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ReviewerCountryKitous, BernhardKluge, AnnetteKorb, LeslieKorte, LeonKorzaan, Melinda L.Kray, Gloria MatthewsKuforiji, JohnLamb, KimLatif, EhsanLee, Jong-SungLee, MinwooLeonard, JenniferLeonard, JoeLeupold, Christopher R.Lim, Chi LoFranceSwitzerlandUnited StatesUnited StatesUnited StatesUnited StatesUnited StatesUnited StatesCanadaUnited StatesUnited StatesUnited StatesUnited StatesUnited StatesUnited StatesLin, HongLindstrom, PeterLong, JamyeLowhorn, GregLyons, PaulMarquis, GeraldMason, David D.M.Mathews, RachelMavengere, Nicholas BlessingMayo, Cynthia R.McDonough, Darlene M.McGowan, Richard J.McKechnie, Donelda S.McKenzie, BrianMcManis, BruceMcNeese, RoseMcNelis, KevinMedina, Carmen I. FigueroaMello, Jeffrey A.Mello, JimMeyer, Timothy P.Mitchell, JennieMlitwa, NhlanhlaMollica, KellyMoodie, Douglas R.Moore, BradleyMoore, Gregory A.Moore, Paula H.Moraes dos Santos, AndréMorrison, BreeMosley, AlishaMosquera, Inty SaezMotii, BrianMouhammed, AdilNegbenebor, AnthonyNeumann, HillarUnited StatesSwitzerlandUnited StatesUnited StatesUnited StatesUnited StatesNew ZealandUnited StatesFinlandUnited StatesUnited StatesUnited StatesUnited Arab EmiratesUnited StatesUnited StatesUnited StatesUnited StatesPuerto RicoUnited StatesUnited StatesUnited StatesUnited StatesSouth AfricaUnited StatesUnited StatesUnited StatesUnited StatesUnited StatesBrazilUnited StatesUnited StatesCubaUnited StatesUnited StatesUnited StatesUnited StatesState/RegionSt. GallenNJSDTNAZALOHBritish WIINTNGAALTNTNFLMSVilla ClaraALILNCSDAffiliationUniversity of St. GallenGeorgian Court UniversityUniversity of South DakotaMiddle Tennessee State UniversityUniversity of PhoenixTuskegee UniversityStautzenberger CollegeUniversity College of the CaribooMiddle Tennessee State UniversityWestern Kentucky UniversityMontana State University-BillingsMiami UniversityElon UniversityNorthwest Missouri State UniversityUniversity of Houston-DowntownUniversity of St. GallenDelta State UniversityPensacola Christian CollegeFrostburg State UniversityTennessee State UniversityLongwood UniversityUniversity of TampereDelaware State UniversitySt. Bonaventure UniversityButler UniversityAmerican University of SharjahCalifornia State University, East BayNicholls State UniversityUniversity of Southern MississippiNew Mexico State UniversityUniversity of Puerto Rico, MayaguezBarry UniversityUniversity of HartfordUniversity of Wisconsin-Green BaySaint Mary-of-the-Woods CollegeThe University of MemphisKennesaw State UniversityUniversity of West AlabamaAustin Peay State UniversityUniversity of Tennessee at MartinUniversidade do Vale do ItajaíBethune-Cookman CollegeJackson State UniversityUniversidad Central “Marta Abreu” de Las VillasUniversity of MontevalloUniversity of Illinois at SpringfieldGardner-Webb UniversityNorthern State wport, StephanieNichols, Charles “Randy”Ninassi, SusanneNixon, Judy C.Oguhebe, FestusOkafor, Collins E.O’Keefe, Robert D.Onwujuba-Dike, ChristieOtero, RafaelOwens, ValeriePacker, JamesPalmer, David K.Patton, Barba L.Payne, Alina R.Peña, Leticia E.United StatesUnited StatesUnited StatesUnited StatesUnited StatesUnited StatesUnited StatesUnited StatesUnited StatesUnited StatesUnited StatesUnited StatesUnited StatesUnited StatesUnited StatesTNKYVATNMSTXILINTXSCARNETXCAWIAustin Peay State UniversityMid-Continent UniverssityMarymount UniversityUniversity of Tennessee at ChattanoogaAlcorn State UniversityTexas A&M International UniversityDePaul UniversityUniversity of Saint FrancisThe University of Texas at BrownsvilleAnderson CollegeHenderson State UniversityUniversity of Nebraska at KearneyUniversity of Houston-VictoriaPetkova, OlgaPetrova, KrassiePhillips, Antoinette S.Pittarese, TonyPotter, PaulaPowers, RichardPresby, LeonardRedman, ArnoldRegimbal, Elizabeth E.Reichert, CarolynRen, LouieRiley, GlendaRim, HongRoach, JoyRobinson, Martha D.Rood, A. ScottRoumi, EbrahimRoush, MelvinRussell-Richerzhagen, LauraSanders, Tom