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Renewable Energy 101Andy Walker, PhD PEPrincipal Engineer, NRELRenewable Energy Round TableMarch 27, 2012NREL/PR-7A40-54593NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC.

Outline RE PolicyoLawsExecutive Orders RE TechnologiesoooooOperating PrincipleCost and PerformanceIncentivesCase StudiesHelpful ResourcesPhoto by John De La Rosa, NREL/PIX 19978oPhoto by Dennis Schroeder, NREL/PIX 19200 Integration IssuesooNet Zero and BeyondRE Project PlanningPhoto by Corey Patrick, NREL/PIX 165802

Renewable Energy Policy

What is the Federal Definition of Renewable Energy?Electric energy generated from: Solar Wind Biomass Landfill gas Ocean (including tidal, wave, current, and thermal) Geothermal Municipal solid waste New hydroelectric generation capacity achieved fromincreased efficiency or additions of new capacity at anexisting hydroelectric projectoEPAct 20054

Renewable Energy TechnologiesPhotovoltaicsWind PowerSolar Water HeatingPhoto by David Hicks, NREL/PIX 18455Photo by Joe Ryan, NREL/PIX 19691Photo from City of San Jose, NREL/PIX 19487Solar Vent Air PreheatConcentrating SolarHeat/PowerBiomass Heat/PowerPhoto by Warren Gretz, NREL/PIX 00595DaylightingPhoto by Geri Kodey NREL/PIX 14380Photo by Kim Yost, NREL/PIX 11915Ground Source Heat PumpLandfill GasPhoto by Devin Egan, NREL/PIX 17440Photo by Warren Gretz, NREL/PIX 03793Photo by Joe Ryan, NREL/PIX 194245

LegislationEPAct 2005 Not less than 5% of electricityconsumed by the Federalgovernment must come fromrenewable energy in fiscal years2010-2012 Not less than 7.5% in fiscal year2013 and thereafter Renewable energy projectsprovide bonuses if energy is:produced on Federal lands andused at a Federal facility; oro produced on Native American landand used at a Federal facility.o6

LegislationEISA 2007 30% solar hot water innew buildings 0% fossil fuels by 2030in new buildings 40 year analysis periodfor RE Facilitates ESPC for RE7

Executive Orders Executive Order.13423½ of RE goal must be“new”o Thermal counts in ½new requiremento Executive Order 13514 GHG accounting andsustainability plans8

Guidance Available from FEMP For on-site projects, agencymustretain or replace RECs toshow use Simply hosting a renewableproject without RECs doesnot help meet Federal goals Excludes system mix energyand energy used to meetstate RPS requirements Rules are stricter for GHGaccounting than for EPACT05 accountingwww1.eere.energy.gov/femp/pdfs/epact05 fedrenewenergyguid.pdf9

Energy EfficiencyRenewable EnergyAny questions?10

EE RE 0Conventional energy useQuantityofEnergyRenewable energy useConventional EfficientIntegratedefficiency &renewableNet ZeroStrive for 40-70% energy reduction 1 spent on EE lighting 6 of PV (an NPS project) 1 spent on EE refrigeration 2 of PV (an NPS project) 1 spent on EE 2 spent on RE (EIA Press ReleaseAug 2011)1111

EE RE Example: Camp Smith, HIARRA/FEMP AssessmentPNNL evaluated EE measuresNREL evaluated RE measures9000080000Annual Energy (million BTU)7000060000Solar Hot ic300002000010000Photo by DOE Federal Energy ManagementProgram (FEMP), NREL/PIX 172540BaseCaseEE CaseRE CaseEE RE Case12

Photovoltaics

Photovoltaics (PV) Photovoltaic cellsdirectly transformsolar energy to anelectrical energy DC converted to AC byinverter Solid‐state electronics,no‐moving partsPhoto from MREA, NREL/PIX 1870714

Grid Connect PV SystemImage by Al Hicks, NREL15

Flat Plate PV SystemsArizona Public Service, Prescott, AZDangling Rope Marina, Glen CanyonNational Recreation Area, UTPhoto from Arizona Public Service, NREL/PIX 13739Alamosa PV System, Alamosa, COPhoto by Warren Gretz, NREL/PIX 07990 5 – 10 acres per MW for PV systems Land can be left as is or gradedPhoto by Tom Stoffel, NREL/PIX 1555816

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Concentrating PV SystemsReflectivePhoto from David Parsons, NREL/PIX 0663918

