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problems offarmers duringthe 1920s andthe response ofthe federalgovernment tothese problems.12.1418Farm Bloc12.1418Farmers12.1418John L. Lewisthird of the average income for the rest of thecountry. Technological advances led to anincrease in production which caused a decreasedin farm prices even while farmers’ costs increased.With the United States switching from a debtor toa creditor nation, the foreign market foragricultural products dwindled. The domesticmarket also diminished as the use of new fabricslessened the demand for cotton. Many farmershad borrowed heavily to buy more land, and theonly way to pay off the debt was to raise morecrops. More crops, however, resulted in untellablesurpluses which in turn led to low prices and aheavier debt load. Some legislation was passedthat favored farmers, but none of the laws dealtwith the major problem of surpluses that could notbe sold. A bill that would have allowed thefederal government to buy crop surpluses and sellthem abroad passed Congress twice, but wasvetoed both times by President Coolidge.Congressional organization formed to helpfarmersThey did not enjoy the same prosperity thateveryone else enjoyed in the 1920s. The majorproblem was surplus. During the war, mostfarmers had increased their production for the wardemand since they were providing America andthe Allied Powers with their food needs. After thewar, most countries started producing their ownfood or could not afford to buy from the U.S.anymore. Yet farmers continued production at thesame rate which resulted in a huge surplus whichdrove down demand and prices.Lewis always fought for workers rights. When hebecame the head of the United Mine Workers ofAmerica he led a strike for higher wages andshorter work days. When a court order ended thestrike, Lewis called the strike over but secretly8

12.141812.141812.141812.1418McNaryHaugen BillPrice-supportsurged the workers to remain on strike. After anarbitrator ended the strike and the workers gottheir pay raise, Lewis became a national hero. Hisgreatest accomplishment was organizing theCongress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) forworkers in mass-production industries(automobiles, rubber, etc.) which would latercombine with the AFL to form the largest union.Proposed that the government have price-supportsGovernment would buy surplus crops atguaranteed prices and sell them on the withworld marketUnionWhen employers are providing workers withmembership and fair—welfare capitalism. Also:power declinedmuch of the work force consisted ofin the 1920simmigrants willing to work in poor(membershipconditions,dropped from 5since immigrants spoke a multitude ofmillion to 3.5languages, unions had difficulty organizingmillion). Why?themfarmers who had migrated to cities to findfactory jobs were used to relying onthemselvesmost unions excluded African AmericansUnited MineIn 1919, the United Mine Workers ofWorkers Strike America—since 1890—appointed John L.(Coal Miners’Lewis as their new leader. Under Lewis’sStrike)leadership, mine workers went on strikedemanding higher wages and shorterworkdays. Attorney General Palmer got acourt order sending the miners back to work(not having coal endangered U.S. economy).Lewis said it was over but secretly urged thestrike to continue. After court order, minersstayed on strike for another month untilPresident Wilson appointed an arbitrator toput an end to it. The miners got a pay increase9

12.1418—N/AWelfarecapitalism12.241912.2419―a return tonormalcy‖Charles 012.2420Warren G.HardingWashingtonConferenceand John L. Lewis became a national laborhero.System in which an employer provides stock,profit-sharing, and benefits such as medicalinsurance to employeesHarding’s oft-used campaign slogan that seemedto express what Americans wantedThe Secretary of State who led the WashingtonConference—a conference of major worldpowers that attempted to look at some postWWI problems: arms control, war debts, adreconstruction of war-torn countries.US, Great Britain, Japan, France, and Italy agreedto freeze their navies at 1921 levels along w/several other provisionsUS, Great Britain, France, and Japan agreed torespect one another’s Pacific holdings.Put the Open Door policy into the form of a treaty,US, Great Britain, Japan, France, Italy, Belgium,China, the Netherlands, and Portugal agreed topreserve equal commercial rights in China and torefrain from “taking advantage of conditions inChina to seek special rights or privilege.”Republican candidate elected President in 1920An eight nation conference in Washington, D.C.conference of major world powers (except Russiab/c they were Communist) that attempted to lookat some post-WWI problems: arms control, wardebts, ad reconstruction of war-torn countries. TheFour-Power, Five-Power, and Nine-Power Treatytreaties were signed as a result.Andrew Mellon One of Harding’s Cabinet members that didgood—Secretary of treasury between 1921 and1932 that set out to set about drastically cuttingtaxes and reducing the nation debtCharles G.A U.S banker who negotiated the Dawes Plan.Dawes10

