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*JESSICA L. THOMAS, BAUniversity of Pittsburgh, 2019*VICTORIA F. THOMAS, BAUniversity of Missouri, 2016*CAROL VANZILE, BA, MSWVilla Maria College, 1983University of Pittsburgh, 1985*TIERICA L. VAUGHN, BS, MASavannah State University, 2008Argosy University, 2021*TASHITA R. WHITE, BS, PharmDUniversity of Memphis, 2001Howard University School ofPharmacy, 2005

SCHOOL OF LAWCLASS OF 2022HR LAW ONLINEHUMAN RESOURCES LAW ONLINE GRADUATE CERTIFICATE PROGRAM*LINDA CHANG, BAUniversity of Pittsburgh, 2009ERIN BAUER, BSIndiana University of Pennsylvania, 1999SHAUNA N. BRACY, BBATemple University, 2020CHEN CHEN, BA, MSMinzu University of China, 2016Northeastern University, 2019KIMBERLY L. DIAMOND, BS, BAUniversity of Pittsburgh, 2005University of Pittsburgh, 2009JOSEPH S. GOUL, BSWest Virginia University, 2019MICHAELA M. HARDY, BSSlippery Rock University, 2018ROBERT L. HOLLER, BAIndiana University, 2006Tulane University, 2012JUDY J. HUNTER, BAMuhlenberg College, 2003JOSEPH L. JUNKER, BAUniversity of Pittsburgh, 2001LISA A. MOSBY, BS, MPAIndiana University of Pennsylvania, 2003University of Pittsburgh, 2006ZACHARY L. PATTON, BS, MBAUniversity of Pittsburgh, 1993University of Pittsburgh, 2019KARRI R. RODGERS, BS, MPPMUniversity of Pittsburgh, 1993University of Pittsburgh, 2019KAYLEE M. TRUDEN, BSUniversity of Pittsburgh, 2016

SCHOOL OF LAWCLASS OF 2022JDJURIS DOCTORKATHERINE R. ANDREWS, BAUniversity of California Riverside,2019NICHOLAS CHAN, BA, MSUniversity of Texas at Austin, 2015Carnegie Mellon University HeinzCollege, 2022LUKE BAPTISTE, AAS, BASanta Barbara City College, 2013California State University, Chico,2016MICHAEL COLOSIMO, BBA, BSCOhio University, 2014Ohio University, 2015CHRISTOPHER BEDERKA, BAUniversity of Texas at Austin, 2018AMY CONROY, BFACarnegie Mellon University, 2008EMILY BEEKEN, BAOhio Wesleyan University, 2017SPENCER A. COOLIDGE, BAThe Pennsylvania State University,2018VIVI BESTEMAN, BAAmerican University, 2019ASHLEY BIERNESSER, BS, PhDDuquesne University, 2011Boston College, 2017COLTON BLAIR, BAWashington & Jefferson College,2019ANNE BLOOMBERG, BS, PhDRoanoke College, 2003University of Virginia, 2015MICHAEL BORSCH, BADickinson College, 2019ABIGAIL BRIGGS, BSUniversity of Pittsburgh, 2019BRIANNA E. BROWN, BAGrove City College, 2016DEJA L. BRYANT, BAThe Pennsylvania State University,2019CHRIS CORNELIUS, AB, MAUniversity of Chicago, 2005University of Oregon, 2008KYLE COSOLETO-MILLER, BSW, MSWBloomsburg University, 2017University of Pittsburgh, 2018JOSHUA COSSIN, BSIndiana Wesleyan University, 2019KARA MADISON DALLY, BSThe Pennsylvania State University,2019CONOR THOMAS DANIELS, BAAmerican University, 2013ANOKHY DESAI, BS, MSUniversity of Southern California,2015Carnegie Mellon University, 2022PRIYA DESAI, BAUniversity of Pittsburgh, 2019

