WIXLIB

Grouping Findings Group findings that appear to be about the same topic Render Judgment:– Sameness– Difference– Confirmation– Extension– Refutation (Sandelowski & Barroso, 2007)

Abstracting Findings Categorization Concise statements Comprehensively captures the content (Sandelowski & Barroso, 2007)

Our extractionsChenail et al., 2012Thomas-Purcell, 2018Created a simple cross-study display forcomparative to extract, review and analyzecritical information from their articles:Will create data tables to extract data direct totables to review and analyze studycharacteristics, methodological quality andfindings of articles Full article citation Clinical context of the research participants(e.g., treatment setting, clinical approach, andclient characteristics). Key methodological information such asresearch goal, method, procedures, andinstrumentation (e.g., interview questions). Results of the data analysis with supportingevidence in the form of direct quotes from theclients. Full article citation Clinical context of the research participants(e.g., chronic disease patients, medicalprofessionals, caregivers, generalpopulation). Key methodological information such asresearch goal, method, procedures, andinstrumentation (e.g., focus groups, in depthinterviews). Results of the data analysis with supportingevidence in the form of direct quotes fromresearch participants.

4. Analyzing and SynthesizingQualitative Findings Look for themes that emerge across the studies included in themetasynthesis Create a taxonomy (category) Place related themes under the taxonomy that best describethe phenomenon Other synthesis methods– Constant Targeted Comparison– Imported Concepts– Reciprocal Translation and Synthesis of In Vivo and Imported Concepts– Event Timeline (Sandelowski & Barroso, 2007)

Our analysesChenail et al., 2012Thomas, 2018 (planned)Constructionist GroundedTheory (Charmaz, 2014)Constructionist GroundedTheory (Charmaz, 2014) Initial (Open/Focused), Axial,and Theoretical Coding Initial (Open/Focused), Axial,and Theoretical Coding Synthesized themes Synthesized themes Constant Comparison Constant Comparison Theoretical Sampling Theoretical Sampling

5. Maintaining Quality Control Provide clear descriptions and explanations for the choicesmade Use established approaches to the synthesis of primaryqualitative research studies Use established programs (e.g., CASP) to appraise the qualityof the primary qualitative research studies. Employ both electronic and manual search strategies tolocate all relevant articles (Sandelowski & Barroso, 2007)

Maintaining quality control Audit Trail Negotiated Consensual Validity Expert Peer Review Take precautions to address publication bias (Sandelowski & Barroso, 2007)

Our quality controlChenail et al., 2012 Thomas-Purcell, 2018 Audit trails Audit trails Used established methods(CASP, Grounded Theory) Plan to use establishedmethods (CASP, GroundedTheory) Utilized manual andelectronic searches Enlisted expert peer review(Karl Tomm) Utilized manual andelectronic searches Use of multiple extractors

6. Presenting findings Describing the steps taken in the construction of the synthesis Authors can use– Visual displays such as charts, tables, and figures Numbers Present rich descriptions of the data, quotations, and thedevelopment of the conceptual model or working hypothesesdrawn from the integration (Sandelowski & Barroso, 2007)

Presenting Findings Introduction: Problem and Purpose Methods: Sampling Strategy and Techniques and Tools forAppraising and Comparing Reports, and Classifying andSynthesizing Findings, and Validity Procedures Results: Profile of Reports, Profile of Report Samples, and Synthesisof Findings Discussion of Findings Citations (Sandelowski & Barroso, 2007)

Our findingsChenail et al., 2012Thomas-Purcell, 2018Clients’ Relational Conceptions of Conjoint Coupleand Family Therapy Quality—suggesting clientsevaluate their experiences as being positive whenclients perceive (a) encouraging connectionsbetween their preconceptions of therapy andwhat they experience in therapy, (b) connectionsbetween processes and outcomes in their sessionsand significant positive or negative changes intheir lives, and (c) constructive balances betweenall family members’ bonds, roles, goals, behaviors,and treatments inside and outside of therapy. Theinvestigators suggest their theory converselyindicates that clients evaluate their experiences asbeing negative when clients perceive (a) adisconnection between their preconceptions oftherapy and what they experience in therapy, (b)a disconnection between processes andoutcomes in their sessions and lack of significantchanges in their lives, and (c) an imbalancebetween family members’ bonds, roles, goals,behaviors, and treatments inside and outside oftherapy. TBD