12.2420Dawes andPact12.2420Ohio gang12.2420What doHarding’sGermany was beginning to default on theirpayments and printed more money to be able tomake their payments—this resulted in massiveinflation (citizens actually had to wheel inbundles of money just to buy a loaf of bread).An international committee headed by CharlesDawes (American Banker) came up with aplan—the Dawes Plan:1. Provide a 2.5 billion loan from Americanbanks to stabilize German currency2. Set up more realistic schedule forreparations paymentsIn the end, the U.S. arranged to be repaid withits own money.Adopted by the U.S. in 1922, it raised taxes onU.S. imports to 60 percent00the highest level ever.The tariff was put in place becauseAs a result of the war, Americans had twomain concerns. First, they wanted toensure economic self-sufficiency so that nofuture enemy could manipulate theAmerican economy. Second, manyindustries wanted to preserve the benefitsof the increased wartime demand. Thesespecial interests feared Europeancompetitors attempting economic recoverythrough increasing exports to America.Treaty that attempted to outlaw war—signed byfifteen countries. It was futile since it provided nomeans of enforcing.Harding’s poker-playing crony friends who weremostly from Ohio. Harding appointed many ofthem to positions in his administration. The Ohiogang was plagued by scandal as they sought to usetheir connections to the president to enrichthemselves at the public’s expense.That although he made some good appointments,his appointment of cronies from his home state11

appointmentsindicate abouthis judgment?What were thereasonsEuropeancountries werenot paying theirwar debt?Albert B. Fallshowed poor judgment.12.242012.242112.2421Charles R.Forbes12.2421ColonelThomas W.Miller12.242112.242112.2421How did thescandals of theHardingadministrationhurt the countryeconomically?Teapot DomeAlbert B. Fall, secretary of the interior, secretlyScandalleased oil lands to private companies. Inreturn, he received bribes totaling more than 400,000. One of the locations was TeapotDome, Wyoming.Warren G.Haring promised the American people a “return toHarding’snormalcy” after World War I. This appealed to apresidency was public that was trying to recover form a war thatplagued byhad drastically changed American life. One ofTheir economies had been weakened in the war;they were unable to raise money because U.S.exports were limited by high tariffs; Germanyfailed to pay them expected reparations.Harding’s secretary of the interior who went tojail for fraud—Teapot Dome ScandalWas the head of the Veterans Bureau and wascaught illegally selling government and hospitalsupplies to private companies. During his trial,Forbes attempted to implicate Treasury SecretaryAndrew Mellon in his actions, however Mellon'swell-known standards of ethics trumped Forbesclaim when he failed to produce any evidence toback his claims.Was the head of Alien Property and was caughttaking bribes. He served 18 months in prison. Hewas paroled in 1929 and pardoned by UnitedStates President Herbert Hoover in 1933.The government lost revenue when veterans’hospital overcharged it; in the Teapot Domescandal, public oil reserves were leaded for privategain.12