ALEXANDER DETTWYLER, BAIndiana University of Pennsylvania,2013DANIEL J. GRAZIANO, BAWashington & Jefferson College,2016PATRICK ARMEL DONGMO TSAGUE, Masterof LawsUniversity of Pittsburgh School ofLaw, 2018HENRY GRECO, BPSBerklee College of Music, 2018JACOB THOMAS DOUGHERTY, BAAmerican University, 2012MACK DOWIAK, BSThe Pennsylvania State University,2016FRANKIE EXLER, BAUniversity of Tennessee-Knoxville,2019BENJAMIN S. FLEMING, BADickinson College, 2019ORIN MICHAEL FRANCE, GEM, BSM, MPIAHong Kong University of Scienceand Technology Business School,2004Pepperdine University GraziadioSchool of Business &Management, 2005University of Pittsburgh GraduateSchool of Public & InternationalAffairs, 2022ROBERT GALLOWAY, BAUniversity of Pittsburgh, 2019MELINA GEORGIADES, BAWashington & Jefferson College,2019M. TYLER GILLETT, BA, MA, PhDSouthern Methodist University,1994University of Kansas, 2003Claremont Graduate University,2013ZOE GUJRAL, BAThe Pennsylvania State University,2014RICHARD BRYAN HAARBAUER, BA, MPPKent State University, 2009University of Erfurt, 2011STEPHEN HARPER, BSMarietta College, 2019DANIELLE LYNN HARRINGTON, BABoston College, 2017OLIVIA PASQUALINA HILBORN, Honours BAUniversity of Toronto, 2019EMMA HOWARD, BAUniversity of Maryland, 2019CHARLES W. HOWE, BAUniversity of North Carolina atChapel Hill, 2019BOUTROS IMAD, Bachelor of Law, Masterof Law-LLMHoly Spirit University of Kaslik-USEK,2019University of Pittsburgh School ofLaw, 2020DANIELLE LEIGH JACOBS, BSThe Pennsylvania State University,2017NOEL MCKINLEY JOHNSON, BSLehigh University, 2017VIJAY JOHNSON-TANCO, BSUniversity of Oregon, 2017

ISAAC JOSEPH, BAUniversity of Pittsburgh, 2018HANNAH KAIL, BAWashington & Jefferson College,2019NIKKI MEI KAING, BSBAUniversity of Pittsburgh College ofBusiness Administration, 2020SULLIVAN KAISHI KANG, BAUniversity of California, Los Angeles,2017ALEXANDER JAMES KELLER, BAUniversity of Pittsburgh, 2019MICHAEL KENNEDY, BASusquehanna University, 2018ALEXANDRE LEBLANC, BA, LLMUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeley,2018University of Paris 1 PanthéonSorbonne, 2022SOPHIE LEE, BSThe Pennsylvania State University,2019DILLON O’BRIEN LENNEN, BAUniversity of Michigan, 2014BRYAN C. LEONARD, BSBAElon University, 2018CASSANDRA MAAS, BAUniversity of Pittsburgh, 2019ZACHARY K. MADDOX, BABard College, 2010EMILY M. KESSEL, BSThe Pennsylvania State University,2019CODY MADISON, BSUniversity of Pittsburgh, 2019TRISHA KLAN, BS, BAUniversity of Pittsburgh, 2019ANDREW LOWRIE MALANDRA, BAUniversity of Pittsburgh, 2018DANIEL J. KLAPPER, BSThe Pennsylvania State University,2019DEVIN H. MALONE, BAAllegheny College, 2016JOSEPH R. KRAJCSIK, BABS, MPHUniversity of Pittsburgh, 2015University of Pittsburgh School ofPublic Health, 2022NISHA KRISHNAN, BAThe Ohio State University, 2019TYLER LAMOREAUX, BAUniversity of Pittsburgh, 2019JESSE DWIGHT LAMP, BASt. Martin’s University, 2013ANDREA LARSEN, BSClarion University of Pennsylvania,2019ARMAND MANGULIS, BSPoint Park University, 2018MATTHEW M. MARKULIN, BARobert Morris University, 2019JOE MAURIZI, BS, BAUniversity of Pittsburgh, 2017University of Pittsburgh, 2017ANGELA MAURONI, BAAllegheny College, 2017ANDREW JAMES MELZER, BA, MSLUniversity of Pittsburgh, 2014University of Pittsburgh School ofLaw, 2016

