Transcription
80601 cover 6/25/08 10:56 AM Page 1CPlastics Fundamentals, Properties,and TestingDerived from the fourth edition of the well-known Plastics Technology Handbook, Plastics Fundamentals,Properties, and Testing covers the behavior, characterization, and evaluation of polymers. With alucid approach and a wealth of valuable information, this book looks at the remarkable versatility ofthis nonmetallic class of materials.Examining polymers at the molecular level, the book first discusses their inherent properties and howtheir end-use properties can be influenced through changes in the molecular architecture or incorporationof various fillers and additives. The authors coherently present a wide spectrum of topics by sequentiallyintroducing structural aspects, properties, and applications. They then proceed to explore the mechanical,electrical, optical, and thermal properties of polymers, providing theoretical derivations where necessaryas well as explanations on molecular and structural features. To identify the principles involved, thebook also furnishes the bases of many standard test methods according to ASTM and BS 2782specifications.Features Covers the macromolecular aspects of polymer behavior, including conformation, amorphous andcrystalline states, thermal transitions, cross-linking, deterioration, stabilization, diffusion, permeability,toxicity,and biodegradability Discusses the functions of compounding agents, metal deactivators, light stabilizers, plasticizers,antistatic agents, flame retardants, smoke suppressants, colorants, and antimicrobials in plastics Presents mechanical, electrical, optical, and thermal properties, including stress–strain behavior,dielectric strength, optical clarity, and thermal conductivityPlastics Fundamentals, Properties, and TestingMATERIALS SCIENCE Includes a useful guide for identifying common plastics80601an informa businessw w w. c r c p r e s s . c o mCompositeYCMMYCY CMYKPlasticsFundamentals,Properties,andTestingP l a s t i c sChanda Roy6000 Broken Sound Parkway, NWSuite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487270 Madison AvenueNew York, NY 100162 Park Square, Milton ParkAbingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN, UKMwww.crcpress.comE n g i n e e r i n gS e r i e sManas ChandaSalil K. Roy
PlasticsFundamentals,Properties,andTesting
PLASTICS ENGINEERINGFounding EditorDonald E. HudginProfessorClemson UniversityClemson, South 18.19.20.Plastics Waste: Recovery of Economic Value,Jacob LeidnerPolyester Molding Compounds,Robert BurnsCarbon Black-Polymer Composites: The Physics of ElectricallyConducting Composites,edited by Enid Keil SichelThe Strength and Stiffness of Polymers,edited by Anagnostis E. Zachariades and Roger S. PorterSelecting Thermoplastics for Engineering Applications,Charles P. MacDermottEngineering with Rigid PVC: Processability and Applications,edited by I. Luis GomezComputer-Aided Design of Polymers and Composites,D. H. KaelbleEngineering Thermoplastics: Properties and Applications,edited by James M. MargolisStructural Foam: A Purchasing and Design Guide,Bruce C. WendlePlastics in Architecture: A Guide to Acrylic and Polycarbonate,Ralph MontellaMetal-Filled Polymers: Properties and Applications,edited by Swapan K. BhattacharyaPlastics Technology Handbook,Manas Chanda and Salil K. RoyReaction Injection Molding Machinery and Processes,F. Melvin SweeneyPractical Thermoforming: Principles and Applications,John FlorianInjection and Compression Molding Fundamentals,edited by Avraam I. IsayevPolymer Mixing and Extrusion Technology,Nicholas P. CheremisinoffHigh Modulus Polymers: Approaches to Design and Development,edited by Anagnostis E. Zachariades and Roger S. PorterCorrosion-Resistant Plastic Composites in Chemical Plant Design,John H. MallinsonHandbook of Elastomers: New Developments and Technology,edited by Anil K. Bhowmick and Howard L. StephensRubber Compounding: Principles, Materials, and Techniques,Fred W. Barlow
.38.39.40.41.42.43.44.45.46.47.48.Thermoplastic Polymer Additives: Theory and Practice,edited by John T. Lutz, Jr.Emulsion Polymer Technology,Robert D. Athey, Jr.Mixing in Polymer Processing,edited by Chris RauwendaalHandbook of Polymer Synthesis, Parts A and B,edited by Hans R. KricheldorfComputational Modeling of Polymers,edited by Jozef BiceranoPlastics Technology Handbook: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded,Manas Chanda and Salil K. RoyPrediction of Polymer Properties,Jozef BiceranoFerroelectric Polymers: Chemistry, Physics, and Applications,edited by Hari Singh NalwaDegradable Polymers, Recycling, and Plastics Waste Management,edited by Ann-Christine Albertsson and Samuel J. HuangPolymer Toughening,edited by Charles B. ArendsHandbook of Applied Polymer Processing Technology,edited by Nicholas P. Cheremisinoff and Paul N. CheremisinoffDiffusion in Polymers, edited by P. NeogiPolymer Devolatilization, edited by Ramon J. AlbalakAnionic Polymerization: Principles and Practical Applications,Henry L. Hsieh and Roderic P. QuirkCationic Polymerizations: Mechanisms, Synthesis,and Applications, edited by Krzysztof MatyjaszewskiPolyimides: Fundamentals and Applications,edited by