J.Sands, JohnSarosa, SamiajiSarwar, Chaudhary ImranSchaeffer, Donna M.Schechtman, GregSchindler, TerrySchmidt, BuffieSchuldt, BarbaraSelvy, PatriciaService, Robert W.Shao, ChrisShipley, SherryShores, Melanie L.Siegel, PhilipSimpson, EithelSingh, Navin KumarUnited StatesNew ZealandUnited StatesUnited StatesUnited StatesUnited StatesUnited StatesUnited StatesUnited StatesUnited StatesUnited StatesUnited StatesUnited StatesUnited StatesUnited StatesUnited StatesCanadaUnited StatesUnited StatesUnited StatesUnited StatesIndonesiaPakistanUnited StatesUnited StatesUnited StatesUnited StatesUnited StatesUnited StatesUnited StatesUnited StatesUnited StatesUnited StatesUnited StatesUnited StatesUnited StatesCTCentral Connecticut State UniversityAuckland University of TechnologySoutheastern Louisiana UniversityEast Tennessee State UniversityWestern Kentucky UniversityEastern Kentucky UniversityWilliam Paterson UniversityUniversity of Tennessee at MartinCardinal Stritch UniversityThe University of Texas at DallasUniversity of Houston-VictoriaArkansas Tech UniversityShippensburg UniversityMurray State UniversityThe University of MemphisGrand Valley State UniversityUniversity of New BrunswickPittsburg State UniversityFaulkner UniversityUniversity of MontevalloWestern Washington UniversityAtma Jaya Yogyakarta UniversityCreative ResearcherMarymount UniversityAir Force Institute of TechnologyUniversity of IndianapolisAugusta State UniversitySoutheastern Louisiana UniversityBellarmine UniversitySamford UniversityMidwestern State UniversityTrine UniversityUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamAugusta State UniversitySouthwestern Oklahoma State UniversityNorthern Arizona UniversityLATNKYKYNJTNWITXTXINPAKYTNMINew ity of Wisconsin-La Crosse

ReviewerCountryState/RegionAffiliationSmatrakalev, GeorgiSmith, Allen E.Smith, J.R.Smith, NellieSmith, W. RobertSobieralski, Kathleen L.Soheili-Mehr, Amir H.Sridharan, Uma V.St Pierre, ArmandSteerey, LorrieStokes, LenStone, KarenStover, KristieStuart, RandyStumb, Paul C.United StatesUnited StatesUnited StatesUnited StatesUnited StatesUnited StatesCanadaUnited StatesCanadaUnited StatesUnited StatesUnited StatesUnited StatesUnited StatesUnited ida Atlantic UniversityFlorida Atlantic UniversityJackson State UniversityRust CollegeUniversity of Southern MississippiUniversity of Maryland University CollegeUniversity of TorontoLander UniversityAthabasca UniversityMontana State University-BillingsSiena CollegeSouthern New Hampshire UniversityMarymount UniversityKennesaw State UniversityCumberland UniversitySwisshelm, Beverly AnnTalbott, LauraTanguma, JesúsTanigawa, UtakoTerrell, RobertTerry, Kathleen Y.Theodore, John D.Thompson, SherwoodThrockmorton, BruceTotten, JeffreyTracy, Daniel L.Tran, Hang ThiTrebby, James P.Trzcinka, Sheila MarieUdemgba, A. BenedictUdemgba, BennyUjah, NacasiusUrda, JulieValle, Matthew “Matt”van der Klooster, Marie LouiseVehorn, CharlesVoss, Richard StevenVoss, Roger AlanWade, KeithWahid, AbuWalter, Carla StallingWalters, JoanneWanbaugh, TeresaWarner, JaniceWasmer, D.J.Watson, John G.Williams, DarrylWilliams, MelissaWilson, AntoinetteZahaf, MehdiZaremba, AlanUnited StatesUnited StatesUnited StatesUnited StatesUnited StatesUnited StatesUnited StatesUnited StatesUnited StatesUnited StatesUnited StatesUnited StatesUnited StatesUnited StatesUnited StatesUnited StatesUnited StatesInited StatesUnited StatesAustraliaUnited StatesUnited StatesUnited StatesUnited StatesUnited StatesUnited StatesUnited StatesUnited StatesUnited StatesUnited StatesUnited StatesUnited StatesUnited StatesUnited StatesCanadaUnited iaVAALTXFLTNMOWILACumberland UniversityUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamThe University of Texas-Pan AmericanItec International LLCCarson-Newman CollegeSaint Leo UniversityWarner UniversityINNYTXGAWIOntarioMATennessee Technological UniversityMcNeese State UniversityUniversity of South DakotaMiddle Tennessee State UniversityMarquette