Next Steps

ReadHannes, K., & Lockwood, C.(2012). Synthesizing qualitativeresearch: Choosing the rightapproach. Hoboken, NJ: WileyBlackwell.Dixon-Woods, M., Booth, A., &Sutton, A. J. (2007). Synthesizingqualitative research: A reviewof published reports. QualitativeResearch, 7(3), 375-422.Major, C., & Savin-Baden, M.(2010). An introduction toqualitative research synthesis:Managing the informationexplosion in social scienceresearch. London, UK:Routledge.Thorne, S. (2017). Metasyntheticmadness: What kind of monsterhave we created? QualitativeHealth Research, 27, 3–12.Read completed studies too!

Explore Resources

Start the Process Read, read, read! Volunteer Conduct self-assessment forresources, time, and skill sets Consider a consultant Meet with a referencelibrarian Recruit team Conduct preliminary searchof published qualitativeresearch studies in yourgeneral area of interest. Reflect on purpose of reviewand intended audience Begin process of focusingreview question and selectingsystematic reviewmethodology. Begin the review!

ReferencesBooth. A. (2006). Australian supermodel?—A practical example of evidence-basedlibrary and information practice (EBLIP). Health Information and Libraries Journal, 23(1),69–72.Campbell, R., Pound, P., Pope, C., Britten, N., Pill, R., Morgan, M., & Donovan, J. (2003).Evaluating meta-ethnography: A synthesis of qualitative research on lay experiences ofdiabetes and diabetes care. Social Science & Medicine, 56(4), 671–684.Charmaz, K. (2014). Constructing grounded theory: A practical guide throughqualitative analysis (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Chenail, R. J. (2011). Learning to appraise the quality of qualitative research articles: Acontextualized learning object for constructing knowledge. The Qualitative Report,16(1),236-248. Retrieved ail, R. J., St. George, S., Wulff, D., Duffy, M., Wilson Scott, K., & Tomm, K. (2012).Clients’ relational conceptions of conjoint couple and family therapy quality: Agrounded formal theory. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 38(1), 241-264. doi:10.1111/j.1752-0606.2011.00246.x

ReferencesCooper, H. M. (1998). Synthesizing research: A guide for literature reviews: Vol. 2. Appliedsocial research methods (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Erwin, E. J., Brotherson, M. J., & Summers, J. A. (2010). Understanding QualitativeMetasynthesis: Issues and opportunities in early childhood intervention research. Journalof Early Intervention, 33(3), 186-200.Finfgeld, D. L. (2003). Metasynthesis: The state of the art—so far. Qualitative HealthResearch, 13(7), 893-904.Glaser, B. G. (2006). Doing formal grounded theory: A proposal. Mill Valley, CA:Sociology Press.Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. L. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory: Strategies forqualitative research. Chicago: Aldine.

ReferencesNoblit, G. W., & Hare, R. D. (1988). Meta-ethnography: Synthesizing qualitative studies:Vol. 11. Qualitative research methods. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.Paterson, B. L., Thorne, S. E., Canam, C., & Jillings, C. (2001). Meta-study of qualitativehealth research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Petticrew, M., & Roberts, H. (2006). Systematic reviews in the social sciences: A practicalguide. Malden, MA: Blackwell.Sandelowski, M., & Barroso, J. (2007). Handbook for synthesizing qualitative research.New York: Springer.Thorne, S., Jensen, L., Kearney, M. H., Noblit, G., & Sandelowski, M. (2004). Qualitativemetasynthesis: Reflections on methodological orientation and ideological agenda.Qualitative Health Research, 14, 1342-1365.