CARINA MENDOLA, BS, MBA, MSITThe Pennsylvania State University,2008Seton Hill University, 2010Carnegie Mellon University, 201CRISTIN MICERA MITCHELL, BSThe Pennsylvania State University,2013MATTHEW NACE, BAUniversity of Pittsburgh Johnstown,2019MATTHEW NAKASIAN, BSThe Ohio State University, 2018ERIN ALEXIS NAPOLEON, BSFranklin & Marshall College, 2018TARA CHRISTINE NATH, BSUniversity of North Carolina atChapel Hill, 2019VALERIA SOFIA NEGRON DIAZ, BAUniversity of Florida, 2019STEVEN JAMES PAGACH, BS, LLMVirginia Commonwealth University,2017Bucerius Law School-Germany, 2022ANNIE PARSONS, BAUniversity of Pittsburgh, 2017ALEXANDRA K. PATTERSON, BM, MMWestminster College, 2013Johns Hopkins University, 2016FORREST PAUL, BAUniversity of Pittsburgh, 2015ANNELISE PETERS, BAThe Ohio State University, 2019DEAN ROBERT PHILLIPS, BAAllegheny College, 2019MEERA RAJPUT, BSUniversity of Pittsburgh, 2018JADEN H. RANKIN-WAHLERS, BSThe Pennsylvania State University,2017ANTHONY JAMES NESE, BAThe Pennsylvania State University,2018AMANDA ROESCH, BAUniversity of Pittsburgh, 2019TYLER JAY NEYMAN, BAWashington & Jefferson College,2019EMILY ROSE ROLLINS, BA, BS, MScUniversity of Nevada-Reno, 2010University of Guelph, 2015ALEXANDRA LEIGH NIGIDA, BAUniversity of Pittsburgh, 2016SARAH ELIZABETH SCHROEDER, BAFlorida State University, 2015CAROLINE ORRICO, BSCarnegie Mellon University, 2019ANDRES SELLITTO FERRARI, BA, LLMCornell University, 2017University of Paris 1 PanthéonSorbonne, 2022VERONICA OVIEDO, BAThe Honors College at FloridaInternational University, 2017RONALD W. SESSA, BA, MBALafayette College, 2016Felician University, 2019

REBECCA LORRAINE SHEARER, BAThe Ohio State University, 2019DANIELLE VEALEY, BABethany College, 2018SETH SHERMAN, BAUniversity of Pittsburgh, 2014KALLIE VENTO, BAChatham University, 2019PAYTON SMITH, BAUniversity of Pittsburgh, 2019GABRIELLE WAST, BAAmerican University, 2015WILLIAM DANIEL SNOW, BAUniversity of Pittsburgh, 2020MARGUERITE SARAH WHITE, BADrew University, 2008ALEXANDER LAWTON SNYDER, PharmDUniversity of Pittsburgh, 2019RACHEL J. WHITE, BAUniversity of Pittsburgh, 2019MICHAEL STAFFORD, BA, MSPPMUniversity of Northern Colorado,2011Carnegie Mellon University, 2022KAITLIN WIGGINS, BSUniversity of Pittsburgh 2019MAX STEINBUGL, BAUniversity of Pittsburgh, 2015SARAH SUERETH, BSThe Pennsylvania State UniversityMADDISON M. SULLIVAN, BSCarnegie Mellon University, 2018JORDAN TAYLOR, BAAmerican University, 2017ALEX THOMAS, BAUniversity of Pittsburgh, 2015ERIC THOMAS, BAUniversity of Minnesota, 2019JAMES F. TIMKO, BAUniversity of Virginia, 2017KARLEIGH TRGOVAC, BAThe Ohio State University, 2019MARESA BREANA VACCARELLO, BAThe Pennsylvania State University,2019JEAN YESUDAS, BSTexas A&M University, 2018MIKE ZULA, BAThe Pennsylvania State University,2019*December 2021 Graduate