UniversityIndiana University NorthwestAlcorn State UniversityAlcorn State UniversityTexas A&M International UniversityRhode Island CollegeElon UniversityDeakin UniversityRadford UniversityTroy UniversityEpicor Software CorporationWebber International UniversityTennessee State UniversityMissouri Southern State UniversityUniversity of Wisconsin-MilwaukeeLouisiana CollegeGeorgian Court UniversitySaint Mary-of-the-Woods CollegeSt. Bonaventure UniversityWalden UniversityAugusta State UniversityUniversity of Wisconsin-MilwaukeeLakehead UniversityNortheastern UniversityReviewerZeng, TaoZhou, Xiyu (Thomas)Ziems, WendyCountryCanadaUnited StatesUnited StatesState/RegionOntarioAKOHAffiliationWilfrid Laurier UniversityUniversity of Alaska FairbanksStautzenberger College

The JW Press Family of Academic JournalsJournal of Learning in Higher Education (JLHE)ISSN: 1936-346X (print)Each university and accrediting body says that teaching is at the forefront of their mission. Yet the attention given to discipline oriented research speaks otherwise. Devoted to establishing a platform for showcasing learning-centered articles, JLHE encourages the submission of manuscripts from all disciplines. Thetop learning-centered articles presented at ABW conferences each year will be automatically published in the next issue of JLHE. JLHE is listed in Cabell’sDirectory of Publishing Opportunities in Educational Psychology and Administration, indexed by EBSCO, and under consideration for indexing by Scopus.Individuals interested in submitting manuscripts directly to JLHE should review information at http://jwpress.com/JLHE/JLHE.htm.Journal of Academic Administration in Higher Education (JAAHE)ISSN: 1936-3478 (print)JAAHE is a journal devoted to establishing a platform for showcasing articles related to academic administration in higher education, JAAHE encouragesthe submission of manuscripts from all disciplines. The best articles presented at ABW conferences each year, that deal with the subject of administration ofacademic units, will be automatically published in the next issue of JAAHE. JAAHE is listed in Cabell’s Directory of Publishing Opportunities in EducationalPsychology and Administration, indexed by EBSCO, and under consideration for indexing by Scopus.Individuals interested in submitting manuscripts directly to JAAHE should review information on their site at http://jwpress.com/JAAHE/JAAHE.htm.International Journal of the Academic Business World (IJABW)ISSN 1942-6089 (print)ISSN 1942-6097 (online)IJABW is a new journal devoted to providing a venue for the distribution, discussion, and documentation of the art and science of business. A cornerstone of thephilosophy that drives IJABW, is that we all can learn from the research, practices, and techniques found in disciplines other than our own. The InformationSystems researcher can share with and learn from a researcher in the Finance Department or even the Psychology Department.We actively seek the submission of manuscripts pertaining to any of the traditional areas of business (accounting, economics, finance, information systems,management, marketing, etc.) as well as any of the related disciplines. While we eagerly accept submissions in any of these disciplines, we give extra considerationto manuscripts that cross discipline boundaries or document the transfer of research findings from academe to business practice. International Journal of theAcademic Business World is listed in Cabell’s Directory of Publishing Opportunities in Business, indexed by EBSCO, and under consideration for indexingby Scopus.Individuals interested in submitting manuscripts directly to IJABW should review information on their site at http://jwpress.com/IJABW/IJABW.htm

