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8various colleges began organizing this friendly competitioninto structured programs which grew in popularity.In regardto this, Beeman and Humphrey (3) stated that fraternities,since they are permanent in nature, began to take charge oforganizing and conducting intramurals at their colleges.Later on, the colleges began to organize actual intramuraldepartments with a director.Another area that provided for the growth of intramuralprograms according to Mueller and Mitchell (24)of war veterans to schools.was the returnThe veterans were anxious to con-tinue the organized sports competition they had taken part inAs was stated in the Navalduring their military service.Aviation Physical Training Manual (28),many aspects of themilitary sports program could be and were adapted to a peacetime intramural program.The large number of these veteransinterested in intramurals helped the college programs growconsiderably.General education in America today should include educational pursuits for the body as well as the mind.Kleindienst and Weston (17, p. 13) stated, "Recreation inschools and colleges,and recreation,has inherent educationaltransform the mental,itiesas found in the programs of intramuralsphysical,values which canemotional,and social qual-of an individual to approach more closely the ideal ofthe educated man."Accordingto Beeman and Humphrey(3),educational institutions are obligated to provide intramural

9activities which enrich student opportunities and experiences.Kidd, et al. (16) wrote a position paper for the PhysicalEducation Division of the American Alliance for Health,Physical Education and Recreation in which they recommendedintramural sports be provided for all students with competition as equal as possible.They further recommended thatfinancing for these programs and additional personnel shouldbe provided by local boards of education.Rokosz (27, p. 13)said, "The best and most consistent means of financing a program is through a standard budget, which utilizes funds fromfunds of the insti-student fees or the regular operatingtution."A report in 1955 by the American Association for Health,Physical Education,and Recreation (1,pp. 2-3)indicatedthat participation in intramurals contribute to student'sThese four areas arewell-being in four different areas."The development of an environment in which sound principlesof living function;.Theenrichmentof the individual's per-sonality; The contribution to improved health and safetystandards;and, The social gains made possible throughparticipation."Leavitt and Price (18)pointed out that the whole childgoes to school and is affected by allof his daily experi-ences both inside and outside class.They feel intramuralsincrease the individual's physical,social,and emotional

10growth.The student is free to participate voluntarily whichhelps him or her develop a positive attitude toward the pro-gram.Mitchell (23) also emphasized that sports seem to havea universal appeal to all ages, and school age children enjoyparticipating in intramural sports and engaging in friendlycompetition with their fellow students.Hyatt (14, p. 58)stated that, "The objective of an intramural program at thesenior high school level is to provide a wide variety ofactivities, so as to encourage mass participation in team andindividual sports."Mitchell further stated that rules havebeen modified in many sports to fit the intramural programso that more students can be involved in an activity.According to Bucher (5), the objectives of these intramural activities should include areas of health,social development and recreation.skill,Development in these fourareas is essential for the child's total well-being.ANational Intramural Sports Task Force (26) also set areas ofobjectives which are similar to Bucher's objectives.TheTask Force further indicated a need for qualified leadershipand good student workers.Matthews (21)offered some good ideas on ways that highschools can get some assistance in planning, promoting,administering their intramural programs.quiring allto takeandHe suggested re-physical education majors and minors in collegea complete course in intramural administration.He

11further suggested taking surveys to determine the needs ofthe high school intramural programs and placing studentteachers in the schools to help start new programs.Thus,there would be some trained personnel to deal with specificproblems.The number of students actually involved, the extent andtype of programming, facilities, and budgeting for intramuralprograms in schools are factors of interest to educators allacross the country.In further surveying the literature,studies pertaining to various aspects of intramural sportswere found.A study was done by Maas(19)pertaining to intramuralsports activities in Iowa high schools.Maas found that,overall, intramural sports programs have decreased over thepast sixteen years mainly due to conflict with interscholastic sports, lack of facilities, and lack of time.DeNike (8)also did a study of several aspects on intra-mural programming in high schools.He discovered that a vastmajority of the programs were conducted by the physical edu-cation department with physical education department funds,and that facilitieswere shared with physical education andathletics.Other studies by Cox (7)and Brient (4)indicated goodprograms were being offered to students whenever possible;however, facilities,budgeting, and conflicts with athleticswere again major problems encountered.Jordan (15)surveyed