CERTIFICATE PROGRAMSTHE JOHN P. GISMONDI CIVIL LITIGATIONCERTIFICATE PROGRAMDeja BryantNicholas ChanKyle Cosoleto-MillerRichard Bryan HaarbauerCody MadisonTara Christine NathForrest PaulWilliam Daniel SnowMaddison M. SullivanDirector: Prof. Martha M. MannixHEALTH LAW CERTIFICATE PROGRAMKatherine R. AndrewsPriya DesaiDaniel J. KlapperJoseph R. KrajcsikNisha KrishnanMeera RajputAlexander Lawton SnyderJordan TaylorJean YesudasCo-Director: Prof. Mary Crossley andProf. Greer DonleyINTERNATIONAL & COMPARATIVE LAWCERTIFICATE PROGRAMEmily BeekenStephen HarperNoel McKinley JohnsonSullivan Kaishi KangTyler LamoreauxJesse LampAlexandre LeBlancDirector: Prof. Ronald A. BrandCONCENTRATION PROGRAMSENVIRONMENTAL AND ENERGY LAWMack DowiakTyler LamoreauxNoel McKinley JohnsonAlexandra K. PattersonPatrick Armel Dongmo TsagueMarguerite Sarah WhiteRachel J. WhiteDirector: Prof. Grant MacIntyreINTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND INNOVATIONLAW CONCENTRATIONAshley BiernesserMichael ColosimoSpencer A. CoolidgeKara Madison DallyAnokhy DesaiStephen HarperJesse LampCarina MendolaErin Alexis NapoleonSarah SuerethMike ZulaDirector: Prof. Michael J. MadisonPUBLIC POLICYDanielle VealeyDirector: Prof. Elena A. BaylisTAX LAWAmy ConroyBoutros ImadDanielle Leigh JacobsVijay Johnson-TancoNikki Mei KaingDirector: Prof. Anthony Infanti

PUBLICATIONSTHE JOURNAL OF LAW AND COMMERCEEmily Beeken, Editor in ChiefColton Thomas BlairAlexander Dettwyler, LeadExecutive EditorEmma Howard, Lead ManagingEditorCassandra Marie Maas, LeadArticles EditorCody James MadisonDevin MaloneMatthew Nakasian, Lead ManagingEditorVeronica OviedoPayton Alexandra SmithSarah SuerethKarleigh Elizabeth Trgovac, BusinessManagerNatalia VignijevichGabrielle B. Wast, Lead Notes &Comments EditorKaitlin Joy WigginsFaculty Advisor: Peter B. OhPITTSBURGH JOURNAL OF TECHNOLOGYLAW & POLICYKara DallyAnokhy DesaiPriya P. DesaiRobert Joseph GallowayNoel M. JohnsonErin NapoleonValeria Sofia Negron DiazJaden Rankin-WahlersAlexander Lawton SnyderFaculty Advisor: Stephanie D.DangelPITTSBURGH TAX REVIEWAmy A. ConroyDanielle HarringtonDanielle L. JacobsVijay Johnson-TancoJesse D. LampBryan LeonardZachary MaddoxBecca ShearerJames TimkoFaculty Advisor: Prof. Anthony C.Infanti, ChiefProf. Philip T. HackneyProf. Alice L. StewartUNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH LAW REVIEWChristopher J. Bederka, ReseachEditorVivi R. Besteman, Senior ResearchEditorAshley B. Biernesser, ManagingEditorAnne Bloomberg, Executive Editor,Online EditionBrianna Evelyn Brown, ResearchEditorNicholas Chan, Senior ManagingEditorKara Dally, Managing EditorConor T. DanielsPriya P. Desai, Senior ManagingEditorJacob Thomas Dougherty, LeadExecutive EditorMack C. Dowiak, Managing EditorAndres Sellitto Ferrari, SeniorArticles Editor, Research EditorRobert Galloway, Senior ResearchEditorDaniel GrazianoHenry Greco, Senior Research EditorBoutros ImadNoel M. Johnson, Senior ArticlesEditor, Research EditorIssac William Joseph, SeniorResearch EditorHannah Dae Kail, Articles Editor,Research EditorTrisha Klan, Research EditorNisha Krishnan, Diversity &Inclusion, Research EditorAndrea Larsen, Diversity &Inclusion, Research EditorAngela Marie Mauroni