Vulnerabilities of Smartphones Payment Apps:The Relevance in Developing Countriesprof. Maurizio CavallariUniversità Cattolica del Sacro Cuore,via Padre Agostino Gemelli, 1 – Milano (Italy)dr Francesco TornieriUniversità Cattolica del Sacro Cuore,via Padre Agostino Gemelli, 1 – Milano (Italy)ABSTRACT:Most major banks, credit card payment processors/issuers and large businesses have come to adopt mobile payment applications for smartphones. Africa, Asia, South America and other developing countries are no exceptions.The rate of growth of developing countries’ smartphone market penetration and usage have increased tremendouslyin recent years. Based on previous research findings (Cavallari et al., 2015; 2016), the present study regards mobilepayments as one of the new architectures at the heart of “social commerce”. The paper discusses research into the technological aspects that pertain to security issues of smartphones. The novelty of present work resides in the authors’tailor-made approach. The empirical results highlight the extent of the information that can be passively accessedwithin the endpoint (smartphone) and the most vulnerable areas to consider. This study is especially pertaining todeveloping countries where smartphones models and versions of Operating Systems are particularly old or outdated.We conclude that the most critical risk carriers are linked to an abundance of devices with obsolete operating systemsand that are no longer supported by the supplier. This has shown to be particularly true about Africa, Latin Americaand other developing countries, (Duncombe 2014; Han 2012; Asongu 2013). The research concludes that whilst thepayment clearing companies are incapable of protecting endpoints, their development and deployment of paymentsolutions based on HCE architectures will increase the risk of criminal transactions. So the foreseen scenario will seefraud schemes that will migrate to the virtual payment environments found in the endpoint, instead of exploitingthe weaknesses in the physical POS and/or credit card payment system. Practical research findings illustrate the mostvulnerable areas of mOS in order to prevent attacks and tampering.Key words: Developing Countries, Smartphones, Mobile Payments, Commerce, Endpoint SecurityIntroductionGlobal data about the market penetration of mobile technologies and, in particular smartphones and data connections show that mobile industry continues to raise. Fromthe 3.6 billion unique mobile subscribers at the end of2014 figure, world’s population is expected to scale upto add one more billion subscribers by 2020. This wouldtake the global penetration rate to approximately 60%. Interms of global SIM connections, there were 7.1 billion atthe end of 2014, and a further 243 million machine-tomachine (M2M) connections (cfr. The Mobile Economy2015a).Research studies from the last decade (Fuchs andHorak 2008; Molony 2008) stated that the least developed African countries, in terms of income, educationand health, have very low Internet access and usage rates.The situation in 2008 seems to be eons away from that ofInternational Journal of the Academic Business Worldtoday, even though some studies have already pointed outthe positive effect of ICT on farmers, observing that mobile communications and information sharing are relatedto the quantity produced and the income level (Mwakaje2010).Today’s data on internet usage (broadband) andsmartphones shows a very different situation and suggeststhat key factors to overcome global digital divide in Africa(cfr. The Mobile Economy 2015a). Evidence from the lastdecade shows that the African growth rate is higher thanfor the rest of the world and not only in developing countries (Etzo and Collender 2010; The Mobile Economy2015a, b, c, d).The rate of growth of mobile connections and smartphone penetration and usage in developing countries havealso increased tremendously in recent years (Osman et al.2012; Phong and Solá 2015).1