12intramural sports programs for boys in Georgia high schoolsand basically found them adequate.Based on his findings, hemade some suggestions regarding having better prepared programdirectors,broader program content,and more and better facil-ities.Specifically in Texas, Hewatt (11) studied girls' intramural programs in selected Texas high schools.She found inher study that most schools did provide a program and thatboth team and individual sports were offered.She also foundan increased interest in intramural sport activities in theseschools which served as an incentive in programming.Hyatt (13) believes successful intramural programs canbe provided by the schools.He feels schools with good pro-grams can serve as models for the schools that do not haveprograms.Hyatt reported the results of an N.I.S.C.survey of high schools in the United States.(AAHPER)The intramuralprograms described are varied, and most are designed for allof the students, not just a select few.above report, the Health, Education,Regulation (9, p. 24128) states:In addition to theand Welfare's Title IX"No person in the UnitedStates shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of,or be subjected toceiving Federal financial assistance.Hyatt(12, p.of intramural39)."discrimination under any education program or activity re-stressed the importanceprogramming in his statement,of evaluation"The areas of

13planning,staffing, budgeting,facilities, maintenance,awards, policies, special events,and a whole range of admin-istrative details should be covered in an evaluation process."He concluded that both administrators and students want toknow how a program is progressing throughout the school year.Guidelines for evaluating intramural programs were alsogiven by Gerou (10) and Matthews (20).They recommended theuse of questionnaires, discussions, interviews, and generallytalking with the participants to learn everything possibleabout how the program is progressing.Gerou (10, p. 240)indicated, "Such interaction will also generate interestamong the participants if they see you are sincerely interested in meeting their needs."Matthews (20,p. 30) concurredwhen he said, "The purpose of evaluation is to insure thatthe existing program is meeting the needs of boys and girls."Information pertaining to intramural programs can beobtained from school administrators using the survey technique.According to Clarke and Clarke (6, p. 102), "Thepurpose of the broad survey is to obtain responses and reactions from a large number of individuals who could not beinterviewed personally within a short period of time andwithout considerable expense."Clarke and Clarke (6, p. 103)further indicated that the main element of the survey is thequestionnaire,and stated that "The investigator should takegreat care in developing an instrument that will assure anadequate reply and will result in meaningful data."

CHAPTER BIBLIOGRAPHY1.American Association for Health, Physical Education,Recreation,andIntramural Sports for College Men andWomen, revised ed., Washington, D. C., 1964.2.Anderson, Don R., "Intramural Sports in a ChangingSociety," Journal of Health, Physical Education andRecreation, Vol. 42, November-December, 1971, p. 67.3.Beeman, Harris F. and James H. Humphrey, IntramuralSports:A Text and Study Guide, Dubuque,Iowa,William C. Brown Company, 195T.4.Brient, Ellen Louise,"Organized Recreation in the Juniorand Senior High School at Radford School for Girls,El Paso, Texas," Unpublished Master's Thesis,Graduate Division, Department of Health, PhysicalEducation, and Recreation, Texas College for Women,1957.5.Bucher, Charles A., Administration of Health and PhysicalEducation Programs Including Athletics, Saint Louis,Missouri, C. V. Mosby Company, 1975.6.Clarke, David H. and H. Harrison Clarke, Research Processes in Physical Education, Recreation, and Health,Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, Prentice-Hall, Inc.,1970.7.Cox, Helen M., "A Study of the Recreation for the StudentsSponsored by Their Public Senior High Schools in SixSouth-Central States," Unpublished Master's Thesis,Graduate Division, Department of Health, PhysicalEducation, and Recreation, Texas State College forWomen, 1950.8.DeNike, Howard R., "How Good is Your Intramural Program?"The Physical Educator, No. 2, XXII, October 1965,pp. 117-118.9.Department of Health, Education, and Welfare:"Nondiscrimination on Basis of Sex," Federal Register, Washington,D. C. , Vol. 40, No. 108, Wednesday, June 4, 1975,pp. 24128-24145.10.Gerou, Nancy E., Complete Guide to Administering theIntramural Program, West Nyack, New York, ParkerPublishing Co., Inc., 1976.14