scandal, and itwas laterregarded asunsuccessful.Explain whyPresidentHarding waspopular with theAmericanpublic despitethese facts.Henry Ford12.342212.3423—N/A423—N/A“Tin Lizzie”12.3423—N/AAssess theeffects of theautomobile onlife in theUnited States.12.3423Route 6612.3Assembly LineHarding’s first priorities as president was workingwith other world powers to agree on peace. Ofcourse, the idea of peace very much appealed topost-war Americans. Also, Harding “looked like”a president, and the American people saw him as a“good-natured” man. He died just as the scandalsof his administration were coming to light,possibly saving him from public ridicule.Business leader who used the assembly line meansof production for automobiles.Henry Ford’s Model T automobileMethod of manufacturing in which production isdivided into simple tasks; made popular andrefined by Henry Ford (considered his greatestachievement)Ford’s use of mass production and low pricesproduced a mass market for automobiles. Theautomobile stimulated some small businesses suchas garages, gas stations, diners, and tourist homes.Tractors replaced draft animals on farms and ruralareas were no longer isolated. Workers couldcommute to their jobs and people, in general,became more mobile.U.S. Route 66, (also known as Route 66, TheMain Street of America, The Mother Road and theWill Rogers Highway) was a highway in the U.S.Highway system. One of the original federalroutes, US 66 was established on October 11th,1926, though signs did not go up until thefollowing year. It originally ran from Chicago,Illinois through Missouri, Kansas, Oklahoma,Texas, New Mexico, Arizona and Californiabefore ending at Los Angeles for a total of 2,448miles.13

12.3423What was theimpact of theautomobile?12.3424Amelia Earhart12.342412.342412.3424How did thewidespread useof theautomobileaffect theenvironmentand the lives ofAmericans?Spirit of St.LouisUrban sprawl12.3425—N/A12.342512.342512.3425Roads were paved, and shopping centers and otherservices for cars were built; people commuted towork, and urban sprawl developed; regionaldifferences diminished.Amelia Earhart is the first woman to fly soloacross the Atlantic.It changed the American landscape through theconstruction of paved roads. It liberated theisolated rural family, and it allowed workers tolive miles from their jobs.Small plane that Charles Lindbergh used to flynonstop across the AtlanticThe unplanned and uncontrolled spreading ofcities into surrounding regionsAdvertisersAppealed to their desires, used psychologicaltalked lessadvertising—i.e.: one Listerine ad aimed toabout the facts convince women readers who have difficultof a product and time finding a husband with bad breath.appealed moreto the ofconsumers?How did the use It transformed the nation. Factories usedof electricityelectricity to run their machines. Electricity couldaffectnow be transmitted to the countryside. Well-to-doAmericans’families had electric refrigeration, cooking ranges,lifestyle?and toasters, vacuums, electric irons, fans, etc.).What were three Excess money (rationing and lack of productsmainduring the war), new products, and installmentcomponents that plans.drove theconsumerismduring the1920s?Why wereAds made people think they need certain products.14

advertisementsso successful inthe 1920s? DOthey serve thesame purposetoday? Explainyour answer.12.342612.342712.342713.143413.1435They used psychological techniques to appeal topeople’s vanities and fears. There were many newproducts, and they were marketed in clever ways.People were tired of the deprivation they hadfaced during the war and were eager to indulgethemselves. Ads today are still used to enticepeople to buy new products by appealing to theirvanities and fears. They still tempt to create asense of need for products that are in many cases,unnecessary.Installment plan Allowed consumers to buy goods over anextended period of time—allowed consumers topay a small amount of money down and thenpay the rest monthly (credit) led to increase inconsumption (do not have to pay at time ofpurchase).How do youthink thechanges inspending willaffect theeconomy?What were themain advantageanddisadvantage ofbuying oncredit?CalvinCoolidgeHow did small-The economy may falter when consumers areunable to meet their credit obligations.A: People could buy goods they could nototherwise afford.D: People could go far into debt without realizing.Vice President who took over after Harding’sdeath. Known as Silent Cal, Coolidge’s stern,reserved natured contrasted with Harding’soutgoing personality. He was very much probusiness and generally opposed laws designed tohelp farmers or workers—he argued that suchlegislation limited private initiative and harmedthe economy.Small towns were bound by traditional morals and15