Maurizio Cavallari & Francesco TornieriGlobal data about the market penetration of mobile technologies and, in particular, smartphones anddata connections shows that mobile industry continues toraise. Judging by the 3.6 billion unique mobile subscribersat the end of 2014, the world’s population is expected toscale up to add one more billion subscribers by 2020. Thiswould take the global penetration rate to approximately60%. In terms of global SIM connections, there were7.1 billion by the end of 2014 and a further 243 millionmachine-to-machine (M2M) connections (The MobileEconomy 2015a).Research studies from the last decade (Fuchs andHorak 2008; Molony 2008) have stated that the leastdeveloped African countries, in terms of income, education and health, have very low Internet access and usagerates. The situation in 2008 seems to be eons away fromtoday’s context, even though some studies have alreadypointed out the positive effect of ICT for farmers, observing that mobile communications and information sharingare related to the quantity produced and the income level(Mwakaje 2010).Vulnerabilities of Smartphones Payment Apps: The Relevance in Developing CountriesToday’s data on internet usage (broadband) andsmartphones shows a very different situation and suggeststhe key elements required to overcome global digital divide in Africa (The Mobile Economy 2015a). Evidence ofrecent years shows that the African growth rate is higherthe most of the rest of the world, not only developingcountries (Etzo and Collender 2010; The Mobile Economy 2015a, b, c, d).The rate of the growth of mobile connections andsmartphone penetration and usage in developing countries have also increased tremendously in recent years (Osman et al. 2012; Phong and Solá 2015).bilities to market information for farmers’ communities(Njelekela and Sanga 2015; Adégbidi 2012; Magesa 2014).Moreover, the importance of mobile technologieshad been investigated in terms of greater access possi-The relevance of telecommunication infrastructures has been pointed out by some authors (Mawazo etal. 2015) in order to grant access to markets in rural areasof developing countries. Telecommunication means mobile communications and smartphones. Hence access tothe agricultural market (information) requires infrastructure and funding, but more than anything, needs to ensure that rural areas are provided with mobile technology(Nyamba and Mlozi 2012).Figure 2Broadband Connections in Asia Pacific area(source: The Mobile Economy 2015b)The ProblemIn the Asia-Pacific area alone, for example, from1.3bn smartphones in 2014, is a growth of up until 3bnexpected in 2020 (fig. 1), while broadband connectionsare envisaged to grow almost tenfold from 2014 to 2019(fig. 2) as estimated by reliable source, such as GSMAIntelligence research (cfr. The Mobile Economy 2015b).The African Sub-Saharan region, as another example, inexpected to raise smartphone usage from 160m in 2015to 540m in 2020 (fig. 3), and broadband numbers showFigure 1World’s Mobile Unique Subscribers (millions)(source: The Mobile Economy 2015a)2a provisional growth from 24% to 57% (fig. 4) (cfr. TheMobile Economy 2015c).Spring 2017 (Volume 11 Issue 1)Most major banks, credit card payment processors/issuers and large businesses have come to adopt mobile payment applications for smartphones. The areas of Africa,Asia, South America and other developing countries areno exceptions (Hosman and Fife 2012; Samarajiva andZainudeen 2011; Hosman 2010; Burrell 2010).Figure 3World’s Mobile Connections(source: The Mobile Economy 2015a)International Journal of the Academic Business World3

Maurizio Cavallari & Francesco TornieriFigure 4Broadband Connections inAfrican Sub-Sahran area(source: The Mobile Economy 2015c)Poor implementation of a solid online and socialmedia platform strategy and tactics dire

Hadani, Michael United States NY Long Island University - C.W. Post Campus Hadaya, Pierre Canada Hale, Georgia United States AR University of Arkansas at Fort Smith Haley, Mary Lewis United States TN Cumberland University Hallock, Daniel United States AL University of North Alabama Hanke, Steven United States IN Indiana University-Purdue University