PresentersRonald J. Chenail, Ph.D., is Associate Provost forUndergraduate Academic Affairs, Professor of FamilyTherapy, and Director of the Graduate Certificate inQualitative Research Program at Nova SoutheasternUniversity (NSU). Since 1990, he has been part of 16grants and contracts totally over 6,500,000,published over 130 publications including sevenbooks, and given over 190 formal academicpresentations at conferences and meetings. Hefounded The Qualitative Report, the world’s firstonline, open-access trans-disciplinary qualitativeresearch journal in 1990, and remains the journal’seditor-in-chief. He also serves as Editor-in-Chief of theJournal of Divorce and Remarriage. Previously, heserved as Editor-in-Chief of the American Associationfor Marriage and Family Therapy’s Journal of Maritaland Family Therapy (JMFT). In addition he is aneditorial board member of Qualitative Research inPsychology; American Journal of Family Therapy,Contemporary Family Therapy, Qualitative SocialWork; Counselling, Psychotherapy, and Health; JMFT;and Sistemas Familiares; as well as a foundingeditorial board member of Qualitative Inquiry.Dr. Kamilah B. Thomas-Purcell is an Assistant Professor ofPublic Health and a Master Certified Health EducationSpecialist at Nova Southeastern University College ofOsteopathic Medicine. In her capacity as an AssistantProfessor, she lectures Master of Public Health courses inHealth Promotion and Disease Prevention, HealthDisparities and Health Literacy, Foundations of PublicHealth, Social and Behavioral Foundations of PublicHealth, Principles of Health Education, andInterprofessional Leadership. Research in healthdisparities and disease prevention incorporatingqualitative methods are a central focus of herscholarship and she has published multiple manuscriptsin that area. Her most recent research on the qualityand availability of services for breast and cervicalcancer patients in the Caribbean was published inCancer Causes and Control (2017). Dr. Thomas-Purcellhas conducted research with distinguishedorganizations including the National Institutes of Health,the Caribbean Public Health Association the UnitedNations Population Fund, amFAR, the Foundation forAIDS Research, Moffitt Comprehensive Cancer Centerand Research Institute, and the Centers for DiseaseControl and Prevention.

PresentersSally is a Professor in Faculty of Social Workand she serves as the Graduate ProgramDirector and Director of the MSW ClinicalSpecialization. She is also a Family Therapistand Clinical Supervisor at the Calgary FamilyTherapy Centre. Her areas of specialtyinclude teaching and developing familytherapy clinical practices and supervision,teaching and supervising those conductingqualitative research, and helping teachers ofhigher education succeed in theclassroom. Her primary research activity is inthe area of “Research As Daily Practice” inwhich she has been conducting researchthat joins family therapy practices and thesocial discourses of daily living. She has alsobeen teaching other practitioners ways inwhich they can conduct research on theirown practices for improving their services totheir clients.Dan Wulff, PhD, is an Associate Professor inthe Faculty of Social Work and familytherapist/supervisor in the Calgary FamilyTherapy Centre at the University of Calgary.He works to integrate the professions thefamily therapy and social work in his classes,in publications/presentations, in programdevelopment, and in practice. Dan alsoserves on the Advisory Board for the GlobalPartnership for Transformative Social Work,an international organization focused oneducation, research, and practices thatsupport social justice locally and globally.Together with Dr. Sally St. George, they areworking on what thery call Research As DailyPractice, practical ways that practitionerscan research what they do (and what theycould do) in the course of their regularpractice.

Presenter Contact InformationRonald J. Chenail, Ph.D.Nova Southeastern University3301 College AvenueFort Lauderdale, FL 33314 USAEmail: ron@nova.eduKamilah B. Thomas-PurcellNova Southeastern University3434 South University DriveFort Lauderdale, FL 33328 USAEmail: Kthomaspurcell@nova.eduSally St. George, Ph.D.University of CalgarySocial Work2800 University Way N.W.University of Calgary2500 University Drive NWCalgary, AB, CanadaT2N 1N4Email: sstgeor@ucalgary.caDan Wulff, Ph.D.University of CalgarySocial Work2800 University Way N.W.University of Calgary2500 University Drive NWCalgary, AB, CanadaT2N 1N4Email: dwulff@ucalgary.ca

of study designs. These approaches include meta-study, meta-summary, grounded formal theory, meta-ethnography, and . Reviewer selects key words to guide the literature search The parameters of who, what, . research studies is the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP, 2017) 10 Questions to Help You