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Module Price ( /Watt)Price of PV Modules3530252015105 5.0001970 4.0019801990200020102020 3.00 2.00Year 1.00 0.00200520062007Global Module Price Index2008200920102011Aug. '11 Reported Chinese c-Si Price20

PV Cost, O&M, and EfficiencyPV System TypeGround Mounted FixedGround Mounted TrackingEfficiency Power Out/Power InModuleEfficienciesSingle Crystal14-19%Multi Crystal13-17%Thin Film6-11%Balance of System EfficiencyAnnual O&MCost as aPercentage ofInstalled Cost0.17%0.35%Efficiency vs. Size– 1 kW of 15% eff. crystalline– 1 kW of 9.5 % eff. amorphous– 1 kW of 19.3% eff. hybrid71ft299ft255ft277%21

PV Operation and MaintenanceTuscon Electric Power Data PROGRESS IN PHOTOVOLTAICS: RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONSProg. Photovolt: Res. Appl. 2008; 16:249–259Published online 3 December 2007 in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com) DOI: 10.1002/pip.80022

Veterans Administration Jerry L. Pettis Memorial MedicalCenter in Loma Linda, CA 309 kWdc 1,584 PV modules SunLink racks minimum roofpenetration Advanced Energy Solaron333kW inverter Feasibility Study by NRELestimates:475 MWh/year delivery; 60k/year savings; 2.9millioncost without any incentives Procured off GSA Scheduleforcomplete PV systems23

Results Veterans Administration Loma Linda, CA24

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Where to Install Solar On the “Built Environment” where unshadedoOn existing building roofs that have an expected life of at least 15more years and can accept added load. Reduces solar load on building.NEPA categorical exclusion.oOn ALL new buildings – all new building should be “solar ready”– See http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy10osti/46078.pdfoOver parking areas, pedestrian paths, etc. – energy generation andnice amenity. On compromised lands such as landfills & brownfields.oSaves green fields for nature.oIF installed on green fields minimize site disturbance, plant native lowheight vegetation as needed.27

Customs and Border Protection Solar-Powered SBInet TowersSecure the U.S. SouthwestBorderoooSolar panelsBattery systemPropane-fueled backup generator Federal funding andappropriations covered theinstallation costs and continuesto cover testing andmaintenance costs.28

Photovoltaics Resources Solar Energy ResourcesoNRELoFirstlookoTMY or Weather Data– http://firstlook.3tiergroup.com/– http://rredc.nrel.gov/solar/old data/nsrdb/1991-2005/tmy3/State and Utility Incentives and Utility Policieso – olar PV Analytical ToolsoSolar Advisor Model (SAM)oHOMERoPVWattsoRETScreenoIMBY– https://www.nrel.gov/analysis/sam/– https://analysis.nrel.gov/homer/– http://www.nrel.gov/rredc/pvwatts/– http://www.retscreen.net/– http://www.nrel.gov/eis/imby/29

Solar Water Heating

Solar Water Heating Applications Low TemperatureoSwimming poolheating Medium TemperatureoPhoto from Gen-Con, Inc., NREL/PIX 09320ooDomestic water andspace heatingCommercial cafeterias,laundries, hotelsIndustrial processheating High TemperaturePhoto by Amy Glickson, NREL/PIX 14167ooIndustrial processheatingElectricity generationPhoto from Alan Ford, NREL/PIX 0950131

Solar Thermal Collector Types32

Solar Water Heating System33

Solar Water Heating System CostAverage:Around 150/sf34

USCG Housing, Honolulu HI 62 units installed 1998 Savings of 9,700 kWh/yrand 822/yr per system 4000/system cost Simple payback of 4 years(with rebate)35

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Solar Water Heating Resources Design Toolso – http://www.retscreen.net/ang/g solarw.phpFchart – Active and Passive Systems Analysiso RETScreen - Solar Hot Waterhttp://www.fchart.com/fchart/ResourcesoDOE Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Solar Energy Technologies ProgramoFEMP Federal Technology AlertsoFEMP Case StudiesoResource mapsoSolar Radiation Data Manual– http://www1.eere.energy.gov/solar/solar heating.html– www.eere.energy.gov/femp/pdfs/FTA solwat heat.pdf– www.eere.energy.gov/femp/pdfs/FTA para trough.pdf– www.eere.energy.gov/femp/technologies/renewable casestudies.html– http://www.nrel.gov/gis/solar.html– http://rredc.nrel.gov/solar/pubs/redbook37