1511.Hewatt, Carolyn, "A Study of the Girl's IntramuralProgram in Selected High Schools in Texas,"Unpublished Master's Thesis, University of Texas,1955.12.Hyatt, Ronald W., "Evaluation in Intramurals,"Journalof Health, Physical Education and Recreation, Vol.42, No. 6, June, 1971, pp. 39-40.13.Hyatt, Ronald W., "The Intramural Story," Journal ofHealth, Physical Education and Recreation, Vol. 45,No. 3, March, 1974, pp. 39-53.14.Hyatt, Ronald W., Intramural Sports, Organization andAdministration, Saint Louis, Missouri, The C. V.Mosby Company, 1977.15.Jordan, Willie J., "A Study of Intramural Sports forBoys in Selected Georgia High Schools," UnpublishedMaster's Thesis, Springfield College, 1970.16.Kidd, Frances M., Theodore T. Abel, Lucille Burkett,Thomas Martin, Paul Smith, and Frank R. Williams,"Guidelines for Secondary School Physical Education,"A Position Paper, Journal of Health, PhysicalEducation, and Recreation, Vol.72, No. 4, April,1971, pp. 47-50.17.Kleindienst, Viola and Arthur Weston, Intramural andRecreation Programs for Schools and Colleges, NewYork, New York, Appleton-Century-Crofts,18.1964.Leavitt, Norma M. and Hartley D. Price, Intramural andRecreational Sports for High Schools and Colleges,2nd Edition, New York, New York, The Ronald PressCompany, 1958.19.Maas, Gerry, "Survey of Intramural Sports Programs inIowa High Schools," 28th Annual Conference Proceedings of the National Intramural-RecreationalSports Association, National Intramural-RecreationalSports Association Convention, Boston,Massachusetts,1977.20.Matthews, David 0., Intramurals for the Junior High1964.School, Athletic Institute,21.Matthews, David 0., "The Responsibility of Colleges forHigh School Intramural Programs," Journal of theNational Intramural Recreational Sports Association,March, 1977,pp. 36-37.

1622.Their Organization andMeans, Louis E., Intramurals:Administration, 2nd Edition, Englewood Cliffs, NewJersey, Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1973.23.Mitchell, Elmer D., Richard J. Donnelly, A. A. James,John Johnstone, Earl N. Riskey, and R. W. Webster,Sports for Recreation, New York, New York, A. S.Barnes and Company, 1952.24.Mueller, Pat and Elmer D. Mitchell, Intramural Sports,3rd Edition, New York, New York, The Ronald PressCompany, 1960.25.Murphy, James F., John G. Williams, E. William Niepoth,and Paul D. Brown, Leisure Service DeliverSystem:A Modern Perspective, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,Lea and Febiger, 1973.26.NISC Task Force to Develop Standards and Guidelines forIntramurals, "Standards and Guidelines for Intramurals," Journal of Health, Physical Education,and Recreation, Vol. 46, No. 3, March, 1975, pp.26-27.27.Rokosz, Francis M., Structured Intramurals, Philadelphia,Pennsylvania, W. B. Saunders Company, 1975.28.V-Five Association of America, Intramural Programs,Revised Edition, Anapolis, Maryland, United StatesNaval Institute, 1950.29.Voltmer, Carl D., Tom Scott, and Vernon Lapp, TheIntramural Handbook, Minneapolis, Minnesota,Burgess Publishing Co., 1940.