Malay K. Ghosh and K. L. MittalThermoplastic Melt Rheology and Processing,A. V. Shenoy and D. R. SainiPrediction of Polymer Properties: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded,Jozef BiceranoPractical Thermoforming: Principles and Applications, Second Edition,Revised and Expanded, John FlorianMacromolecular Design of Polymeric Materials,edited by Koichi Hatada, Tatsuki Kitayama, and Otto VoglHandbook of Thermoplastics,edited by Olagoke OlabisiSelecting Thermoplastics for Engineering Applications: Second Edition,Revised and Expanded,Charles P. MacDermott and Aroon V. ShenoyMetallized Plastics,edited by K. L. MittalOligomer Technology and Applications, Constantin V. UgleaElectrical and Optical Polymer Systems: Fundamentals, Methods,and Applications,edited by Donald L. Wise, Gary E. Wnek, Debra J. Trantolo,Thomas M. Cooper, and Joseph D. GresserStructure and Properties of Multiphase Polymeric Materials,edited by Takeo Araki, Qui Tran-Cong, and Mitsuhiro ShibayamaPlastics Technology Handbook: Third Edition, Revised and Expanded,Manas Chanda and Salil K. RoyHandbook of Radical Vinyl Polymerization,edited by Munmaya K. Mishra and Yusef Yagci
.66.67.68.69.70.71.72.73.74.75.Photonic Polymer Systems: Fundamentals, Methods, and Applications,edited by Donald L. Wise, Gary E. Wnek, Debra J. Trantolo,Thomas M. Cooper, and Joseph D. GresserHandbook of Polymer Testing: Physical Methods,edited by Roger BrownHandbook of Polypropylene and Polypropylene Composites,edited by Harutun G. KarianPolymer Blends and Alloys,edited by Gabriel O. Shonaike and George P. SimonStar and Hyperbranched Polymers,edited by Munmaya K. Mishra and Shiro KobayashiPractical Extrusion Blow Molding,edited by Samuel L. BelcherPolymer Viscoelasticity: Stress and Strain in Practice,Evaristo Riande, Ricardo Díaz-Calleja, Margarita G. Prolongo,Rosa M. Masegosa, and Catalina SalomHandbook of Polycarbonate Science and Technology,edited by Donald G. LeGrand and John T. BendlerHandbook of Polyethylene: Structures, Properties, and Applications,Andrew J. PeacockPolymer and Composite Rheology: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded,Rakesh K. GuptaHandbook of Polyolefins: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded,edited by Cornelia VasilePolymer Modification: Principles, Techniques, and Applications,edited by John J. MeisterHandbook of Elastomers: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded,edited by Anil K. Bhowmick and Howard L. StephensPolymer Modifiers and Additives,edited by John T. Lutz, Jr., and Richard F. GrossmanPractical Injection Molding,Bernie A. Olmsted and Martin E. DavisThermosetting Polymers,Jean-Pierre Pascault, Henry Sautereau, Jacques Verdu,and Roberto J. J. WilliamsPrediction of Polymer Properties: Third Edition, Revised and Expanded,Jozef BiceranoFundamentals of Polymer Engineering,Anil Kumar and Rakesh K. GuptaHandbook of Polypropylene and Polymer,Harutun KarianHandbook of Plastic Analysis,Hubert Lobo and Jose BonillaComputer-Aided Injection Mold Design and Manufacture,J. Y. H. Fuh, Y. F. Zhang, A. Y. C. Nee, and M. W. FuHandbook of Polymer Synthesis: Second Edition,Hans R. Kricheldorf and Graham SwiftPractical Guide to Injection Blow Molding,Samuel L. BelcherPlastics Technology Handbook: Fourth Edition,Manas Chanda and Salil K. RoyIndustrial Polymers, Specialty Polymers, and Their Applications,Manas Chanda and Salil K. RoyPlastics Fundamentals, Properties, and Testing,Manas Chanda and Salil K. RoyPlastics Fabrication and Recycling,Manas Chanda and Salil K. Roy
PlasticsFundamentals,Properties,andTestingManas ChandaSalil K. RoyBoca Raton London New YorkCRC Press is an imprint of theTaylor & Francis Group, an informa business
The material was previously published in Plastics Technology Handbook, Fourth Edition Taylor & Francis, 2007.CRC PressTaylor & Francis Group6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLCCRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa businessNo claim to original U.S. Government worksVersion Date: 20150226International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4200-8061-2 (eBook - PDF)This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have beenmade to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyrightholders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in thisform has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we mayrectify in any future reprint.Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from thepublishers.For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923,978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. Fororganizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged.Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only foridentification and explanation without intent to infringe.Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site athttp://www.taylorandfrancis.comand the CRC Press Web site athttp://www.crcpress.com
