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SSRSecurity Sector ReformSSTSpace Surveillance and TrackingSTRATCOM Strategic )V4VPVUCAWPSYESTTroop Contributing NationTreaty on European UnionTreaty on the Functioning of theEuropean UnionWorking Party on TerrorismUUnited KingdomUnited NationsUnited Nations General AssemblyUnited Nations Interim Administration Mission in KosovoUnited Nations Security Council(Resolution)United States (of America)VVisegrad GroupVice-President (of the EuropeanCommission)Volatility, Uncertainty, Complexity and AmbiguityWWomen, peace and securityYYearbook of European Security(EUISS)9

The need for a strong European Union hasnever been perceived so acutely as it is today.None of our Member States – alone – has theresources to stabilise fragile countries around ourborders, prevent the next refugee crisis, or createa safe environment for our economies to thrive.But as a Union of almost half a billion citizens,we are the first economic and trade power in theworld, the largest investor in development cooperation and humanitarian aid, and a global security provider.More and more, our partners around the worldsee us as an ‘indispensable power’ to build a morecooperative world order. The citizens and the governments of Europe, on their side, increasinglyrealise that European security, too, can only beguaranteed through a collective effort.It is in this context that I presented a GlobalStrategy for our foreign and security policy, anda package of concrete measures to move towardsa true Union of security and defence – a package that has now been endorsed by the EuropeanCouncil. We are finally building the conditionsto make full use of the tools at our disposal. TheGlobal Strategy and its implementation processaims precisely at that goal.Of course, we do not start from scratch. Ourmissions and operations around the world are awell-established reality. I could not imagine ourexternal action without Operation Sophia, fighting against human traffickers and saving lives in10EC - Audiovisual Service/Jennifer JacquemartFOREWORDthe Mediterranean; or without Operation Atalanta, which has successfully contained piracy offthe Horn of Africa; or the EUCAP Sahel missions, supporting local security forces in one ofthe most strategically important regions in ourwider neighbourhood.To preserve these successes and expand ourCommon Security and Defence Policy, we mustprovide our personnel with the best training andeducation. The European Security and DefenceCollege, supported by Member States’ commitments, provides first-class training to the EUcivilian and military staff, by addressing real-timetraining needs and requirements. This handbook gives an excellent overview of our CSDP.Recognised experts from Europe provided theirexpertise to contribute to this new edition, whichwas again published by the Austrian Ministry ofDefence and Sports.Only if we understand our strength – whatwe do best and what we could do better – willwe be able to reform our Union. In a momentwhen the very essence of the European project isbeing questioned, we need to demonstrate thatour Union can truly deliver on our citizens’ needs.Heading towards a real European Union of security and defence has never been so important.Federica MogheriniHigh Representative of the Unionfor Foreign Affairs and Security Policy

Ricardo HerrgottFOREWORDThe Common Security and Defence Policy is the‘business card’ of the European Union in crisis andconflict areas. When this policy field became operational in 2003, its main goal was to strengthen thecrisis management toolbox using military and civilian means. Fourteen years later, CSDP plays a leading role within the comprehensive approach of theEuropean Union, complementing other tools suchas development cooperation, financial support anddiplomatic and conflict prevention measures.With over 30 missions and operations aroundthe world, the European Union has proven to be aglobal and reliable actor. The Union and its Member States did not reinvent the wheel, but ratherimplemented good practices, learned lessonsand followed a value-based crisis managementapproach. Most of the missions and operations canbe seen as part of the broader picture of securitysector reform, which bring only a few ‘quick wins’.However, the focus is on long-term objectives.Security is a field that is constantly developing:challenges emerge, new tasks are allotted, priorities shift. Taking this assessment as a startingpoint, the strategic guidance offered by the recentEU Global Strategy, which aims to be a ‘GlobalStrategy to promote our citizens’ interests’, is ofutmost importance. According to the latest Eurobarometer survey, citizens are mainly interestedin two topics at the European level: tackling themigration challenge and countering the threatof terrorism. In order to maintain our credibility within the EU territory as well as outside ofit, the EU must find ways to convince citizens ofthe added value of working together at the European level, of pooling our resources and of stand-ing together when our way of life is threatened.The challenges faced by European countries todaycannot be solved on a national, stand-alone basis.The European Union is tasked with presentingsolutions. In the current implementation phase ofthe Global Strategy, we have to ‘think global, andact European’.The European Union, its Member States andits citizens must regain their common vision. Thiscommon vision can be found by reinforcing ourcommon European security culture, allowing usto benefit from the joint situational awarenessthat will lead to common action and a unifiedEurope in a better world.The European Security and Defence College(ESDC) has a leading role in establishing such asecurity culture. With more than 12,000 alumni,the ESDC has demonstrated its tremendous valueto the European project in the past. Training andeducation is the foundation of a successful Common Security and Defence Policy, hence the basisfor a reliable European ‘business card’.I am happy that Austria is the main supporterof the ESDC. This handbook series is an exemplary means of transferring knowledge, sharingbest practices and stimulating discussions onCSDP-related subjects. I wish the readers of thispublication all the best in their professional work,good luck in future deployments in CSDP missions and a pleasant experience reading the articlesby various European experts on security issues.Hans Peter DoskozilFederal Minister of Defence and Sportsof the Republic of Austria11