town life andcity life bitionBureauSpeak-easies13.1436Volstead Act13.1436What and whowas the drivingforce behindProhibition?13.1437Al Capone13.1437Bootleggers13.143713.1437—N/AHow didcriminals takeadvantage ofProhibition?Moonshiners13.1437close ties of family, friends, and religion. Citiesoffered varied perspectives and options because oftheir large, mixed population; cultural variety; andgreater tolerance of values and ideas.The era after the passage of the EighteenthAmendment which banned the manufacture,sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages.Agency established to enforce the law against theselling of liquorIllegal Saloons—so called because when inside,one spoke quietly, or “easily” to avoid detection.Established the Prohibition Bureau in theTreasury Department.Movement led predominately by women(temperance movement) who believed alcohol ledto violence (domestic violence), unemployment(firing for alcohol related issues), and economichardships (spending money on liquor—i.e.Saloons allowing workers to have credit and thencashing pay checks at end of week, workers hadalready spent half their paychecks.An entrepreneur in the illegal business ofproducing and providing alcohol duringprohibition. Became a very powerful man, notonly in the underworld but also in legitimate worldincluding politics.People who illegally produced and/or transportedalcohol. Name comes from days when Georgiawas a colony and prohibited alcohol—people whohide their flask in the bootleg.Criminals broke the law by smuggling, as well asby making alcohol and selling it for profit.People who illegal produced alcohol in stills fromcorn and potatoes; an illegal profession that stillexists today (mostly in Appalachian America).Rumrunners/Shi Individuals who were hired to transport alcohol16

13.1437—N/A13.143713.143813.1438nerunnersWhat led to thestart ofNASCAR?Why do youthink theEighteenthAmendmentfailed toeliminatealcoholconsumption?Aimee SempleMcPhersonAmerican CivilLiberties Union(ACLU)from producers to saloons.Early race drivers were often involved inbootlegging. Some accounts say that they all were.That is how (at least most of them) afforded thefastest and therefore most expensive machines-with their excessive moonshine profits. They ranmoonshine down the twisty mountain roads topeople during alcohol prohibition. The runnerswould modify their cars in order to create a faster,more maneuverable vehicle to evade the police,and came to love the fast paced driving. When theU.S. alcohol prohibition was lifted in 1933, theowners of these first "racecars" watched theirprofitable businesses dry up. Since they had noreason to use them for "runnin' shine" anymoreand found themselves with time on their hands andlots of money, many wanted to race their cars forpride and money.The consumption of alcohol was a tradition part ofmany cultures; the government failed to providesufficient staff and resources to enforce the law;the means of manufacturing, selling, andtransporting liquor were many and could easily beconcealed.A leading fundamentalist preacher who presenteda more sophisticated image/Hollywoodshowmanship to preach—she was especially wellknown for healing the sick through prayerThe ACLU offered to defend any teacher whowould challenge the Tennessee law that made ita crime to teach evolution. The American CivilLiberties Union (ACLU) is a major Americannon-profit organization with headquarters inNew York City, whose stated mission is "todefend and preserve the individual rights andliberties guaranteed to every person in this17

13.1438Billy Sunday13.1438Fundamentalism13.1438John T. Scopes13.1438Scopes Trial(Monkey Trial)country by the Constitution and laws of theUnited States". Lawsuits brought by theACLU have been influential in the evolution ofU.S. constitutional law. The ACLU provideslegal assistance in cases in which it considerscivil liberties to be at risk.A leading fundamentalist preacher—A baseballlayer turned preacher who staged emotionalmeetings across the South—he was also verymuch against alcohol consumption.A protestant movement that argued thattraditional Christian doctrine should beaccepted without question—every word of theBible should be regarded as literally true.John Thomas Scopes, a teacher in Dayton,Tennessee at the age of 24, was charged on May25, 1925 with violating Tennessee's Butler Act,which prohibited the teaching of evolution inTennessee schools. He was in court in a caseknown as the Scopes Trial.The case centered around John Scopes, ascience teacher, who was accused of violating aTennessee law. The law forbade the teaching ofDarwin’s theory of evolution (a belief thathigher forms of life developed from lowerforms of life). Scopes' involvement in the socalled Monkey Trial came about after theAmerican Civil Liberties Union (ACLU)offered to defend any teacher who wouldchallenge the Tennessee law that made it acrime to teach evolution. A group ofbusinessmen in Dayton, Tennessee, led byengineer and ge

the United States per year. It was established to limit the number of immigrants that were allowed to enter the United States per year. It was established because of pressure from nativists and because the number of U.S. immigrants rose by 600 percent in 3 years. The policy mostly affected immigrants from eastern and southern Europe,