ContentsPreface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiiiAuthors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii1Characteristics of Polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-11.1 What Is a Polymer? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-11.2 Molecular Weight of Polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-3 n Þ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-31.2.1Number-Average Molecular Weight ðM w Þ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-31.2.2Weight-Average Molecular Weight ðM v Þ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-41.2.3Viscosity-Average Molecular Weight ðM1.2.4Polydispersity Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-41.3 Polymerization Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-61.3.1Addition or Chain Polymerization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-61.3.2Coordination Addition Polymerization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-111.3.3Step Polymerization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-141.3.4Supramolecular Polymerization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-181.3.5Copolymerization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-221.4 Configurations of Polymer Molecules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-241.5 Conformations of a Polymer Molecule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-251.6 Polymer Crystallinity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-261.6.1Determinants of Polymer Crystallinity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-271.7 The Amorphous State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-281.8 Structural Shape of Polymer Molecules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-291.9 Thermal Transitions in Polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-311.9.1Tg and Tm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-311.9.2Regions of Viscoelastic Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-341.9.3Factors Affecting Tg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-361.9.3.1 Chain Flexibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-361.9.3.2 Steric Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-371.9.3.3 Configurational Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-371.9.3.4 Effect of Cross-Linking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-381.9.4Factors Affecting Tm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-381.9.4.1 Symmetry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-381.9.4.2 Intermolecular Bonding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-391.9.4.3 Tacticity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-401.9.4.4 Branching, Chain Flexibility, and Molecular Weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-401.9.5Relation between Tm and Tg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-40vii
viii1.10 Designing a Polymer Structure for Improved Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-401.11 Cross-Linking of Polymer Chains. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-421.11.1 Reactions of Functional Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-421.11.2 Vulcanization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-451.11.3 Radiation Cross-Linking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-491.11.4 Photochemical Cross-Linking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-511.11.5 Ionic Cross-Linking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-521.12 Solubility Behavior of Polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-531.12.1 Solubility Parameter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-531.13 Effects of Corrosives on Polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-601.14 Thermal Stability and Flame Retardation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-631.14.1 Thermal Degradation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-671.14.2 Ablation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-691.14.3 Flame Retardation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-701.15 Deterioration of Polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-701.15.1 Chemical Deterioration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-711.15.2 Degradation by Radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-741.15.3 Microbiological Deterioration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-741.16 Stabilization of Polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-751.16.1 Antioxidants and Related Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-761.16.2 Chemical Structures of Antioxidants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-781.16.3 Stabilization of Selected Polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-801.16.3.1Polypropylene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-821.16.3.2Polyethylene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-821.16.3.3Polystyrene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-831.16.3.4Acrylonitrile–Butadiene–Styrene Copolymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-831.16.3.5Polycarbonate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-831.16.3.6Nylons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-831.16.3.7Thermoplastic Elastomers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-841.16.3.8Polyacetal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-851.16.3.9Poly(Vinyl