature of this study required a steep learning curve. The expertise of those inrelated fields was essential, and the conversations with those in my field invaluable. These include Joette Abry, Peter Adamson, Crystal Addey, GiuseppeBezza, Bernadette Brady, Marcia Butchart, Nicholas Campion, Claire Chandler,Geoffrey Cornelius, Darby Costello, Joseph Crane, Patrick Curry, SusanneDenningmann, Leo Depuydt, Meira Epstein, Guido Giglioni, Joseph Greene,Liz Greene, Darrelyn Gunzburg, Bink Hallum, Robert Hand, Nadine Harris,Maggie Hyde, Joanna Komorowska, Marilynn Lawrence, Daryn Lehoux, AttilioMastrocinque, Garry Phillipson, Robert Sharples, Harold Tarrant and JamesWilberding. Naturally, any errors that remain in spite of their assistance andgood advice are my own.I must also thank the anonymous readers at Brill for helpful advice and constructive criticism. In addition I am grateful to Katelyn Chin, my editor at Brill,for all her help.Alexander Jones, Joachim F. Quack, James Wilberding and Andreas Winklergenerously provided me with their unpublished texts. I thank them all.Thanks also goes to Nicholas Campion and the University of Wales TrinitySaint David, my employers, for providing access to electronic databases thatmake my life as a scholar much easier.

xiiacknowledgementsThe intellectual atmosphere at the Warburg Institute provides an amazingenvironment for research, and I thank my fellow students, colleagues and stafffor their advice and support, especially Cornelia Linde and Ulrike Kern. TheInstitute and its library is the best place on earth to work as a scholar.For permission to reprint from copyrighted material, I thank the following.Katharina Legutke, De Gruyter, for generous permission to quote from thefollowing critical editions: Abū Maʿshar, De revolutionibus nativitatum, ed.David Pingree, Leipzig: B. G. Teubner, 1968; Hephaestio, Hephaestio Thebanus.Apotelesmaticorum libri tres, ed. David Pingree, 2 vols, Leipzig: B. G. Teubner,1973; Macrobius, Saturnalia, 2nd ed., ed. James Willis, Macrobius Vol. 1, Stuttgart/Leipzig: B. G. Teubner, 1994; Olympiodorus, Eis ton Paulon Heliodorou .Heliodori, ut dicitur, in Paulum Alexandrinum Commentarium, ed. Emilie Boer,Leipzig: B. G. Teubner, 1962; Paulus Alexandrinus, Elementa Apotelesmatica, ed.Emilie Boer, Leipzig: B. G. Teubner, 1958; Papyri Graecae Magicae. Die griechi schen Zauberpapyri, 2nd ed., ed. and trans. Karl Preisendanz, 2 vols., Stuttgart:B. G. Teubner, 1973–1974; Vettius Valens, Anthologiarum libri novem, ed. DavidPingree, Leipzig: B. G. Teubner, 1986.Shannon McCullough, Johns Hopkins University Press, for permission to quote from The Orphic Hymns, trans., intro. and annot. Apostolos N.Athanassakis and Benjamin M. Wolkow, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UniversityPress, 2013.Ann-Grace Martin, Columbia University Press, for permission to quote fromMacrobius, The Saturnalia, trans. and annot. Percival Vaughan Davies, NewYork: Columbia University Press, 1969.Nicole Tilford, The Society of Biblical Literature, for kind permission to quotefrom Iamblichus, On the Mysteries, ed., trans. and comm. Emma C. Clarke, JohnM. Dillon and Jackson P. Hershbell. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2003.Mary McDonald, The American Philosophical Society, for kind permission to quote from and reproduce an image from O. Neugebauer and H. B.Van Hoesen, Greek Horoscopes. Philadelphia: The American PhilosophicalSociety, 1959, repr. 1987; and to quote from Alexander Jones, ed., trans. andcomm., Astronomical Papyri from Oxyrhynchus. 2 vols. Philadelphia: AmericanPhilosophical Society, 1999.Terry Miosi, Lyn Green and the Society for the Study of Egyptian Antiquitiesfor kind permission to quote from F. T. Miosi, ‘God, Fate and Free Will inEgyptian Wisdom Literature’, in Studies in Philology in Honour of Ronald JamesWilliams: A Festschrift, eds Gerald E. Kadish and Geoffrey E. Freeman, 69–111,Vol. 3, SSEA Publications, Toronto: Benben Publications, 1982.Permission to reproduce other images will appear with the image in the text.

acknowledgementsxiiiIn addition, I must mention, again, two scholars whom I can no longerthank in person, but whose advice was invaluable and whose scholarship andfriendship will be missed, Josèphe-Henriette Abry and Giuseppe Bezza. Thisvolume is dedicated to their memory.Finally, this book could not have been written without the support of myfamily, especially my husband, Don. He has cheerfully put up with more thanhe should have had to during the years it has taken to write this book, and I feelexceedingly lucky and grateful that he is in my life.Dorian Gieseler GreenbaumDuxbury, Massachusetts and LondonMay 2015