Erin Napoleon, Executive Editor,Online Edition, at largeValeria Sofia Negron Diaz, ResearchEditorForrest D. Paul, Article Editor,Research EditorDean Phillips, Research EditorJaden Rankin-Wahlers, ResearchEditorAmanda Marie Roesch, BusinessManager, Research EditorEmily R. RollinsSarah E. Schroeder, Research EditorAlexander Lawton SnyderMaddison M. Sullivan, ExecutiveEditorRachel White, Research EditorJean Yesudas, Editor in ChiefProf. Jessie AllenProf. Michael J. MadisonPRO BONO SERVICEPro Bono Leadership RecognitionChristopher BederkaEmily BeekenAnne BloombergBrianna BrownNicholas ChanAnokhy DesaiMackenzie DowiakMatthew GillettDanielle HarringtonBoutros ImadDanielle JacobsNoel JohnsonDaniel KlapperNisha KrishnanJesse LampCassandra MaasCarina MendolaCristin MitchellMatthew NaceErin NapoleonValeria Negron DiazAlexandra PattersonJaden Rankin-WahlersPayton SmithAlexander ThomasJames TimkoRachel WhitePro Bono RecognitionOlivia HilbornAndrea LarsenCameron McCrumMeera RajputMike Zula

PITT LAW FULL-TIME FACULTYJABEEN ADAWI, Director, Family LawClinic, Clinical Assistant Professor ofLawJESSIE ALLEN, Associate Professor of LawKEVIN ASHLEY, Professor of LawELENA BAYLIS, Professor of LawDAVID HARRIS, Sally Ann SemenkoEndowed Chair Professor of LawBERNARD HIBBITTS, Professor of LawANTHONY INFANTI, Christopher C.Walthour, Sr. Professor of Law,Affiliate Faculty, Gender, Sexuality &Women’s Studies ProgramDEBORAH BRAKE, Associate Dean forResearch & Faculty Development,John E. Murray Faculty Scholar andProfessor of LawJACQUELINE LIPTON, Assistant Professorof Legal WritingRONALD A. BRAND, Chancellor Mark A.Nordenberg University Professor andJohn E. Murray Faculty Scholar,Academic Director, CILEGRANT MACINTYRE, Clinical AssociateProfessor, Director of theEnvironmental Law ClinicBEN BRATMAN, Professor of LegalWriting, Coordinator, Legal WritingProgramJULES LOBEL Professor of LawMICHAEL MADISON, Professor of Lawand John E. Murray Faculty ScholarANDRELE BRUTUS ST. VAL, AssistantProfessor of Legal WritingMARTHA MANNIX, Clinical AssociateProfessor of Law and GloriaMcDermott Hickton Professor ofElder LawWILLIAM CARTER, JR., Professor of LawPETER OH, Professor of LawPAT CHEW, Judge J. Quint Salmon andAnne Salmon Chaired ProfessorMARY CROSSLEY, Professor of LawTOMAR PIERSON-BROWN, Associate Deanfor Equity and Inclusive Excellence,Director Health Law Clinic, ClinicalAssociate Professor of LawVIVIAN CURRAN, Distinguished Professorof LawANN SINSHEIMER, Professor of LegalWritingJERRY DICKINSON, Associate Professor ofLawALICE STEWART, Clinical AssistantProfessor of LawPHILIP HACKNEY, Associate Professor ofLawCHRISTIAN SUNDQUIST, Professor of LawHAIDER ALA HAMOUDI, Vice Dean of theUniversity of Pittsburgh School ofLaw, Professor of LawDAVID THAW, Associate ResearchProfessor of Law, Assistant ResearchProfessor of Computing &Information