Concentrating Solar Power

Concentrating Solar Power TechnologyTowerPhoto by Hugh Reilly, NREL/PIX 02186Mirrors are used to reflectand concentrate sunlightonto receivers that collectthis solar energy andconvert it to heat.TroughDishPhoto from Sandia, NREL/PIX 08469Photo by Warren Gretz, NREL/PIX 0032739

CSP Applications Typically utility-scaleapplications Heat from CSPoGenerate hot water orsteam SteamoGenerate electricityPhoto by Geri Kodey, NREL/PIX 1438340

RE in ESPC ExampleConcentrating Solar Thermal (Industrial Process Heat)Federal Correctional Institution - Phoenix, AZMonth Energy and Cost SavingsTotal Delivered Heat(million prMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecMonth 17,040 square feet of parabolic trough collectors 23,000 gallon storage tank Installed cost of 650,000 Delivered 1,161,803 kWh in 1999 (87.1% of the water heating load). Saved 77,805 in 1999 Utility Costs41

Solar Ventilation Air Pre-heat

Project Considerations Panels are aluminum or steel Roll-punch slots with three porosity options Corrugated to increase structural rigidityPhoto by Warren Gretz, NREL/PIX 14383 High outdoor air ventilation requirement in heating dominated climate South-facing wall surface is besto45 of south gives 80%oEspecially during low winter sun anglesoBlack is best, other colors have efficiency loss up to 10% Unshaded surface Dark collector color43

Solar Vent Preheat PrincipleBoundarylayer4 - 6 in. Sun warms the collectorsurface Heat conducts fromcollector surface to thermalboundary layer of air (1mm thick) Boundary layer is drawninto perforation by fanpressure before heat canescape by convectionSolar wall South wall44

System Components Transpired solarcollectoroPerforated sheet ofcorrugated metal Air distributionoDuctwork, fan andbypass damper ControlsoTemperature andtimeclock, or EMCS45

Solar Vent Preheat Resource46

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Solar Ventilation Air Preheating: EPA Lab (Golden, CO) Hazardous materialstorage building Installed in 2001 296 sf, 2000 cfm 58% measuredefficiency Saves 60 Mil Btu/yr and 450/yr of natural gas Payback 13 years48

Advantages Relatively low cost for on-site renewable energy utilization Reliability of equipment and system– Only moving part is the fan– Operates at ambient temperature Very low maintenance High efficiency No storagePhoto by Patrick Corkery, NREL/PIX 17424Photo by Dennis Schroeder, NREL/PIX 1782549

Solar Vent Preheat Resources FEMP Federal Technology Alertoowww.eere.energy.gov/femp/pdfs/FTA trans coll.pdfSolar Ventilation Preheating Resources and Technologies NREL– wable svp.htmloSolar Process HeatoSolar Space Heating Maps– http://www.nrel.gov/learning/re solar process.html– http://www.nrel.gov/gis/femp.html#space Conserval Systems, Inc.: SOLARWALL www.americansolar.comowww.retscreen.net ATAS International, Inc.: InSpire American Solar Inc.: Solar Thermal Tile System RETScreen International Clean Energy Project Analysis Software50

Passive Solar in NewConstruction

Passive Solar Types:oo oDirect GainSunspaceThermal Storage Wall (Trombe Wall)For new construction, in areas with low internal heat gainSouth-facing Solar AperturesAdded thermal mass to absorb heat and release at nightControls such as operable shades and windowsTrombe Wall, NREL. Photo by Warren Gretz,NREL/PIX 01693,52

Daylighting Lighting accounts for 25% oftotal electricity used inFederal sector Daylighting uses windows &skylights in conjunction withautomatic light controls tominimize the need for electriclighting during daylight hours Daylighting combined withlighting controls can reducelighting energy consumptionby 40 ‐60%53

Wind

Wind Sizes and ApplicationsSmall ( 10 kW) Homes Farms Remote Applications(e.g. water pumping,telecom sites,icemaking)Intermediate(10-250 kW) Village Power Schools,businesses Hybrid Systems Distributed PowerLarge (660 kW - 2 MW) Central Station Wind Farms Distributed Power Community Wind55

Wind Generationin the U.S.56

Warren Air Force Base, Cheyenne 600 kW wind turbines 2.5 million installed Generates energy topower 522 households onbase Avoids 5,000 tons/year inGHG emissions Saves 3 million in energycostsover 20 years Additional capacityplanned57