Ministry of Defence/CyprusFOREWORDToday, more than ever before in its history,the European Union is faced with unprecedentedsecurity threats that challenge the very essence ofEuropean civilisation and our open democraticsocieties. It is therefore high time for decisionsthat respond to these challenges efficiently andcomprehensively, coming up to the expectationsof our citizens.In this context, the EU Global Strategy sets outa new level of ambition for a stronger and saferEurope. Furthermore, the Implementation Planon Security and Defence, as well as the EuropeanDefence Action Plan, constitute decisive stepstowards an enhanced European defence and security architecture.Located in a geostrategic region of great instability, Cyprus is firmly committed to promotingthe collective security of Europe in these demanding times that call for common action.12This new level of ambition for CSDP necessitates the promotion of a common security anddefence culture based upon our shared values,ideals and security interests. Investing in systematic education and training is a prerequisite forachieving this goal. In this regard, the role of theEuropean Security and Defence College is crucial.Cyprus actively supports the prominent workand the educational initiatives of the ESDC,including the publication of the present Handbook.I am convinced that it will be an invaluabletool for decision-makers and all those who wantto deepen their understanding and knowledge ofthe Common Security and Defence Policy, andwill thus contribute to advancing the wider goalof a common defence culture.Christoforos Fokaides,Minister of Defenceof the Republic of Cyprus

Ministry of Defence/AustriaPREFACEIn 2017, seven years after the first editionof the ‘Handbook on CSDP’, it is time for acompletely revised version of the most popularESDC publication in the handbook series.Federica Mogherini is the third High Repre sentative of the European Union for ForeignAffairs and Security Policy and the second womanto hold this position. She has brought newmomentum to the Common Foreign and Securit y Policy, which has been driven by numerouschallenges both inside and outside the EuropeanUnion. Migration, terrorism and cyber securitycan be included within the most demandingissues that require ‘united action’ and a ‘strongerEurope’.Only six months after its publication, the EUGlobal Strategy is already the reference document for all foreign and security-related workwithin the EU institutions and the EU Member States. Security and defence form the cornerstones for new developments which shouldhelp address the challenges ahead. Strategies andaction plans have been drafted which will helpensure that that there is an even more effectiveand efficient Common Security and DefencePolicy for the future.However, changes were not only evident onthe European stage. The editorship of this handbook is also new. In the past, I co-edited thishandbook with Mr. Hans-Bernhard Weisserth,who retired in spring 2015 after several years ofsuccessful service for the European Union as thefirst Head of the European Security and DefenceCollege (ESDC).Fortunately, the Austrian Ministry of Defenceand Sports as well as the new Head of the ESDC,Mr. Dirk Dubois, remained committed to thepublication of this handbook. With Cyprus,the handbook series welcomed a new partner onboard.In this preface, I would like to repeat what Ihave already stated in previous editions of thehandbook, namely that such a publication canonly be possible with the help of a team of ableand willing experts, who are prepared to sharetheir experience and expertise. Saying ‘ThankYou’ is only a small sign of appreciation fortheir tremendous contribution, not only in thetransfer of knowledge but also in facilitating theestablishment of a Common European SecurityCulture.I would, in particular, like to thank: LtGen Günter Höfler, Head of the AustrianMilitary Representation in Brussels and histeam; MajGen Johann Frank, Defence Policy Director of the Austrian Ministry of Defenceand Sports and his Directorate for SecurityPolicy; Mr Oliver Rentschler, Deputy Head of theCabinet of Ms Federica Mogherini;13