Chloride) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-851.16.3.10 Rubber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-861.17 Metal Deactivators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-861.18 Light Stabilizers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-881.18.1 Light Stabilizer Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-891.18.1.1UV Absorbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-901.18.1.2Quenchers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-911.18.1.3Hydroperoxide Decomposers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-921.18.1.4Free-Radical Scavengers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-931.19 Light Stabilizers for Selected Plastics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-961.19.1 Polypropylene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-961.19.2 Polyethylene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-961.19.3 Styrenic Polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-971.19.4 Poly(Vinyl Chloride) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-971.19.5 Polycarbonate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-981.19.6 Polyacrylates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-981.19.7 Polyacetal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-981.19.8 Polyurethanes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-981.19.9 Polyamides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-991.20 Diffusion and Permeability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-991.20.1 Diffusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1001.20.2 Permeability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1001.21 Polymer Compounding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1011.21.1 Fillers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-103
ix1.22 Plasticizers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.22.1 Phthalic Acid Esters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.22.2 Phosphoric Acid Esters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.22.3 Fatty Acid Esters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.22.4 Polymeric Plasticizers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.22.5 Miscellaneous Plasticizers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.23 Antistatic Agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.23.1 External Antistatic Agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.23.2 Internal Antistatic Agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.23.3 Chemical Composition of Antistatic Agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.23.3.1 Antistatic Agents Containing Nitrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.23.3.2 Antistatic Agents Containing Phosphorus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.23.3.3 Antistatic Agents Containing Sulfur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.23.3.4 Betaine-Type Antistatic Agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.23.3.5 Nonionic Antistatic Agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.24 Flame Retardants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.24.1 Halogen Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.24.2 Phosphorus Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.24.3 Halogen–Antimony Synergetic Mixtures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.24.4 Intumescent Flame Retardants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.25 Smoke Suppressants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.26 Colorants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.27 Antimicrobials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.28 Toxicity of Plastics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.28.1 Plastic Devices in Pharmacy and Medicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.28.1.1 Packing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.28.1.2 Tubings and Blood Bag Assemblies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.28.1.3 Implants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.28.1.4 Adhesives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.28.1.5 Dental Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.28.1.6 Nanomedicines and Drug Delivery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.28.2 Biodegradable Plastics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.28.3 Oxo-Biodegradable Plastics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.28.4 Toxicity of Plastic Combustion Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.28.5 Toxicity Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221-1231-1241-1241-1251-1251-125Plastics Properties and Testing . . . . .
Computational Modeling of Polymers, edited by Jozef Bicerano 26. Plastics Technology Handbook: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, Manas Chanda and Salil K. Roy 27. Prediction of Polymer Properties, . Practical Thermoforming: Principles and Applications, Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, John Florian 40. Macromolecular Design of .