CHAPTER IIIPROCEDURESA review of the literature in the areas of questionnaireconstruction and public high school intramural programmingwas conducted.Information from those studies was utilizedin the present investigation to construct a questionnaireand administer it to the senior high school administrators inthe Dallas, Fort Worth, Houston,and San Antonio IndependentSchool Districts in Texas.To obtain information concerning intramural sports pro-gramming in the selected secondary schools, the investigatoremployed the questionnaire technique.(1, p.According to Hyatt43), "The major research technique employed to obtaindata on the present status of programs has been the surveyquestionnaire,which has been used on a variety of subjects,including administrativepatterns,financing,and rules andregulations of sports clubs."Descriptionof SampleThe questionnaire was mailed to the principals of thepublic senior high schools in the Dallas, Fort Worth,Houston,and San Antonio Independent School Districts during the springsemester of 1978.(Appendix A)Itwas accompanied by a cover letterin which the principal was requested to fill17out

18the questionnaire if his or her school does not offer anintramural program.If the school does offer an intramuralprogram, the principal was asked to forward the questionnaireto the program administrator,or administrators, who wererequested to fill out the survey.A stamped, self-addressedenvelope was included for the respondent's conveniencereturning the questionnaireas soon as possible.inThree weeksafter the original mailing of the questionnaire, a postcardreminder was sent to the principal of thosenot responded.schools that hadAt the end of the sixth week a letter reminderand a second copy of the questionnaire were sent to theschools that had not yet responded.School addresses weretaken from the Texas School Directory (4 ).Development of the InstrumentA questionnaire (Appendix B) was constructed followingmodels of similar studies surveying intramural programs inIowa (3)and Georgia (2) high schools.The questionnaireThe first part contained generalconsisted of three parts.information such as the name of school, name and position ofrespondent, and whether intramural sports programs are sponThe second and third parts weresored for boys and girls.completed if the school indicated that they did sponsorintramural sports programs.cific areas of the program,involved in intramurals,erated,The second part concerned spesuch as the number of studentshours per week the programs are op-specific problem areas of the program,and how many

19years the program has been operating.The third part con-cerned the organization and administration of the program.Itincluded questions regarding directing,financing,andprogramming activities.Analysis of the DataResponses of the survey were presented in comparisontables.In Part I tables were constructed regarding totalschool enrollment, whether the responding schools sponsorintramural programs for boys and girls, and reasons indicatedby the responding schools for not sponsoring intramural programs.In Part II the number of boys and girls involved inintramural programs and problems encountered by schools conducting intramural programs were indicated in tables.InPart III tables were designed to indicate who serves as program director, methods of financing intramural sports programs,what activities are offered in the program,are available for intramural programming.and what facilities

CHAPTER BIBLIOGRAPHY1.Hyatt, Ronald W., Intramural Sports, Organization andAdministration, Saint Louis, Missouri, The C. V.Mosby Company, 1977.2.Jordan, Willie J., "A Study of Intramural Sports for Boysin Selected Georgia High Schools," UnpublishedMaster's Thesis, Springfield College, 1970.3.Maas, Gerry, "Survey of Intramural Sports Programs inIowa High Schools," 28th Annual Conference Pro-ceedins of the National Intramural-Recreationalsports Association, National Intramural-RecreationalSports Association Convention,Boston,Massachusetts, 1977.4.Texas Education Agency, 197-128 Texas School Directory,Texas Education Agency,20October,1977.

CHAPTER IVANALYSIS OF THE DATAFindings of the StudyThe analysis of the data collected from fifty-one publicsenior high schools in the Dallas, Fort Worth, and HoustonIndependent School Districts concerning intramural sports programming is presented in this chapter.The questionnairetechnique was used to obtain this information.Questionnaires were mailed to the principals of eightyf our public senior high schools in the Dallas, Fort Worth,Houston, and San Antonio Independent School Districts.San AntonioTheIndependent School District declined to partici-pate in this study, and,therefore,the total number ofquestionnaires considered in the investigation was reducedto seventy-six.returned.Fifty-one completed questionnaires wereThirty-six of the questionnaires were returned byadministrators, fourteen were returned by teachers, and onerespondent did not indicate his position.The fifty-onecompleted questionnaires represented a sixty-seven percentrate of return.Total school enrollment of the fifty-one respondingschools ranged from 80 students to 4500 students.Table Iindicates categories of total school enrollment and the percent of respondingschools

specific courses regarding the administration of intramurals should be offered for all physical education.majors in colleges. A second reason why schools have problems providing intramural programs is conflicts with interscholastic sports in scheduling facilities and time periods for intramurals. Means (5, p.