Mr Gabor Iklody, Director of the Crisis Management and Planning Directorate; the English editing service of the GeneralSecre tariat of the Council; Mr Roman Bartolomay, Head of the AustrianPrinting Shop and his team, in particular MrLastly, I am more than grateful for the supportof my family, my wife Bernadeta and my children Julia and Maximilian. I would like to thankthem for their patience and understanding, inparticular during the Christmas season.I hope that the third edition of the ‘Handbookon CSDP’ will meet your expectations and willagain serve as a reference document for the present and future experts on the Common Securityand Defence Policy.Jochen RehrlJochen Rehrl (ed.): Handbook FoR dECISIon MakERSJochen rehrl, Galia Glume (eds): Handbook on MISSIonS and operatIonS my colleagues in the ESDC Secretariat: MrMario Marmo, Ms Irene Eich, Mr SymeonZambas, Ms Charlotta Ahlmark, Mr OvidiuSimina and Ms Ewelina Miazga.-3-902275-42-4HandbookHandbookMISSIonSand operatIonSFoRdECISIon MakERSthe CommoN SeCurIty aNd defeNCe PolICyof the euroPeaN uNIoNthe CommoN SeCurIty aNd defeNCe PolICyof the euroPeaN uNIoNISBN: 978-3-902275-35-6TheTheThe latest handbook onHANDBOOK ON CSDPMISSIONS AND OPERATIONSHANDBOOK FORDECISION MAKERSMIGRATION –HOW CSDP CAN SUPPORTtargets the personnel deployed in the field. It describes thestructures and procedures witha focus on the implementationof the mission mandate. It summarises the principles and guidelines of CSDP engagements.targets the strategic and operational leadership level for CSDPengagements abroad. It providesan overview of the Common Security and Defence Policy. Thehandbook provides some skillsfor decision makers, such as negotiation techniques, mediationand conflict analysis.was published in the aftermathof a high-level conference on13 September 2016 in Brussels.It includes articles from recognised European academics andpractitioners as well as a compendium of various factsheetson migration from the EuropeanCommission, the European Parliament and the European External Action Service.Jochen Rehrl, Galia Glume (ed.):Handbook on missions andoperations. Vienna, 2015.ISBN: 978-92-95201-07-114Jochen Rehrl (ed.): Handbook forDecision Makers. Vienna, 2014.ISBN: 978-92-95201-09-5Sven Biscop, Jochen Rehrl (ed.):Migration – How CSDP can support. Vienna, 2016.ISBN: 978-3-902275-45-5

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HANDBOOK ON CSDP1.1. HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF CSDPPhoto: Austrian Armed Forcesby Gustav LindstromThe success story of the Common European Security and Defence Policy started at the informalEuropean Council in Pörtschach in October 1998 during the Austrian Council Presidency:In the picture, 1st row: António Guterres (PT), Tony Blair (UK), Jacques Santer (EU), Martti Ahtisaari (FI),Viktor Klima (AT), Jacques Chirac (FR), Gerhard Schröder (DE), Paavo Lipponen (FI), Lionel Jospin (FR);2nd row: Jean-Claude Juncker (LU), Bertie Ahern (IE), Costas Simitis (GR), José Maria Aznar (ES),Göran Persson (SE), Jean-Luc Dehaene (BE), Poul Nyrup Rasmussen (DK), Massimo D’Alema (IT),Wim Kok (NL).The origins of Europe’s security and defencearchitecture can be traced back to the years following World War II. Beginning in the late 1940s,several initiatives facilitated increased cooperationacross Europe. Examples include the signing ofthe Brussels Treaty (1948) – sowing the seeds fora Western European Union – and the creationof the European Coal and Steel Community in1951, placing strategic resources under a supranational authority.In the late 1960s, the European Community(EC) began to explore ways to harmonise members’ foreign policies. At The Hague Summit, heldin December 1969, European leaders instructedtheir foreign ministers to examine the feasibility of closer integration in the political domain.16In response, the concept of European PoliticalCooperation (EPC) was presented in the October1970 Davignon Report. The report defined EPC’sobjectives, including the harmonisation of positions, consultation and, when appropriate, common actions. It also listed specific processes, suchas six-monthly meetings of the Foreign AffairsMinisters, as well quarterly meetings for the Political Directors forming the Political Committee.Overall, EPC aimed to facilitate the consultationprocess among EC Member States.EPC served as the foundation for the Common Foreign and Security Policy introduced inthe Maastricht Treaty. With its entry into force on1 November 1993, it created a single institutionalframework, the European Union, based on three

Javier Solana was the first High Representative of theropean Union and held this position for 10 years(1999–2009).management, including peacema

AMIS African Union Mission in Sudan AMISOM African Union Mission in Somalia APF African Peace Facility ARF ASEAN Regional Forum ARGUS Secure Rapid General Alert System ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations ASEM Asia-Europe Meeting AU African Union B BENELUX Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxem-bourg BG Battle Group BIS Budgetary Impact .