ANJALI VATS, Associate Professor of LawWILLIAM LUNEBURG, JR., ProfessorEmeritus of LawSHEILA VELEZ MARTINEZ, Jack & LovellOlender Professor of Refugee,Asylum, and Immigration LawMARGARET MAHONEY, Professor Emeritaof LawLU-IN WANG, Professor of LawALAN MEISEL, Professor Emeritus of LawRHONDA WASSERMAN, Professor of LawTHOMAS ROSS, Professor Emeritus ofLawAMY J. WILDERMUTH, Dean of theUniversity of Pittsburgh School ofLaw, Professor of LawEMERITUS FACULTYDOUGLAS BRANSON, Professor Emeritusof LawTERESA BROSTOFF, Professor Emeritaof LawNANCY BURKOFF, Professor Emeritaof LawJOHN BURKOFF, Professor Emeritusof LawKEVIN DEASY, Associate ProfessorEmeritus of LawRICHARD DELGADO, Professor Emeritusof LawHARRY FLECHTNER, Professor Emeritusof LawCYRIL FOX, JR., Professor Emeritusof LawLAWRENCE FROLIK, Professor Emeritusof LawROBERT HARPER, Professor Emeritusof LawARTHUR HELLMAN, Professor Emeritusof LawMARC SILVERMAN, Professor Emeritus ofLawSTELLA SMETANKA, Professor Emeritaof LawJEAN STEFANCIC, Professor Emeritaof LawGEORGE TAYLOR, Professor Emeritusof LawPROGRAM DIRECTORSMARY NELL CUMMINGS, ESQ. AdjunctProfessor of Law, Program Director ofthe Health Care Compliance OnlineGraduate Certificate ProgramMONICA DEORAS, ESQ. AdjunctProfessor of Law, Program Director ofthe Corporate Compliance GraduateCertificate ProgramJOSEPH HORNACK, ESQ. AdjunctProfessor of Law, Program Director ofthe Human Resources Law OnlineGraduate Certificate ProgramMAX LAUN, Adjunct Professor of Law,Program Director of the InternationalBusiness Dispute and ResolutionGraduate Certificate Program

JURIST FELLOW AND PROFESSORS OFPRACTICEVISITING FACULTYKEVIN ABBOTT ESQ., Professor of PracticeMARK BERNSTEIN, Interim Co-Directorof the Barco Law Library, Professor ofLawJACLYN BELCZYK, Professor of Practice,Executive Editor, JURISTBRUCE I. KOGANCHARLES COHEN, ESQ., Professor ofPracticeSTEPHANIE DANGEL, Professor of PracticeD. MICHAEL FISHER, Distinguished JuristFellowJUDITH FITZGERALD, Distinguished JuristFellowPAIGE FORESTER, ESQ., Professor ofPracticeJOHN GISMONDI, ESQ., Professor ofPracticeBRET GROTE, ESQ., Professor of PracticeDAVID HERRING, Professor of PracticeDAVID HICKTON, Founding DirectorInstitute for Cyber Law, Policy, andSecurity, Professor of PracticeCHARLES KOTUBY, JR., FCIARB, Professor ofPractice, Executive Director of CILELAWRENCE LEBOWITZ, ESQ., Professor ofPracticeMARILY NIXON, Professor of PracticeDREW ROBERTS, Professor of PracticeJUDITH TEETER, Professor of PracticeSPEARIT, Professor of LawRICHARD WEISBERG, Visiting Professor ofLaw, Walter Floersheimer Professorof Constitutional Law at the BenjaminN. Cardozo School of Law, YeshivaUniversityJANE K. WINNADJUNCT FACULTYSara Burhan AbdullahJohn AdamczykBruce AdelsonRodney AkersLynn AlstadtKhasha AttaranRobert BarkerAlan BaumThomas BelineCathy BissoonC.Black, Jr.Edward BorkowskiEduardo BozzoSamuel BraverJohn CencichChristopher ChannelSamantha ClancyJane CollinsJulie ColtonJames CorbelliElliot DaterMarshall DayanElizabeth DeLosaChristopher DeluzioCharles DeMonacoCecile DesandreMatthew Di

EILEEN MURRAY FROEHLKE, BBA, MBA, Health Care Compliance Graduate Certificate St. Mary's ollege, 1981 University of Pittsburgh, 2012 LISA MICHELLE GARLAND, BS, MBA, Human Resources Law Graduate Certificate Point Park University, 2003 Point Park University, 2005 University of Pittsburgh School of Law, 2020 ALI R. GIBSON, BS, MS